Indicators of Health. To measure the health status of a community

Indicators of Health.
To measure the health status of a community.
To compare the health status of country with that of another.

1. Indicators of Health
❖To measure the health status of a community
❖To compare the health status of country with that of another.
Characteristics of indicators:
✔Should be valid
✔Should be reliable & objective
✔Should be sensitive
✔Should be specific
✔Should be feasible
✔Should be relevant.

2. Indicators of Health
1.Mortality indicators
2.Morbidity indicators
3.Disability rates
4.Nutritional status indicators
5.Healthy care delivery indicators
6.Utilization rates
7.Indicators of social & mental health
8.Environmental indicators
9.Socio‐economic indicators
10.Healthy policy indicators
11.Indicators of quality of life.
12.Other indicators.
Death Rate Indicator
Disease Indicator
Health Care
Indicator

3. Mortality Indicators
These includes :‐
1.Crude Death Rate
2.Expectation of Life
3.Maternal Mortality Rate
4.Infant Mortality Rate
5.Child Mortality Rate

4. CrudeDeathRate:-
1.ItcanbedefinedastheNumberofdeathin1000populationin
ayearinaparticulararea.
2.In2022,deathrateforIndiawas7.38per1,000people.
ExpectationofLife:-
1.Itcanbedefinedastheaveragenumbersofyearslikelytobe
livedbyaperson.
2.Iftheexpectationoflifeincreases,itindicatesimprovementin
thehealthstatusassocio-economicdevelopment.
3.Toachieveexpectationoflifeatbirth,60yearsisthetargetfoe
“HealthforAll”by2020.
4.ThecurrentlifeexpectancyforIndiain2024is70.62years,
a0.29%increasefrom2023.

5. •Maternalmortalityreferstodeathsduetocomplicationsfrom
pregnancyorchildbirthper100,000.
Maternal Mortality Rate
https://pib.gov.in/FeaturesDeatils.aspx?NoteId=151238&ModuleId%20=%202

6. 50-98% of maternal deaths are
caused by direct obstetric causes
like hemorrhage, infection, and
hypertensive disorders, ruptured
uterus, hepatitis, and anemia.
50% of maternal deaths due to
sepsis are related to illegal induced
abortion.
MMR in India has not declined
significantly in the past 15 years.
The MMR is‘high’ in Assam
195 per 100,000 live births)..
It is 'low' in Kerala(19
maternal deaths per 100,000
live births).

7. Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan, for instance, seeks to improve
the quality and coverage of diagnostics and counselling services, along with
providingassured comprehensive and quality antenatal care free of cost.

8. Infant Mortality Rate
1.Itisthenumberofinfantdeathoutof1000livebirthinaparticularyear.Infant
mortalityrateisthemostwidelyacceptedindicatorofhealthaswellassocio-
economicconditions.
2.Oneimportanttargetof“HealthforAllby2020”istobringdowntheinfant
mortalityrate50per1000livebirth.
3.ThecurrentinfantmortalityrateforIndiain2024is25.799deathsper1000live
births,a3.08%declinefrom2023.

9. Child Mortality Rate
•Theprobabilityofdying
betweenbirthandexactlyfive
yearsofageexpressedper
1,000livebirths.
•In2019,childmortalityrate
forIndiawas34.3deathsper
1,000livebirths.

10. Lower respiratory infections (17·9%), (15·6%), diarrhoeal
diseases (9·9%), and birth asphyxia and trauma (8.1%)
were the leading causes of under-5 death in India in 2017.

11. Causes of high child mortality rate in India
1.Lackofaccesstofreshwater.
2.WidespreadIlliteracyandPoverty
3.Prematurebirthandlowbirth
weight.
4.Poorimplementationofgovt.
schemes
5.Poorsanitationpractices
6.Neonatalinfections
7.BirthAsphyxiaandBirthTrauma
8.Under-fivechildrenaremore
pronetocommunicablediseases.
9.Non-acceptanceofgirlchildin
thesocietyisalsoadarkcauseof
infantmortality.
10.Malnutrition
11.Lack of Adequate Public Health Infrastructure
12.Poor maternal health

12. Morbidity indicators
Theseindicatorsgiveinformationregardingthedisease
situationinthecommunity.Morbidityindicatorsare
consideredmoresensitiveincomparisontomortalityindicator.
The important morbidity indicators are:-
1.Incidence(Total No. of New cases) and Prevalence rate (New + old)
2.OPD attendance rates
3.Hospital admission rates
4.Duration of stay in the hospital
5.Sickness absenteeisms.
6.Notification Rate

13. Disability Indicator
•Disabilityratesincludedaysofrestrictedactivity,beddisability
days,worklossdays,limitationofmobilityandlimitationof
activity.

