Indian transport and Communication

Tarnsport and communication are the life line of the world, not only India but the whole whole world is depend upon this two word.

1. INDIA Transport & Communication

2. Transport or transportation is the movement of humans, animal and goods from one place to another. Communication is sending or receiving information The use of transport and communication depends upon our need Human beings use various methods to move goods, commodities, ideas from one place to another.

3. MEANS OF TRANSPORT Land Water Air Road Pipeline Railway Seaways & Ocean route Inland International National

4. LAND TRANSPORT Land transport or land transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another on land. This is usually by rail or highways.

5. LAND TRANSPORT ROAD TRANSPORT India has one of the largest road networks in the world with a length of42.3lakh km About 85% of passenger and 70% of freight traffic are carried by roads every year. Road transport is suitable for short distance travel.

6. For the purpose of construction and maintenance, roads are classified as

7. NATIONAL HIGHWAYS They connect the state capital, major cities, important ports, railway junctions etc. They are constructed and maintained by central government The length of NH was 70934 km in 2009 The national highways constitute only 1.67% of the total road length but carry 40% of the road traffic. The NHAI (national highway authority of India) is entrusted with the responsibility of development, maintenance and operation of national highways

8. NATIONAL HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS GOLDEN QUADRILATERAL It comprises construction of 5,846 km long 4/6 lane, high density traffic corridor, to connect India's four big metro cities of delhi-mumbai-chennai-kolkata . With the construction of golden quadrilateral, the time- distance and cost of movement among the mega cities of India will be considerably minimized Fig 1:-GOLDEN QUADRILATERAL Source:- Google Image

9. NORTH-SOUTH AND EAST-WEST CORRIDORS NORTH-SOUTH CORRIDOR AIMS AT CONNECTING SRINAGAR IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR WITH KANYAKUMARI IN TAMIL NADU (INCLUDING KOCHCHI-SALEMPUR) WITH 4,076 KM LONG ROAD. THE EAST-WEST CORRIDOR HAS BEEN PLANNED TO CONNECT SILCHAR IN ASSAM WITH THE PORT TOWN OF PORBANDAR IN GUJARAT WITH 3,640 KM OF ROAD LENGTH Fig 2:- NORTH-SOUTH AND EAST-WEST CORRIDORS Source:- Google image

10. STATE HIGHWAYS These are constructed and maintained by state government Join state capitals with district headquarters and other important town Constitute 4% of total road length

11. DISTRICT ROADS Connect district headquarters and the other important nodes in the district. Account for 60.83% of total road length RURAL ROADS 33.86% of the total road length in India is categorized as rural roads

12. BORDER ROADS The border road organization (BRO) was established in 1960 in order to accelerate economic development, defence preparedness and improvement Of strategically important roads along the borders. The BRO also undertakes snow clearance in high altitudes. It has constructed roads in high altitudes joining Chandigarh with Manali and leh at an average altitude of 4,270 meters above the mean sea level.

13. INDIAN ROAD NETWORK (2005) S. No Road category Length in km % of total road length 1. National highways 70934 1.67 2. State highways 1,54522 3.64 3. District roads 2577296 60.83 4. Rural roads 1433557 33.86 Total 4236429 100

14. DENSITY OF ROADS Length of roads per 100 square km of area. National average - 142.68 km. Kerala - 517.77 km. Jammu & Kashmir- 12.14 km. Fig 3:- DENSITY OF ROADS

15. RAIL TRANSPORT -Indian railways network is one of the longest in the world It was introduced in 1853, when a line was constructed from Bombay to thane covering a distance of 34 km -Largest government undertaking in the country The length of Indian railways network is 64460km.Railway system has been divided into 16 zones.

16. On the basis of width of the track it is divided into three categories 1.Broad gauge- 1.676 mts . 2. Metre gauge-1 metre. 3. Narrow gauge – 0.762 metre.

17. Fig.4: Indian Railway Network

18. Significance of Indian Railway Railways provide the cheapest and most convenient mode of passenger transport both for long distance and suburban traffic. Railways have played a significant role in development and growth of industries. Growth of textile industry in Mumbai, jute industry in areas surrounding Kolkata, coal industry in Jharkhand, etc is largely due to the development of railway network in these areas. Railways help in supplying raw materials and other facilities to the factory sites and finished goods to the market. Agriculture also owes its growth to railways to a great extent. Now farmers can sell their agricultural produce to distant places and even sell them in the world market at remunerative prices Railways are also helpful in removing isolation between cities and countryside and have played a significant role in disseminating innovations and new ideas.

