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History of india

1. INDIA: THE LAND OF PRAYER GABALES, JUSTINE GRACE GAJETE, APRIL JOY TAHAN, GRACE HERMOGINO, ALAIZAH

2. India, the world’s second most populous nation (after China) The seventh largest in area . It is about 3,000 km (1,865 mil wide and has, because of its peninsular shape, India and Bharat are both official names. The early settlers called their land “Bharat Varsha” or “Bharat” and during medieval times it was known as “Hind.” The name India , which derives from the Indus River and was used by the ancient Greeks and Persians, came into wide usage during the colonial period India

3. India the Land of Prayer India known as the land of spirituality and philosophy, was the birthplace of some religions, which even exist today in the world. The most dominant religion in India today is Hinduism . All the world religions are found here — Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Islam and Christianity.

4. Introduction to Indian Literature. India had already produced a considerable body of literature written in several Indian tongues derived from common ancestral Language- Sanskrit . The earliest known literature of India is a collection of traditions handed down by word of mouth are known as the Vedas . It contains hymns addressed to the Indian gods, who are very numerous and stories about these gods. The literature of India is often called Sanskrit literature means cultivated or perfected.

5. The 4 Vedas Rig Veda — an anthology of 1028 hymns to various Gods. Sama Veda — (book of chants) liturgies, mostly repetitions of hymns in the Rig Veda. Atharva Veda — (prayer book) additional many prose formulas. Yajur Veda — (book of spells) incantations, notions about demonology and witchcraft.

6. Characteristics of Indian Literature. 1. It is based on piety, a deeply religious spirit. The Indians belief in Hinduism is necessary to save mankind. Their earliest poems, the Vedas, are the Bible of the Indians 2. Indian literary masterpieces written in the form of epics correspond to great epochs in the history of India.

7. The Indians believe in reincarnation, meaning that the soul of a person after death returns to the earth in the body of another person, an animal, or even a plant. Consequently, they believe in kindness to other people and to animals. They also abstain from destroying plants because in that plant might be reincarnated one’s dead relative.

8. Their gods are also believed to be reincarnated into human bein gs or even animals. Thus, the Ramayana is about the reincarnation of the creator god Vishnu in the person of Rama, who is the hero of the epic. The Mahabharata deals with another reincarnation of Vishnu in the person of Krisna. These reincarnations of Vishnu are called Avatars or descending of the god. Vishnu. Is supposed to have ten avatars. Nine avatars have already taken place, and the tenth is yet to come. When this last avatar takes place, Vishnu will descend from heaven to destroy the present world and to restore peace and purity.

9. An Indian Legend THE CREATION OF WOMAN The god Tvastri created woman he had created man. Exhausting his materials in the making of a man. Having nothing solid left. When he took the roundness of the moon the trembling of the grass and the bloom of flowers. The god adding the slenderness of the reed and the joyous gaiety of sunbeams. He gave her the fickleness of the wind he combined this with the cruelty of the tiger. Weaving all these in woman. She was a gift he gave her to man. The man loved her he admired her. She being too much for him

10. A week later the man going to Tvastri. This being you gave me making my life miserable
She talking all the time
She who never leaves me alone
Crying about nothing and always idle Being very vain and wanting attention
I am appealing to you grant me this favor
I no longer like her send her away Wishing to give her back. As I cannot live with her An Indian Legend

11. INDIAN DRAMA The two great Indian dramatists are Bhasa and Kalidasa , who is called the Indian Shakespeare. It is characterized by poetry and idyllic beauty. It concentrates on love as the background of the story; it always has a happy ending : there are no violent emotions. The characters are good men and women , and if any wrong is committed, it is because of the tricks of magicians and evil spirits

12. Indian Drama The striking thing about the Indian drama is that it is multi-lingual. The gods, kings, and nobles speak in Sanskrit (the ancient language of India) whereas women, thieves, and policemen speak in Prakrit. Other characters speak appropriate dialects. The text is a mixture of prose and poetry.

