Indo gothic

INDO SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE

1. INDO-GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

2. INTRODUCTION Indo Saracenic architecture or Indo Saracenic Revival architecture (also known as Indo-Gothic, Hindu-Gothic, Mughal-Gothic, Neo-Mughal architecture) denotes the fusion of  Indo-Islamic and Indian architecture. Indo Saracenic is an absorption of exotic elements from native Indo-Islamic and Indian architecture, and fusing it with the  Gothic revival and Neo-Classical styles favoured in Victorian Britain. Indo Saracenic architecture is the brilliant architectural engineering movement by the British architects in the late 19th century in British India . The hybrid combined diverse architectural elements of Hindu and Mughal with Gothic cusped arches, domes, spires, tracery, minarets and stained glass, in a wonderful, almost playful manner . WHY SARACENIC.? " Saracen" is an adaptation of a Greek word, sarakenoi , meaning "people who live in tents ";  that is, Arabs. The word Saracen was employed by  Greek and Latin to refer people who lived in desert areas in and near the Roman province of Arabia, and who were specifically distinguished from Arabs. During medieval era Europeans denoted Muslims as Saracens. Over a period of time  "Saracen" had become synonymous with " Muslim."

3. HISTORY Before 1857 the British rulers in India applied Gothic Revival architecture incorporating Greek and Roman features such as columns, triangular pediments for the public building in India. The main reason for the adoption of this classical style for the British rulers was to retain the image as the holder of power and status and to distance themselves from the native Indians. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 began as a mutiny of sepoys of the East India Company's army on 10 May 1857 and this 'Revolt of 1857' compelled the Britishers to legitimize their rule and to establish confidence from the natives  of the colonized land. The rulers also began to understand that India had an architectural history that was as deep as it was complicated. James Ferguson, an historian of Indian architecture, categorized and evaluated Indian architecture and buildings based on their characteristics and proposed his conclusion stating that Indian architecture sporadically went into diminution and therefore need to be revived by British. The British government in India also  encouraged a new generation of British architects to experiment with the style known as Indo Saracenic.  The architectural deigns of British buildings, monuments, forts etc. in the post-Renaissance period formed the inspiration for the British architects. They built the public buildings in India as per advanced British structural engineering standards of the 1800's and used iron, steel and poured concrete. INTRODUCTION

4. FORMS OF INDO SARACENIC The Palladian Style   When the British became a power, there were three styles prevalent in England viz. the Palladian, Baroque and the Victorian. The Palladian style of architecture is based on the works of Andrea Palladio (17th century) of Italy. It could be identified with a few features such as the ceilings as an ornamental focus, mouldings often featuring masks, terms and shells or other depictions of nature, fireplaces and wall painting. A great central tower rising from a succession of traced roofs is one important characteristic of this style. The another important feature is Palladian window, which consists of a central section with semi circular arch over and two sections on either sides, all supported by pillars, as shown in the adjacent image. This was a feature inculcated in India in some buildings (in Lucknow for example) though as such we don’t find any monument made purely on Palladian style. La Martiniere Lucknow The early Britons sought to introduce the Palladian style in the form of the La Martiniere in Lucknow. It was built by Claude Martin, a wealthy eighteenth-century Frenchman, who was an officer in the French and later the British East India Company. Martin acquired his fortune while serving Asaf-ud-Daula , the nawab wazir of Awadh , and was reputedly the richest Frenchman in India. The building, called Constantia at that time is now serves as a college .    

