Indian system of medicine

Ayurveda, Siddha,Unani and Homeopathy
Subject-Herbal Drug Technology

1. INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
Prepared by-Shagufta Farooqui
Assistant Professor
Department of pharmacology

2. Indian System of medicine
Traditionalsystemofmedicineplaysanimportantroleinprimaryhealthcare
needs.
ThesystemofmedicineswhichareofIndianoriginorwhichhavetocomeIndia
fromoutsideandgotincorporatedintoIndiancultureareknownasIndian
systemofmedicines
Ayurveda
Unani
1
Sidhha
Homeopathy
2

3. Ayurveda system of medicine
Ayurveda system of medicine is the oldest medical system.
Ayurveda word means Science of life.
The concept was developed between 2500 and 50 B.C.in India.
The four Vedas are-
1.Rigveda
2.Samveda
3.Yajurveda
4.Atharveda
The Ayurveda is a part of Atharveda.

4. CharkasamithawasthefirstbookhavingconceptofpracticeofAyurvedai.e
schoolofmedicine.Itdescribe600plantsandtheirproductsusedinmedicine.
Recordedin1900B.C.
SushrutaSamithawasthenextayurvedicliteraturewhichaimedonsurgeryi.e
forschoolofsurgery.
Itdealswithdifferenttheoriesandfundamentalprincipleofsurgery.Itdescribe
about650drugs,differentsurgeryrelatedtopicslikeanatomy,toxicology,
embryologyetc.
Alsodescribestheuseofsurgicalinstrumentslikescissors,forceps,scalpels.

5. Principle of Ayurveda
Panchmahabhu
ta
Gun-Rasa
Sidhhanta
Tridosha
Prithvi
Vayu
Agni
Akasha
Jala
Vata
Pitta
Kapha
Rasa
Guna
Virya
Vipaka
Prabhava

6. Panchmahabhutas
AccordingtoAyurvedaTheuniverseismadeoffivebasicelementsalsoknownas
Panchmahbhutasi.eAkasa(space),Vayu(Air),TejaorAgni(Fire),jala(water)and
prithvi(earth)
Allthesearemixedinaninfinitevarietyofrelativeproportionssuchthatformof
matterisdistinctlyunique.Byconstantchangeandinteractingwitheachother,
theycreateasituationwhichkeepstheworldgoing.

7. Akasa-correspondstospaceswithinthebody(mouth,notrils,abdomen).
Vayu-denotesthemovement(mascularalsonervoussystem).
Agni-regulatesthefunctioningofenzymes(intelligence,digestivesytemand
metabolism).
Jaladenotesallbodyfluids(asplasma,saliva,digestivejuices)
Prithvimeansthesolidstructureofthebody(bones,teeth,fleshandhair).

8. Trigunas
ThethreegunasSatvaRajasandTamasarethethreeessential
componentsofthemind.
Ayurvedadescribespeopleonthebasisoftheirmanasa(psychological)and
Prakriti(constitution).
Thesepsychologicalcharacteristicsdependontheamountofthethreegunas.
Thethreegunaswhenpresentinproperproportionmaintainhealthystateof
themind.Anydisturbanceinthisequilibriumresultsinmentaldisorders.
Satva-meanslightness,consciousness,pleasureandclarity,freediseaseand
cannotbedisturbedinanyway.Itactivatesthesensesandproduce
perceptionofknowledge.
Rajas-hasmotionandstimulation.Desires,wishes,ambitionsandfickle-
mindednessareduetothis.
Tamas-characterizedbyheavinessandresistance

9. Stages of disease-
Stages of disease-
There are six stages of disease according to ayurveda-
1.Sanchaya-Accumulation-
Inthisdoshagetsaccumulatedinitsdwellingplacei.evataincolon,pittainsmall
intestineandkaphainstomach
Vataaccumulationindicates–constipation,abdominaldistensionorgasesinthe
colon.
Pittaaccumulationindicates-Heataroundthebellybutton,Yellowishdiscoloration
oftheeyesorurine.
2.Prakopa-Provocation-
Whenadoshaincreasesinitshomeplacethensymptomswillbemoresignificant
Vatasymptoms0painintheflanksormidback,hyperperistalsis,gurglingand
breathlessness.
Pittasymptomswillbeindigestionandheartburn.
Kaphasymptomswillcough,congestionandheaviness.

