In situ and ex situ conservation

In situ and ex situ conservation of plant

1. PLANT CONSERVATION AND
BIOTECHNOLOGY
M.THILAKAR
LS1154
FOURTH YEAR, M.Sc. LIFE SCIENCES
BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSTIY
TIRUCHIRAPALLI.
BIO DIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Importance's of bio diversity
Loss of bio diversity
Conservation of biodiversity
Regulations/ laws relating to protected areas (pas)
Role of bio technology in plant conservation
1. In situ
Protected areas
Bio sphere reserves
National parks
Tiger reserves
Wild life sanctuaries
2. Ex situ
Gene sanctuaries
In vitro storage methods
Pollen banks
DNA banks
Botanical gardens
Experimental garden
Conclusion
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3. INTRODUCTION
Biodiversityis-Degreeofvariationonlifeforms.
Itisthetotalityofgenes,speciesandecosystemsof
aregion.
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4. IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
Biologicaldiversityistheverybasisofhumansurvivalandeconomicdevelopment
asitprovidesfood,housing,clothing,medicineandindustrialrawmaterial.
Awiderangeofindustrialmaterialsaredirectlyobtainedfrombiological
resources:
Rubber,oil,fiber,buildingmaterial,timberandpaperallareobtainedfrom
biologicalresources.
80%oftheworldpopulationdependsonmedicinesobtainedfromnature(Behera
etal.,2008).
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5. LOSS OF BIO DIVERSITY
Themaincausesofbiodiversitylossare:
Habitatdestruction,Invasivespecies,Pollution,Population,Over-exploitationand
climaticchanges,introductionofexoticspecies.
Destructionofthehabitatisthebiggestthreattobiodiversity.
Habitatscanalsobedamagedbyflooding,lackofwater,climatechanges,
salinationetc.,allphenomenawhichmaybebothnaturalandman-made.
Globalwarmingaffectsplants,animalsandmicroorganisms,bothbychangingtheir
habitatsandbydirecteffectsoftemperature.
Climaticchangesalsoaffectspeciesatcellularlevelandcanalterthegenetic
makeupofthecell.
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6. CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
ProtectingthelossofBiodiversity.
Bothinsituandexsitumethodsofbiodiversityconservationareequally
important.
Itisnowrecognizedthatexsitutechniquescanbeefficientlyusedto
complementinsitumethods,andtheymayrepresenttheonlyoptionfor
conservingcertainhighlyendangeredandrarespecies(Ramsayetal.,2000).
Preservingthehabitatisthemostimportantissueintheconservationof
biodiversity.
Sincechemicalpesticidesareresponsibleforalargenumberofanimaldeaths
occurringeveryyear,minimizingtheuseofchemicalpesticidesisanother
techniqueforthesurvivalofbiodiversity.
Conservationofbiodiversitythroughestablishmentofprotectedareaslike
NationalPark,Wildlifesanctuary,BiosphereReserves,MarineReservesetc.
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7. ROLE OF BIO TECHNOLOGY IN PLANT CONSERVATION
1. IN SITU
BIO SPHERE RESERVES
NATIONAL PARKS
TIGER RESERVES
WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES
2. EX SITU
SELECTION OF SUPERIOR GERM PLASM
FIELD GENE BAKS
BOTANICAL GARDENS
EXPERIMENTAL GARDEN
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8. PROTECTED AREAS (PAs)
ThePAsareconstitutedandgovernedundertheprovisionsoftheWildLife(Protection)Act,1972,
whichhasbeenamendedfromtimetotime,withthechanginggroundrealitiesconcerningwildlife
crimecontrolandPAsmanagement.
ImplementationofthisActisfurthercomplementedbyotherActsviz.
IndianForestAct,1972,
Forest(Conservation)Act,1980,
Environment(Protection)Act,1986and
BiologicalDiversityAct,2002and
TheScheduledTribesandOtherTraditionalForestDwellers(RecognitionofForestRights)Act,
2006.
Inordertostrengthenandsynergizeglobalwildlifeconservationefforts,Indiaisamembertomajor
internationalconventionsviz.
ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofwildfaunaandflora(CITES),
InternationalUnionforConservationofNature(IUCN),
InternationalConventionfortheRegulationofWhaling,UNESCO-WorldHeritageCommitteeand
ConventiononMigratorySpecies(CMS).
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9. SOURCE :
http://www.moef.nic.in/downloadspubl
ic-informationprotected-area-network
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STATE WISE DETAILS OF THE
PROTECTED AREA NETWORK OF INDIA
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10. TAMIL NADU
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SOURCE :
http://www.moef.nic.in/Ddownloadspublic-
informationprotected-area-network
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11. In situ Protected Areas
BIO SPHERE RESERVES
NATIONAL PARKS
TIGER RESERVES
WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES
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12. BIO SPHERE RESERVE
A biosphere reserve is an area proposed by its habitats, ratified by a
national committee, and designated by UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB)
program in 1971, which demonstrates innovative approaches to living and
working in harmony with nature.