5. The Victorian Gothic Style   When, India saw the emergence of presidencies of Madras, Bombay and Bengal, the fashion in England was of Gothic revival and neoclassical architecture. At the same time, the Victorian style was also in vogue. So, in the years to come, the buildings and monuments saw a mix of Indian (Mughal) style, Victorian, Gothic, Palladian, Baroque and other styles. However, none of the styles prevalent in Europe in those times were original. All of them were either imitated features from earlier Romanesque or Georgian architecture. The Victorian Gothic Architecture thus, was basically a hotch-potch of early European styles mixed with the introduction of Middle East and Asian influences. This monument represents the themes deriving from Indian traditional architecture. This was the beginning of the Indo-gothic or Indo-Saracenic revival. The monuments now created drew the elements from the indigenous and indo-Islamic architecture and combined it with the gothic revival and neo-classical styles favoured in Victorian England. One the best example is the Victoria Memorial Hall of Kolkata, which inculcates numerous Mughal elements in its design. Such monuments were built on advanced engineering standards. The material such as steel, Iron and poured concrete started getting used. The most important features of the buildings of this revival were as follows: Bulbous domes along with many miniature domes Overhanging eaves Pointed arches, cusped arches, or scalloped arches Vaulted roofs Domed chhatris , pinnacles, towers and minarets Open pavilions Pierced arcades.   FORMS OF INDO SARACENIC

6. Map showing the locations of cities having Indo Saracenic style buildings in India Delhi Lucknow Ajmer Jaipur Gwalior Allahabad Calcutta Rajkot Jamnagar Baroda Bombay Mysore Chennai (Madras) Bangalore Trivandrum

7. FEATURES OF INDO SARACENIC

8. ARCHITECTS OF INDO SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE Robert Fellowes Chisholm Charles Mant Henry Irwin William Emerson George Wittet Frederick W. Stevens

9. ARCHITECTS OF INDO SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECT HENRY IRWIN (1841-1922) Architect of British India Born on 21 st January 1841, in Tarbett , Ireland. 1864- Joined the public works department in England. 1866- was moved to ceylon . 1868- moved to India in PWD, Shimla. 1872- Became the executive engineer, nagpur and central provinces. Got a real boost in 1888, after completetion of VICE REGAL LODGE, Shimla Became the superintendent engineer, Shimla Imperial Circle of central PWD. Then he moved to Madras, as consulting architect for the Madras Presidency. Last project was Mysore palace 1897-1912, after which he retired and went to Ooty . He died on 5 th August, 1922.

10. ARCHITECT HENRY IRWIN’S BELIEFS “Architecture should speak of its time and place, but yearn for timelessness.” HIS MAJOR STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE- Jacobethan style – Mixed renaissance and Elizabethan style. Classical over Gothic. Gothic revival- gothic + Elizabethan. Saracenic – Islamic architecture. Indo- Saracenic- Indo Islamic. Indo Saracenic Revival – Indo Islamic + Gothic .

11. ARCHITECT HENRY IRWIN’S MAJOR WORKS Headquarters of the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Chennai–1873- Gothic revival style . Christ church, Panchmarhi – 1880 – Gothic revival style . The American College, Madurai - 1881-Saracenic style (red bricks, blending with surroundings ). Vice Regal lodge-(1880-1888) – Jacobethan Style . Gaiety Theatre, Shimla - 1888 (Stone)- exclusively for Britishers hence neo-Gothic style . Madras High Court, Chennai – 1892 – Indo Saracenic style . Law College Buildings, Chennai - July 1892- Indo Saracenic style . Headquarters of the State Bank of Madras -1896 – Indo Saracenic style . Government Museum, Chennai – 1896- Indo Saracenic style . The Hindu Higher Secondary School, Chennai- 1897(the L-shaped red brick building)- Saracenic style . Mysore palace – (1897-1912) – Indo Saracenic Revival style.

12. Jacobethan Gothic Indo- Saracenic

13. DELHI Sir Edwin Landseer was a British architect who is known for imaginatively adapting traditional architectural styles to the requirement of his era. Delhi which would later on serve as the seat of the government of India. In recognition of his contribution, New Delhi is also known as “ Lutyens ” Delhi . In collaboration with Herbert Baker . He was also the main architect of several monuments in New Delhi such as the India gate he also designed the viceroy’s house. Sir Edwin Lutyen Sir Herbert Baker Sir Herbert baker was a British architect baker was the dominant force in South African Architecture for two decades 1892 – 1912 among the many churches schools and houses he designed in south Africa are the St John’s College Johannesburg, Wynberg boys school. Cape town In 1912 baker went to India to work with Lutyens and went on to design the secretariat buildings New Delhi and parliament house in new Delhi and the bungalows of members of Parliament. Baker designed the two secretariat building ranking the great axis