10. 3.Prasara-Spread
Furtheraggravationorspreadofthedoshaleadstoexcessdoshaincirculation.
Vatawillmovetotheears,skin,bonesandthighs.Pittawillmovetothestomach,
eyes,sweatgland,skin,heartandsubcutaneousfat.
Kaphawillmovetothelungs,sinuses,lymphaticsystem,breasttissue,mouthand
head.
Duringthisstagethedoshascandomuchharmbutagniistheretoprotect
IfagniisimpairedthedoshaswillleavetheGITanddiseasewillmanifest
furtherandwilldifficulttocure.
4.Sthanasamshraya-Depositionorlocalization
Duringthisstage,aggravateddoshawilltendtodepositintoaspotwhichhas
weakness.
Whenthedoshaentersthisspot,itchangesthetissueanditsqualities.Atthis
timethereisafightbetweentheAgniandaggrevateddosha,iftheagniisweak,
thedoshawillchangethequalitiesofthedhatu.
Forexample–Vatabringcoldness,drynessintothedhatu
Puttamaybringheat,oiliness
Kaphamaybringstagnation,heavinessandcongestion.

11. 5.Vyakti-Manifestation-
Inthisstagethedoshahasovercomethedhatuanddisturbthefunctioningof
tissuesandthereisqualitativechangesinthecells,tissuesandorgans.These
changesaredifficulttoreverse.
Forexample.Crackingofjointsoccursduetodrynessofvataenteringthejoints(a
Kaphalocation).InflammationiscausedbyPittaenteringthespecificdhatu
Kaphawillcreatecongestionandswelling.
6.Bheda-Distortion/Destruction/Differentiationofdisease-
Inthisstage,structuralchangesoccur.
Complicationofotherorgans,tissuesorsymptomsalsooccurs.
Inthissatgethetissueisaffectedaswellasitssurroundingareasandtheir
functionsalsogetditurbed
Conditionsarechronic,weakersystemandenablespreadofrootsofotherdisease.
Vataduringthisstagecancausestructuralchanges,severedehydrationetc.
Pittamaycreateulcersinthestomach,hemorrhageandbleedingdisorders
Kaphawillcausetumorformationandfibrocysticchanges.

12. Principles of Homeopathy system of medicine
ThetermhomeopathycoinedbyHahnemannandfirstappearedin1807.Itisa
uniqueandnaturalsystemofmedicinewhichhelpstostimulatethebody’s
healingprocesswithnocommonsideeffects.
Homeopathicsystemofmedicinedependsuponthreesimpleprinciples.
SamuelHahnemann,describestheseprinciplesinhisbook“Organonof
medicineandorganonoftheHealingart”

13. ❖The basic principles of Homeopathy-
It is based on seven principles of Homeopathy
Individualisation
Principle of Similia
Principle of Simplex
Principle of Minimum dose
Law of Providing
Law of dynamisation
Vital force

14. 1.ThelawofSimilars(LikeCuresLike):
Thislawisbasedontheprinciplethatasubstancewhichcancausesymptomsun
healthyperson,innontoxicmicrodosescanstimulatecureinotherssufferingwith
samesymptomsregardlessofthecause.
HomeoSameorsimilarandpathosmeaningsufferingi.eLikecureslike.
Examples-
1.Arnicamontaca-Obtainedfromthearnicaplantandusedtotreattrauma.
Itshighdoseproducestoxiceffectsi.eitcausesbleeding,bruising,swelling,etc.
Anddisturbrepair
Homeopathy’slawofsimilars,introducedthisessentialremedyforinjuriesby
minimizingbruising,bleedingandswellingandstimulatehealingoftraumatized
tissue.
2.Apismellifica-
Thehoneybee’svenomstimulatesvariousresponsesinindividualslikeswelling
,painandmildorsevereallergicreactions.Accordingtolikecureslike,itisuseful
inhealingofbitesandstings,burningstingingpains,puffyswellings,inflamed
membranes,urinaryirritationandrespiratoryproblems.

15. 3.TheMinimumDose-
Hahnemanndescribedtheminimumdoseasthesmallestamountofthe
substancethatwouldbringhealingandwoulddonoharm.Thisdiscovered
homeopathy’smicrodoses.
Tominimizethesideeffectshediscovereddilutionandsuccessionprocess
(vigorousshakingandstrikingagainstasolidsurface)
Highlydilutedconcentrations(potencies)aggravatedstrongerhealingresponses
asthepotencygetsincreasedwithdilutionandsafetyprofileofthedrugalso
increasedpotency.
4.Thetotalityofthesymptoms-
Homeopathicsystemofmedicineisbasedoneachindividualpatientscomplete
symptomspicture.Thiswouldincludephysicalsymptoms,theiremotionaland
mentalstate.
Homeopathyisaholisticsystemofhealing.Patient'sbody,mind,spiritand
emotionsareallconsideredinthemanagementandpreventionofdisease.
Takingallthesefactorintoaccountahomeopathwillselectthemostappropriate
medicine.