13. Indian Drama The first great name in the Indian drama is Bhasa. Thirteen plays are attributed to him. The greatest writer of plays, however, is Kalidasa, the author of Shakuntala. Kalidasa is called the brightest of the “nine gems of genius.” His play Shakuntala is written in long passages of beautiful prose and poetry.

14. Shakuntala It is the story of a king who goes hunting in the woods and meets a beautiful maiden named Shakuntala with whom he falls in love. He marries her but has to leave her soon because of pressing official business, However, he leaves a ring with her as a sign of their marriage. Shakuntala has a son, and she and her son go to the King’s court. The king, however, has lost his memory because of the work of an evil magician. He repudiates his wife and son because she cannot produce the ring, having lost it in the forest.

15. Shakuntala The gods, taking pity on mother and son, take them to heaven. In the meantime, a fisherman has found the ring, which he then takes to the king. The king recovers his memory and repents for what he has done. The gods sympathize with him because of his sufferings and take him to the heavenly regions. The last act shows the king united with his forgiving wife and son, now a manly little boy. Then it is revealed that the king’s loss of memory happened because of a curse laid on him by an evil spirit.

16. THE BREAD FESTIVAL Indian Festivals begins with the Bread Festival which takes place in the month of March or April, this festival marks the end of the cold season people now staps keeping cooked food overnight less it go bad the next morning on the evening before the celebration of this festival The women cook wheat porridge sweetened with brown sugar the food is set aside uneaten. Early the sext morning the women dress in their best clothes they carry the porridge with some rice, peas and water to the shrine of Girgaon-wali Mata they bring their youngest children they chant as they march together “O Mata you gave so children now protect them form disease”. Indian Festivals.

17. Indian Festival They pray to the goddess Girgaon-wali Mata they move on to the shrine of Kainthi- wali Mata this is the goddess of typhoid the same ritual is repeated brown sugar and candy are disributed to the children a man might bring a cock and holld it over the heads of the childrens making it flutter its wing this is supposed to ensure the long life of the children. Sometimes the goddess is given sweets rather than porridge this is especially true if the pilgrimage is done to fulfill a promise to the goddess for the cure of a sick child or a successful birth or even a satisfactory marriage

18. Indian Festival THE FESTIVAL OF LIGHTS The festival of lights is popular all over India it is one of the four main festivals of the village on this festival day the lamps are lit all over the village Diwali is perhaps best known as a festival of lights. Derived from the Sanskrit dipavali, which means “row of lights,”

19. Indian Festival By 9:00 pm everyone is at home to worship Lakshmi the goddess of wealth. The head of the family puts money and ornaments in a big metal container an empty dish is placed beside it the head of the family places the two near the large oil lamp he says “Goddess Lakshmi come to me once again during the coming year”
The lights of the whole village are left burning all night the doors are left open Lakshmi is supposed to enter and bless the house Each house is brilliant with lights it is believed that Lakshmi will not enter a poorly lighted house.

20. Diwali: Festival of Lights

21. Indian Festival THE SWING FESTIVAL After the hot summer months the monsoon rains come and the air is cool and everything is green millet has now been planted, and the sugar cane cultivated the villagers are in very good spirits because they been looking forward to a good harves

22. On the evening before this festival the young men go to the village common lands (land owned by the whole village) and look for trees on which to hang the swing, some place marks on trees while others keep watch all night to ward off rivals, fights sometimes develop in this competition over the trees. The swings are set up very early in the morning this can he as early as one o’clock AM. The swinging however does not begin until later in the day

23. Indian Festival The children start to use the swings early in the morning when the men are still working in the fields and the women are at home making small cakes, rice pudding and other festive dishes at about noon the men come all the women and children put on their best clothes then they are off to the groves where the swings have been hung they walk in family groups they sing as they walk
The wings are made so that two women each sitting on a board 16 feet long and 5 to 6 inches wide face each other they place their feet on the opposite swing. Two other women stand behind them and push them.

24. Swing Festival