14. INDO SARACENIC ATTRACTION OF DELHI PARLIAMENT HOUSE INDIA GATE RASHTRAPATI BHAWAN CENTRAL SECRETARIAT SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

15. Parliament House The central hall of the parliament has been designed to be circular in shaped the dome is 98 ft (29.87 Meters) in diameter and is Believed that is one of the most Magnificent domes in the world. The central hall is a place of historical importance in India for two reason. The transfer of colonial power to the provisional government under Nehru in 1957 and the framing of the constitution by the constituent assembly took place in this very hall. Originally , the central hall was used as the library of the erstwhile central legislative assembly and the council of states until 1946, when it was converted and refurnished into the constituent assembly hall. India Gate The gate is build as a special memorandum for all the soldiers who belongs to Indian army and to all those who who have gives their lives lighting for the protection of their country. It is considered that approximately 90,000 and more soldiers names have been Encrypted over the walls of India Gates which is a special thing in itself. The Explicit India Gate architecture explains you that there is a huge Path which is also known by the name of Raj path at the end of which is constructed a 42 meters high India gate that was previously known by the name of all India was memorial. The designing of India gate was done by famous architect sir Edwin lutyen. Standing behind the gate is an empty canopy made out of sandstone, also designed by lutyen and inspired by a sixth – century pavilion from Mahabalipuram.

16. Rashtrapati Bhawan The Rashtrapati Bhawan is a large and vast mansion with floors and have 340 rooms. It is built on a floor area of 200,00 square feet (19.000 m2). Vijay chowk in front of Rashtrapati Bhawan and ends at India gates on the western end of the road. The ancillary dome – like structure on top of the building is known as a chattri an Integral part of Indian architectural design.

17. The Secretariat building was designed by the prominent British architect Herbert baker in Indo – Saracenic revival architecture. Both the identical building have four levels, each with about 1,000 rooms in the inner courtyards to make space for future expansions. In continuation with the viceroy house, these building also used cream and red Dholpur sandstone from Rajasthan with the red Sandstone forming the base. To get heir the building the designed to from two squares. They have broad corridors between different wings and wide stairway to the four floors and each building is topped by a giant dome, while each wings and with colonnaded balcony. Much of the building is in Colonial architectural style, yet it incorporation from Mughal and Rajasthani architecture style. Another feature of the building is a dome – like structure known as the Chatri a design unique to India. CENTRAL SECRETARIAT

18. Supreme Court of India The main block of the supreme court building was built on a square Piot of 22 acres and the building was designed by chief of architect Ganesh Bhikaji Deolalikar who was the first Indian to head CPWD and designed the supreme court building in an Indo – British architecture style. He was succeeded by Shridher Krishna joglekar . The building is shaped to project the image of scales of justice with the central wing of the building correspond. The chief justice’s court is the largest of the courtroom located in the centre of the central wing. It has in the centre of the central wing.

19. INDO SARACENIC ATTRACTION OF BOMBAY

20. Gateway of India The gateway of India is a monument built during the British raj in Mumbai. It is located on the water front in the Apollo Bander area in south Mumbai and overlook the Arabian sea. The structure is a basalt arch, 26 meter (85 feet) high. It lies at the end of Chhatrapati Shivaji Marg at the water edge in Mumbai Harbour . The gate way of India also been Reffered to as the Taj Mahal of Mumbai and is the city top tourist attraction. History The gate way of India was built to commemorate the visit of king George Vand Dueen marry to Mumbai, prior the Delhi Darbar , in December 1911. they only got to see a cardboard model of the structure since the construction did not began till 1915. the foundation stone was laid on 31 march 1911 by the Governer of Bombay sir George Sydenham Clarre with the final design of George Wittet sanctioned on 31 march 1913.