14. 1.Event type Indicator:
a)Days of restricted activities.
b)Bed disability days.
c)Work loss days.
2.Person type Indicator:
a)Limitation of mobility: confined to house.
b)Limitation of activity: limitation to perform basic
activities.
Alok Kumar 14
Disability Indicator

15. Nutritional status is a positive health
indicator.
Anthropometric measurement of
pre school children:
1.Weight-measure acute
malnutrition.
2.Hight-measure chronic
malnutrition
3.Mid-arm circumference-
measure chronic malnutrition
Nutritional status indicators

16. a)Hydrocephalusis a condition in which an accumulation ofcerebrospinal
fluid(CSF) occurs within thebrain.
b)This typically causes increasedpressure inside the skull. Older people may
haveheadaches,double vision, poor balance,urinary incontinence, personality
changes, ormental impairment.
c)In babies, it may be seen as a rapid increase in head size. Other symptoms may
includevomiting, sleepiness,seizures, anddownward pointing of the eyes.

17. Infant with huge
hydrocephalus
a)Hydrocephalusis a condition in which
an accumulation ofcerebrospinal
fluid(CSF) occurs within thebrain.
b)This typically causes increasedpressure
inside the skull. Older people may
haveheadaches,double vision, poor
balance,urinary incontinence,
personality changes, ormental
impairment.
c)In babies, it may be seen as a rapid
increase in head size. Other symptoms
may include vomiting,
sleepiness,seizures, anddownward
pointing of the eyes.
[1]

18. Mid-arm circumference

19. Healthy care delivery indicators
Theindicatorsreflecttheequityofdistributionofhealthresourcesin
differentpartsofthecountryandprovisionofhealthcare.
➢Doctor-populationratio:1:834(Norm1/1000)
➢Nurse-populationratio:1.7/1000(Norm1/500)
➢Population-bedratio:8beds/10,000population(Norms1/1000)
➢Population per health center/sub center: 1/5000 in Plain
1/3000 in hilly/tribal/desert
areas
➢Populationpertraditionalhealthattendant.20/10000-12000

20. According to Workload
S. No. Bed Strength Number of Pharmacist required
01 Up to 50 beds 03
02 Up to 100 beds 05
03 Up to 200 beds 08
04 Up to 300 beds 10
05 Up to 500 beds 15

21. Utilization rates
Utilizationrateindicatetheextenttowhichthehealthcarefacilitiesareutilized
bythepopulationinayear.Theimportantutilizationrateare:
a)Proportionoffullyimmunizedinfantagainstsixkillerdiseasesofchildhood.i.e.
Diphtheria,Tetanus,Neonatorum,Poliomyelitis,Tuberculosis&Measles.
b)Proportionofpregnantwomenreceivingantenatalcareofhavingdeliveries
conductbytraineddais.
c)Proportionofpopulationusingmethodsoffamilyplanning.
d)Bedoccupancyrate
e)Durationofstayinthehospital
f)Bedturnoverratio

22. Indicators of social & mental health
•Wehaveonlyfewindicatorswhichtooindirectlyreflectthesocial
andmentalhealth.Thesearehomicide,suicide,otherviolent
acts,crime,roadaccident,juveniledelinquency,alcoholism,
drugabuse,smoking,obesity,neglectedyouthandbattered
wifeandbatteredbabysyndromes.

23. •Mostofthesereflectthephysicalandbiologicalenvironmentofthe
humanbeings.Theyarerelatedtoair&waterpollution,solidwaste,
radiation,noise,toxicfoodanddrink.Themostusefulindicatorscan
betheproportionofpopulationgettingsafewatersupplyandproper
sanitationfacilities.
Environmental Indicators

24. Socio‐economic indicators
Theyarepurelyindirectmeasuresofhealthstatus.
Theyincludesrateofpopulationincrease,percapitagrossnational
product(GNP),levelofunemployment,familysize,dependency
ratio,femaleliteracyrate,numberofoccupantsperroomandper
capitaavailablecalories.

25. ImportantIndicatorofpoliticalcommitmentinthe
formofexpenditureonhealthservices.
TheimportanthealthpolicyindicatorsareproportionofGNP
allocatedtohealthservices,proportionofGNPonhealth-
relatedactivitiesandproportiononresourcesforprimaryhealth.
Healthy policy indicators