19. WATER TRANSPORT Cheapest means of transport It is a fuel and eco- friendly mode of transport. Water transport is of two types A) Inland waterways. B) Oceanic waterways

20. INLAND WATERWAY India has 14,500 km of navigable waterways. It contributes 1% to the country’s transportation. It comprises rivers, canals, backwaters etc. Inland waterways authority was set up in 1986 for the development, maintenance and regulation of national waterways

21. INLAND WATERWAYS AUTHORITY DECLARED 3 INLAND WATERWAYS AS NATIONAL WATERWAYS WATERWAYS STRETCH SPECIFICATION DATE OF DECLARATION NW1 Allahabad – Haldia stretch(1620 kms It is navigable by mechanical boats up to Patna and by ordinary boats up to Haridwar Divided into 3 parts 1.Haldia-Farakka(560kms) 2.Farakka-Patna(460kms) 3.Patna-allahabad(600kms 27/10/1986 NW2 Sadiya-dhubri stretch(891kms Brahmaputra is navigable by steamers upto Dibrugarh (1384 kms ) 26/10/1988 NW3 KottapuramKollam stretch(205kms It includes 168kms of west coast canal along with Champakara canal (23kms)and udyogmandal canal (14kms 01/2/1991

22. Fig 5:- NATIONAL WATERWAYS

23. OCEANIC ROUTES 12 major and 185 minor ports provide infrastructural support to oceanic routes 95 % of India’s foreign trade by volume and 70 % by value moves through ocean routes Apart from the international trade, these are also used for the purpose of transportation between the islands and the rest of the country

24. History of Indian airlines 1991- AIR transporting India was lunched between Allahabad and Naini 1947 –AIR transport was provided by four major companies namely India National Airways, Tata Sons Limited, Air Services of India Deccan Airways. 1951- Four more company joined the services, Bharat Airways, Himalayan Aviation Limited, Airways India and Kalinga Airlines. 1953- AIR transport was nationalized and Indian international and Indian airlines.

25. The aviation sector contributes INR 330 billion(0.5%) to Indian GDP. This total comprises INR 147 billion directly through the output of the aviation sector( airlines, airports and ground services sector.) INR 107 billion indirectly contributed through the aviation sectors supply chain ; and INR 77billion contributed through the spending by the employees of the aviation sector and its supply chain. Contribution to Indian GDP

26. Fig.6

27. Pipeline Pipelines are the most convenient and efficient mode of transporting liquids and gases over long distances Even solids can also be transported by pipelines after converting them into slurry. Oil India Limited (OIL) under the administrative set up of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas is engaged in the exploration, production and transportation of crude oil and natural gas. It was incorporated in 1959 as a company Asia’s first cross country pipeline covering a distance of 1,157 km was constructed by OIL from Naharkatiya oilfield in Assam to Barauni refinery in Bihar. It was further extended up to Kanpur in 1966. Another extensive network of pipelines has been constructed in the western region of India of which Ankleshwar-Koyali, Mumbai High- Koyali and Hazira-VijaipurJagdishpur (HVJ) are most important. Recently, a 1256 km long pipeline connecting Salaya (Gujarat) with Mathura (U.P.) has been constructed. It supplies crude oil from Gujarat to Punjab (Jalandhar) via Mathura. OIL is in the process of constructing of 660 km long pipeline from Numaligarh to Siliguri

28. NEWSPAPER MAGAZINES JOURNALS Among all the personal communication system internet is the most effective and advanced one. It is widely used in urban areas. It enables the user to establish direct contact through e-mail to get access to the world of knowledge and information It is increasingly used for e-commerce and carrying out money transactions The internet is like a huge central warehouse of data, with detailed information on various items. The network through internet and e-mail provides an efficient access to information at a comparatively low cost. It enables us with the basic facilities of direct communication.

29. Mass Communication System Radio Radio broadcasting started in India in 1923 by the Radio Club of Bombay. It was changed to All India Radio in 1936 and to Akashwani in 1957. All India Radio broadcasts a variety of programmes related to information, education and entertainment. Special news bulletins are also broadcast at specific occasions like session of parliament and state legislatures.

30. Television (T.V.) Television broadcasting has emerged as the most effective audio-visual medium for disseminating information and educating masses. Initially, the T.V. services were only to the National Capital where it began in 1959. After 1972, several other centres became operational. In 1976, TV was delinked from All India Radio (AIR) and got a separate identity as Doordarshan (DD). After INSAT-IA (NationalTelevision-DD1) became operational, Common National Programmes (CNP) were started for the entire network and its services were extended to the backward and remote rural areas

31. Satellites are mode of communication in themselves as well as they regulate the use of other means of communication. Satellite images can be used for the weather forecast, monitoring of natural calamities, surveillance of border areas On the basis of configuration and purposes, satellite system in India can be grouped into two: •Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) •Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System (IRS). The INSAT, which was established in 1983,is a multipurpose satellite system for telecommunication, meteorological observation and for various other data and programmes. The IRS satellite system became The IRS satellite system became operational with the launching of IRS-IA in March 1988 from Vaikanour in Russia. India has also developed her own Launching Vehicle PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle).. The National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) at Hyderabad provides facilities for acquisition of data and its processing. These are very useful in the management of natural resources. Satellite Communication

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