21. Taj Mahal Palace Hotel The Taj Mahal palace hotel is a five star hotel located in the Colaba region of Mumbai Maharashtra India next to the gate way of India Parts of Taj Hotel, resort and palace this hotel is considered the flag ship property of the group and contain 560 rooms and 44 Saits there are some 1500 staff including 35 butlers. From a historical and architectural point of view, the two building that makes up the hotel the Taj Mahal palace and tower are two distinct building. Significant It is a place where the viceroy and Governer uset to land upon their arrival of India. Through built for British India and the British empire today serve as a “monumental memento” of Colonialisation and subjugation by the British over the people of India. Built right next to Taj Mahal palace & tower hotel. The gate way of India is a symbol of “power and majesty” of British empire There are five jetties at the gate way the first jetty is exclusive to the atomic research centre. The second and third are used for commercial ferry fourth is closed and fifth to the royal Bombay Yatch club. History The hotel originally Builded by commissioned of Tata and first opened its door to guest on 16 th December 1903 It is widely believed that Tamsedji TATA decided to build the hotel after he was refused entry to one of the Citys’s grand hotel of the time, Watson hotel, as it was restricted to “whites only. The original Indian architect were Sitaram khanderao vaidya and DN Mirza . Completed by an English engineer W.A chamber. The builder was khan Saheb Sorabji Rutton Ji .

22. Municipal Corporation Building The Muncipal corporation Building was located in south Mumbai in Maharashtra, Mumbai, is a grade a heritage building opposite to the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus at the junction of Padabhai Naoroji road and Mahapalika marg. It is also known as the Bombay Muncipal corporation building or BMC. Mumbai corporation of greater Mumbai and which has its own motto – Yato Dharmastato Jaya. It is said to be the largest civic Organisation History The BMC was created in 1865 and Arthur craw ford was it first Municipal commissioner. The Municipality was Initially housed in a modest building at the terminus of Girgam road. In 1870 it was shifted to a building on Esplanade. Located between Watson hotel and the Sassoon mechanism institute where the present army & navy building is situated

23. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST) formly Victoria Terminus (VT) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and an historic railway station in Mumbai, India which serves as the headquarter of the central railways. Designed by Fredericr William Stevens with influence from Victorian Italianate gothic revival. The station was built is 1887 in the Bori Bunder area of Bombay to commemorate the golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria. History Bori bunder was one of the areas along the eastern shores lines of Mumbai , India which was used as a storehouse for goods imported and exported from Mumbai in areas name. Bori means “sack” and Bandar means port or haven. Bori bandar literally means a place where sack are stored. The station was eventually rebuilt as the Victoria terminus named after the then reigning queen.

24. KOLKATA

25. WRIGHTER’S BUILDING PLACE –KOLKATA (1777-1906) Designed by THOMAS LYON

26. ARCHITECTURAL CONTEXT

27. FIRST PHASE (1777-1778) SECOND PHASE (1820-1821) Designed as barracks to provide accommodation to the john company's ‘writers’. A three storied structure . A long veranda being added on the south front and two small pediments on columns by lord wellesley . And a better ornamented façade (by capt. George lindsay ). CONSTRUCTION PHASES

28. ROTUNDA GEORGIAN ROOFS DORIC PEDIMENTED ENTRANCES MINERVA STATUES IONIC COLUMNS ITALIAN GRECIAN FONTAGE NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE THIRD PHASE- complete re-modelling of the front façade by E.J. Martin(1877-1905)

29. PLAN AND ELEVATION

30. NEO CLASSICAL & BAROQUE

31. RAJ BHAVAN KEDLESTON HALL

32. IONIC COLUMN Full height portico Elliptical fanlight Symmetrically placed windows Front Gable Roof Front Façade with columns and corner pilasters Greek Revival Classical Revival BROAD CORNICE N E O C L A S S I C A L

