inbound5884998510788718506.pdf.presentation

Physio

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1.DESCRIBE SYNERGISM AND RELATED CONCEPTS
2. IDENTIFY SYNERGIST CLASSIFICATIONS
3. ENUMERATE MAJOR INSECT DETOXIFICATION
PATHWAYS AND INSECTICIDE SYNERGISTS

3. WHAT IS JOINT ACTION
•JOINT ACTION OCCURS WHEN TWO OR MORE
PESTICIDES OR CHEMICALS ARE APPLIED
TOGETHER, RESULTING IN A COMBINED EFFECT. THIS
INTERACTION CAN BE

4. WHAT IS JOINT ACTION
Additive:The combined effect equals the sum of the individual
effects (e.g., Pesticide A + Pesticide B = Total Effect).
Synergistic:The combined effect is greater than the sum of the
individual effects (e.g., Pesticide A + Pesticide B = Amplified Effect).
Antagonistic:The combined effect is less than the sum of the
individual effects, meaning the chemicals interfere with each other.

5. SYNERGISM
•SYNERGISM COMES FROM THE GREEK WORD"SYNERGOS"MEANING WORKING
TOGETHER.
• IT REFERS TO THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO ORMORE"THINGS"WHENTHE
COMBINEDEFFECTISGREATERTHANIFYOUADDEDTHE"THINGS"ONTHEIR
OWN(ATYPEOF"WHENISONEPLUSONEISGREATERTHANTWO"EFFECT).
•REFERS TO THE EFFECT CAUSED WHEN EXPOSURE TO TWO OR MORE CHEMICALS
AT A TIME RESULTS IN HEALTH EFFECTS THAT ARE GREATER THAN THE SUM OF
THE EFFECTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL CHEMICALS.

6. SYNERGISTS
•SYNERGISTS HAVE BEEN USED COMMERCIALLY FOR ABOUT 50 YEARS AND
HAVE CONTRIBUTED SIGNIFICANTLY TO IMPROVE THE EFFICACY OF
INSECTICIDES, PARTICULARLY WHEN PROBLEMS OF RESISTANCE HAVE
ARISEN .
•THESE NATURAL OR SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS, WHICH INCREASE THE
LETHALITY AND EFFECTIVE NESS OF CURRENTLY AVAILABLE INSECTICIDES,
ARE BY THEMSELVES CONSIDERED NONTOXIC.

7. OTHER TOXICOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS
•ADDITIVE EFFECT THIS ACTION OCCURS WHEN THE COMBINED
EFFECT OF TWO OR MORE CHEMICALS IS EQUAL TO THE SUM OF
THE EFFECT OF EACH AGENTS GIVEN ALONE (THEY DO NOT
INTERACT IN A DIRECT WAY);FOREXAMPLE:2+2=4
•THIS EFFECT IS THE MOST COMMON WHEN TWO CHEMICALS ARE
GIVEN TOGETHER.

8. OTHER TOXICOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS
•POTENTIATION THIS EFFECT RESULTS WHEN ONE
SUBSTANCE THAT DOES NOT NORMALLY HAVE A TOXIC
EFFECT IS ADDED TO ANOTHER CHEMICAL, IT MAKES THE
SECOND CHEMICAL MUCH MORE TOXIC;
•FOR EXAMPLE: 0 + 2 > 2, NOT JUST 2

9. ANTAGONISM
•THE OPPOSITE OF SYNERGISM. IT IS THE SITUATION
WHERE THE COMBINED EFFECT OF TWO OR MORE
COMPOUNDS IS LESS TOXIC THAN THE INDIVIDUAL
EFFECTS;
•FOR EXAMPLE: 4 + 6 < 10

10. ANTAGONISM
•ANTAGONISTIC EFFECT ARE THE BASIS OF MANY ANTIDOTES FOR POISONINGS OR
FOR MEDICAL TREATMENTS.
•FOR EXAMPLE, ETHYL ALCOHOL (ETHANOL) CAN ANTAGONIZE THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF
METHYL ALCOHOL (METHANOL) BY DISPLACING IT FROM THE ENZYME THAT OXIDIZES
THE METHANOL.
•IN COMPARISON, A IS THE SITUATION WHERE THE COMBINED EFFECT OF TWO
CHEMICALS IS MUCH GREATER THAN THE SUM OF THE EFFECTS OF EACH AGENT
GIVEN ALONE.
•FOR EXAMPLE: 2 + 2 >> 4 (MAYBE 10 TIMES OR MORE)

11. CAUTIONS WITH JOINT ACTION AND
SYNERGISM
•WHILE SYNERGISTIC COMBINATIONS CAN BE HIGHLY EFFECTIVE,
THEY REQUIRE CAREFUL MANAGEMENT
EnvironmentalImpact: Synergistic effects can increase
toxicity to non-target organisms, including beneficial
insects like pollinators.

12. CAUTIONS WITH JOINT ACTION AND
SYNERGISM
•WHILE SYNERGISTIC COMBINATIONS CAN BE HIGHLY EFFECTIVE,
THEY REQUIRE CAREFUL MANAGEMENT
UnintendedConsequences:Overuse of synergistic
mixtures may accelerate resistance development if not
rotated properly.

13. CAUTIONS WITH JOINT ACTION AND
SYNERGISM
•WHILE SYNERGISTIC COMBINATIONS CAN BE HIGHLY EFFECTIVE,
THEY REQUIRE CAREFUL MANAGEMENT
RegulatoryConcerns:Some synergistic chemicals are
restricted due to potential environmental or health risks.

14. THANK YOU FOR
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