The term ‘biosphere’ refers to All of the land, water and atmosphere that
supply life on earth.
The word ‘reserve’ means that it is a Special area recognized for balancing
conservationwith sustainable use.
Each biosphere reserve demonstrates practical approachesto balancing
conservation and human use of an area.
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13. Biosphere reserves of India
The Indian government has established 18 Biosphere Reserves in India, which
protect larger areas of natural habitat (than a National Park or Animal Sanctuary),
and often include one or more National Parks and/or preserves, along buffer zones
that are open to some economic uses.
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15. NATIONAL PARKS
Anationalparkisaparkinuseforconservationpurposes.
NationalParkisanareahavingadequateecological,faunal,floral,
geomorphological,naturalorzoologicalsignificance.
TheNationalParkisdeclaredforthepurposeofprotecting,propagatingor
developingwildlifeoritsenvironment.
Althoughindividualnationsdesignatetheirownnationalparksdifferently,thereisa
commonidea:theconservationofwildnatureforposterityandasasymbolof
nationalpride.
Furthermore,aninternationalorganization,theInternationalUnionforConservation
ofNature(IUCN),anditsWorldCommissiononProtectedAreas,hasdefined
"NationalPark"asitsCategoryIItypeofprotectedareas.
Nationalparksarealmostalwaysopentovisitors.
Mostnationalparksprovideoutdoorrecreationandcampingopportunitiesaswellas
classesdesignedtoeducatethepublicontheimportanceofconservationandthe
naturalwondersofthelandinwhichthenationalparkislocated.
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16. OBJECTIVES
To protect natural biodiversity along with its underlying ecological structure
and supporting environmental processes, and to promote education and
recreation.
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17. NATIONAL PARKS VS WILD LIFE
SANCTUARY
NATIONAL PARKS
InaNationalParknorightsare
allowed.
Nograzingofanylivestockshall
alsobepermittedinsideaNational
Park.
WhileInaddition,fromaNational
Parkrequiresrecommendationof
theNationalBoardforWildlife
WILD LIFE SANCTUARY
Certainrightscanbeallowed.
InaSanctuary,theChiefWildlife
Wardenmayregulate,controlor
prohibitit.
Whileanyremovalorexploitation
ofwildlifeorforestproducefroma
Sanctuary requires the
recommendationoftheState
BoardforWildlife,removaletc.,
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Rights of people living inside.
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18. WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES
Awildliferefuge,alsocalledawildlifesanctuary,isanaturallyoccurring
sanctuary,suchasanisland,thatprovidesprotectionforspeciesfromhunting,
predationorcompetition,itisaprotectedarea,ageographicterritorywithin
whichwildlifeisprotected.
IUCNCategoryIVProtectedArea.
Suchwildliferefugesaregenerallyofficiallydesignatedterritories.
Itiscreatedbygovernmentlegislation,publiclyorprivatelyowned.
TheChernobylnuclearaccidentsitehasaccidentallybecomeawildliferefuge.
Indiahas515animalsanctuaries,referredtoasWildlifesanctuaries.
Amongthese,the41TigerReservesaregovernedbyProjectTiger
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19. WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES OF
INDIA
SOURCE :
http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/wildlife/
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21. TIGER RESERVES
There are 47 tiger reserves in India (5-28-2014) which are governed by
Project Tiger which is administered by the National Tiger Conservation
Authority
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22. TIGER RESERVES OF INDIA
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SOURECE :
http://www.wpsi-india.org/tiger/tiger_reserves.php
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23. EX SITU
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Ex-situconservationofplantgeneticresources
canbeachievedthroughdifferentmethodssuch
as
GeneSanctuaries
Seedbanks,
Fieldgenebanks,
Invitrostoragemethods,
Pollenbanksand
DNAbanks.
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24. Gene Sanctuaries
Thegeneticdiversityissometimesconservedundernaturalhabitat.
Inotherwords,areasofgreatgeneticdiversityareprotectedfromhuman
interference.
Genesanctuaryisgenerallyestablishedinthecenterofdiversityormicrocenter.
IndiahassetupitsfirstgenesanctuaryintheGaroHillsofAssamforwildrelativesof
citrus.
Effortsarealsobeingmadetosetupgenesanctuariesforbanana,sugarcane,rice
andMango.
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25. SELECTION OF SUPERIOR GERM PLASM
Genebanksarealsoknownasgermplasmbanks.
Genebankreferstoaplaceororganizationwheregermplasmcanbe
conservedinlivingstate.
Germplasmarestoredintheformofseeds,pollenorinvitrocultures
orinthecaseofafieldgenebank,asplantsgrowinginthefield.
Genebanksaremainlyoftwotypes:
1)Seedgenebanksand
2)Fieldgenebanks
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26. Seed Gene Bank:
Aplacewheregermplasmisconservedintheformofseedsiscalledseed
genebank.