33. Curved Lines Curved Arches Domes B A R O Q U E

34. Drawing Room Marble Floor Plain Walls Dining Hall Tuscan Columns Cloistered Room

35. Steel Dome installed in1860s by the Viceroy Lord Elgin. Lord Curzon brought electricity and lift ( Bird Cage Lift ).

36. Drawing and dining rooms . Yellow Drawing Room:  first floor , has wonderful paintings. Blue Drawing Room:  Elegantly furnished room used by the governor to meet guest. Brown Dining Room:  Adjacent to the Blue Dining room, it is used for small conferences and meetings. Halls and banquet rooms Throne Room:  The Throne Room, as the name suggests, contains the throne of Wellesley. It also contains an Urn used to carry Mahatma Gandhi's ashes. Council Chamber. The Marble Hall : Located on the ground floor of the Raj Bhavan, this is used for state and private meetings. The Banquet Hall : The Banquet Hall with rows of Doric pillars on each side, flowering chandeliers and black Mahogany tables has entertained eminent guests like Queen Elizabeth.

37. Indian museum 1875 by Walter L. B. Granville Kolkata   “an Italianate palace ... around a colonnaded courtyard” ~ Jan Morris

38. Doric columns fused with arch opening Colonnaded corridor Large arched openings

39. SOUTHERN VERANDA VERANDA EASTERN Cornice on walls for decoration Roof supported by arches

40. GROUND FLOOR LOBBY Tuscan Columns

41. ARCHEOLOGY GALLERY

42. ZOOLOGICAL GALLERY

43. EXTERIOR Louvered Shutters Doric Columns

44. St. pauls C athedral (1839)

45.   St Paul's Cathedral in the very early twentieth century   St Paul's Cathedral as it is today.  8 October 1839   William Nairn Forbes Gothic revival style Stucco ornamentation

46. pinnacle Rose window Lancet window tower finial Pointed arch archivolt tracery Gothic revival features: Interior Very low nave Hall without any aisles on its flanks Plastic art forms and memorabilia Barrel vault roof Stained glass

47. General post office (1864)

48. HISTORY Designed in 1864 Walter B. Grenville (1819-1874) located in the site of  Fort William FEATURES 220 feet  high domed roof  Ionic-Corinthian pillars  supported by octagonal base Neo classical architecture Mannerist columns  

49. VICTORIA MEMORIAL (1906-1921) WILLIAM EMERSON

50. PLAN

51. FEATURES onion (bulbous) domes overhanging eaves pointed arches, cusped arches, or scalloped arches Colonnaded area on both sides Domed kiosks and many miniature domes domed  chhatris pinnacles towers or minarets Use of Makrana marble

52. ITALIAN STATUES BRONZE STATUE OF QUEEN VICTORIA ANGEL OVER THE DOME WINDOW DETAILS

53. INTERIOR SIDE OF DOME HAREM WINDOWS

54. GARDEN Total area of 64 acre with the building covering an area of 338sq.Ft by 228 sq.Ft . On way to the north gate is a bronze statue of Queen Victoria by Sir George Frampton.The Queen is seated on her throne, wearing the robes of the Star of India. Approaching the building from the south, visitors pass the King Edward VII memorial arch with a bronze equestrian statue of the King by Sir Bertram Mackennal surmounting it and a marble statue of Lord Curzon by F.W. Pomeroy, R.A. There are also other statues of various dignitaries like Lord Bentinck, Governor- General of India (1828-1835), Lord Ripon (Governor- General of India from 1880 to 1884; the statue of Sir Rajendranath Mookerjee , the pioneer industrialist of Bengal is on the eastern side .

55. BIRD’S EYE VIEW

56. BELFAST CITY HALL STYLE – BAROQUE REVIVAL

57. Tower House

58. The M ysore P alace

59. PHILOSOPHY :- Built in 1900s. Working in Madras. Mental state on Indo- Saracenic. But wanted to do new, as last project, hence developed Indo- Saracenic revival style. Lots of inspirations in one structure. Not disorderly mix of design elements. Also known as Amba villas palace. Currently owned by Wodeyars(royal family of Mysore). 1897-1912 Additions later in 1940—public durbar hall wing Fireproof. The maharani insisted- new palace be built in model and foundations of the old one. In the reconstruction, stone, brick and iron should be the chief materials.