16. Principles of Unanisystem of medicine
UnanisystemwasoriginatedinGreece.itsfoundationwaslaiddownby
Hippocrates.
ArabsandpersiansintroducedUnanisystemofmedicineinIndiaaround11
th
century.
ThewordUnaniderivedfromaGreekword‘Ionian’
HippocratesPractiseditover2500yearsago.
Unanimedicinecharecterizedbytheworkofitspractitionersalsoknownas
hakims,whoworkonthebasicprinciplesofharmoneyandbalancingalong
withphysical,mentalandspiritualknowledge.

17. According to Unanisystem of medicines the human body is supposed to made
up if the following seven components-
Elements(Arkan)
Temperament (Mizaj)
Bodily humours(akhlat)
Organand sytems(Aaza)
Vitalspirit(arwah)
Powers(quwah)
Functions(Afaal)

18. Principles of Treatment
Dietotherapy
Regimental
therapy
Pharmacothera
py
Surgery

19. Prevention of disease
Unanisystem has laid down six essentials pre-requisites(Asbabsittae
zaroriayah) for the maintenance of health and prevention of disease-
Air
Foods and
drinks
Body
movement
Sleep and
wakefulness
Mental work
Excretion
and retention

20. Principles Of SiddhaSystem Of Medicine
TheSiddhaisatraditionalsystemisatraditionalmedicinesystemoriginated
fromTamilculture.Itwasbelievedthatthesiddhasystemwasfirstdescribedby
Lordshivatohiswifeparvati.
ParvatiexplainedalltohersonLordMuruga-kartik
Hetaughtallhisknowledgetoasageagasthyawhothentaughtthisto18
siddharsandfinallytheyspreadthisconcepttohumanbeings.
SiddhasemphasizesonAshtmahasidhhi-Theeightsupernaturalpowers.
ThepersonswhoachievethispowersareknownasSiddhars.
Therewere18siddharsandtheydevelopedthissystemofmedicinethatiswhyit
iscalledsiddhamedicine.
Accordingtosiddhasytemofmedicine,manisaminiatureuniverseinhimself.

21. Accordingtosiddhathewholeuniverseismadeupoffivebasicelements
calledPanchmahabhutam .
ThePanchikaranamtheoryalsoknownasfivefoldcombinationofsiddha
scienceexplaintheoriginandformationofthesefivebasicelementsaswell
astheirroleintheformationofeverysubstancesintheuniverseandin
humans.
AccordingtoPancheekaranam theory,thesefiveelementsalwaysactin
mutualco-ordinationanddonotactindependently.
Theelementscombineinvaryingproportionstogivedifferentcompounds.
Thissytemdescribesrelationbetweentheseelements.

22. Fivesenseorgans(calledPori)andfunctionsofsenseorgans(CalledPulan)
asfollows-
Panchabhootam Sense organs(Pori)Functions of sense
organs(Pulan)
Earth(Nilam) Nose Smell
Water (Neer) Mouth Taste
Fire(Thee) Eyes Vision
Air(Kaatru) Skin Touch
Space(Aagyam) Ears Hearing

23. Three Humours (UyirThathukkal)
VAATHAM PITHAM KABHAM
Threehumourswhichareresponsibleforthecreation,preservationand
destructionofhumanbodyandhealth.

24. Undernormalconditions,therationbetweenVaadham,PithamandKabham
are4:2:1
Andanydisturbanceinthisratioleadstodiseasedstateordeath.
Therelationshipofthesethreehumourswithpanchabhootamandits
locationandfunctionsisdescribesas-
Vaatham Pitham Kabham
Panchabhootam Air and space Fire Earth and water
Functions Movement of
body,motorand
sensory activities
Preserve health,
maintain body
heat
Strength ,joint
movements, body
built and
endurance
Predominates In the region
below navel
Chest and
abdominal area
Head and neck

25. Diagnosis in Siddhasystem of medicine
To diagnosis a disease,Siddharsexamine both the body and the disease
together to arrive at a conclusion regarding the condition or state of a
disease.
For diagnosis two mechanism are followed-
•NoinaadalApproach to the
disease
•Noimudal
naadal
Determination
of etiology of the
disease

26. It consists of eight criteria for physical examination and is called ‘Envagaitheru’
These includes-
Tongue(Naa)
Color(Niram)
Speech(Mozhi)
Eyes(Vizi)
Stool(Malam)
Urine(Moothiram)
Touch(sparisam)
Pulse( Naadi)