Seedsareveryconvenientforstoragebecausetheyoccupysmallerspace
thanwholeplants.
However,seedsofallcropscannotbestoredatlowtemperatureinthe
seedbanks.
Thegermplasmofonlyorthodoxspeciescanbeconservedinseedbanks.
Intheseedbanks,therearethreetypesofconservation,viz.
1)Shortterm,
2)Mediumtermand
3)Longterm.
Basecollectionsareconservedforlongterm(50yearsormore)at18or
20°C.
Activecollectionsarestoredforshortterm(3-5years)at5-100C.
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27. Seed Gene Bank:
ADVANTAGES
1. Large number of germplasm
samples or entire variability can be
conserved in a very small space.
2. In seed banks, handling of
germplasm is easy.
3. Germplasm is conserved under
pathogen and insect free
environment.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Seeds of recalcitrant species can
not be stored in seed banks.
2. Failure of power supply may
lead to loss of viability and there
by loss of germplasm.
3. It requires periodical evaluation
of seed viability. After some time
multiplication is essential to get
new or fresh seeds of storage.
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28. Fieldgenebanksorlivingcollectionsarethemainconservationstrategyfor
long-livedperennials,recalcitrantspeciesandvegetativepropagatedspecies.
Furthermore,out-breedersrequirecontrolledpollinationforregeneration
fromseed.
Whendisplayed,theplantshaveanimportanteducationalvalueandcan
easilybeaccessedforresearchpurposes.
Fieldgenebankisoneofthetechniquesinthestrategyforplantgenetic
conservation.
Itisanexsitumethodwheregeneticvariationismaintainedawayfromits
originallocationandsamplesofaspecies,subspeciesorvarietyare
transferredandconservedaslivingcollections.
Fieldgenebankisthemostcommonmethodofconservinggeneticresources
withrecalcitrantseedsandvegetativelypropagatedplants.
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FIELD GENE BANKS
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30. In vitro Storage Methods
Thestorageofgermplasminlaboratoryconditions(invitro)isspeciallysuited
forthelong-termconservationofrecalcitrantspeciesandvegetatively
propagatedspecies.
Theycanbestoredatlowtemperatureunderslowgrowthconditionsor
cryopreservedinliquidnitrogenat-196ºC.
Cryopreservationhassofarbeensuccessfulwithonlyarelativelyfewspecies
butisaverypromisingdevelopmentforlong-termstorage(WCMC,1992).
Themainlimitationofinvitrostorageistheneedforspecialequipment,
techniquesandtrainedstaff.
However,moreresearchisnecessarytodefinethemechanismsofdesiccation
andchillinginjuryandtoinvestigatemethodsofalleviatingit(Eberhart,Roos
&Towill,1991).
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31. Pollen Banks
Pollen preservation may be useful for base collections of species that do not
produce orthodox seeds.
It requires little space but some cytoplasmic genes would be lost.
Like seeds, pollen can be divided into desiccation tolerant and intolerant.
However, information about storage characteristics of pollen from wild
species is fragmentary, existing mainly for some crop relatives and for
medicinal and forest species (Eberhart, Roos& Towill, 1991).
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32. DNA Banks
ThecreationofanetworkofDNAbanksisexsituconservationandmore
preciselygermplasmcollectionscanallowlargequantitiesofgenetic
resources(genes,DNA)tobestoredquicklyandatlowcostandcouldactas
aninsurancepolicyagainstrapidlossoftheworld'sgenepool.
Itcouldbeusedinmolecularphylogeneticandsystematicsofextincttaxa
andgenescanbedistributedviathepolypeptidechainreaction(PCR)using
primerssuppliedbytheusers(Adamsetal.,1994).
DNAsampleshavebeenmainlyusedforbio-prospectingandassessmentof
biodiversitystudies.
Itsuseinconservationislimitedaswholeplantscannotbereconstituted
fromDNAbutthegeneticmaterialcanbeintroducedtoothergenotypesfor
plantbreedingandenhancementpurposes.
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33. BOTANIC GARDEN
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35. EXPERIMENTAL GARDEN
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37. REFERENCES
Global Biodiversity Strategy –WRI, IUCN and UNEP 1992.
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, Dushyant
kumaret al., 2013. Indian J.Sci.Res.4(1):183-186.
Biotechnology and Conservation of Plant Biodiversity, Carlos et al., 2013.
Resources(2):73-95; doi:10.3390/resources2020073
http://www.moef.nic.in/divisionscsurvBR_Guidelines.pdf
http://www.moef.nic.in/downloadspublic-informationprotected-area-
network.pdf
http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/44/default.asp
http://agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid=3&topicid=2116
http://www.bgci.org/worldwide/article/0032/
https://www.en.Wikipedia.org
http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/wildlife
http://www.wpsi-india.org/tiger/tiger_reserves.php
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