60. ARCHITECTURE:- Indo- saracenic revival style – Hindu + Muslim + Rajput and Gothic. Surrounded by large garden. 72 acres. He used European design principles + Our climatic conditions = large courtyards + verandahs. Materials used:- Locally available. Wooden doors. Pink stone. Hard granite - Myosre district. Stone - of Turuvekere in Tumkur - easy fine details (discovered)

61. Three storey marble domes 145 ft. five storeyed tower. Tallest tower of the palace -Tower of a Gothic cathedral.  -Top of it is a large dome - Islamic/Persian style structures. -Above dome is a domed Chhatri - Rajput style. Two more such domed Chhatris on central arch of the facade. Between these two domed Chhatris and Above the central arch is a carving of goddess Gajalakshmi - Hindu Influence The Arches are pointed and of Persian in origin. These are supported by massive pillars.

62. Fine grey granite + pink domes( indo- saracenic ) = cherry. Protruding balconies - ‘ jharokha ’ Rajshani architecture. Top of the balcony is with deep pink stone , that forms a semi dome Bottom is supported by a structural feature in the form a lotus.

63. Planning:- Enter the palace building through a smaller verandah - south side. The main archway - expansive central court. The whole court is netted at the top to prevent birds messing the inside and an enclosed verandah runs around this court.

64. Interiors The squinch (where the pillar meets the ceiling ) and the domical ceiling above the verandah, plaster work on the ceiling, the capitals carved with hard granite. This too is a present blend of native and gothic styles.

65. Amba Vilas Palace (1900-1910), Mysore Henry Irwin fluted pillars from the Red Fort in Delhi, onion domes from the Taj Mahal, Mughal tracery and European halls. Durbargadh Waghaji Palace (1882), Morvi Indo-Venetian Gothic building Saracenic domes and Rajput arches. Such palaces were a sophisticated political symbol of the imperial presence- outwardly Indian and built by Indian hands, the overall control stayed with the British.

66. THE VICE REGAL LODGE - SHIMLA

67. History -- Started in 1885 Got the project because the then Viceroy of India- Lord Dufferin loved Gothic style. Completed in 1888 1947– renamed as Rashtrapati niwas . 1964– given to Indian institute of advanced study. Viceroy visited the site every day Result got mixed reactions. Shimla conference. F. B. Hebbert and L. M. St. Clair- executive engineers.

68. Philosophy :- Built in 1880s ( after 1857) He had just started in India. Influenced by Scottish castles, English renaissance. Used local material Jacobethan style. Materials used: Local woods like pine, walnut and cedar. Light blue-grey masonary Tiled pitch roofing. Wrought stone work Interior by wood. ARCHITECTURE :- Jacobethan style Renovations being done. The top of Observatory Hill was leveled out to create a wide plateau. Surface of crushed shale - cracked in every direction'. Concrete was liberally used for the foundations. Sprawling gardens. First govt. building to have electricity, and internal wiring, with elevator. Rain water harvesting system, still used today.

69. Hexagonal faceted towers. Pitched roofs. High chimneys. Stone trims around windows. Carved brick detailing

70. Interiors completely of wood. This contrast is being influenced from Gothic revival style.

71. The South entrance leads to reception hall – a fireplace and a grand spiraling staircase. Grand staircase which springs from right and spirals upto 3 floors marks the hall. These two features show symmetry – Classical E nglish influence

72. The building has six stories. The teak paneled gallery- leads to the state drawing room, ballroom and the wood-paneled dining room.

73. CRITICS: Edward Lutyens had a low opinion of the design. He is reported to have said, “ If one was told that it was built by monkeys all one could say was, ‘What wonderful monkeys!' But they must be shot if they tried to do it again. ” 

74. SENATE HOUSE- MADRAS UNIVERSITY Constructed by Robert Chisholm between 1874 and 1879 Inspired by the Byzantine and built in the Indo- Saracenic style.

75. Stone columns with sculptured capital Hindu iconography on the capital Turrets

76. Large clerestory circular openings decorated with coloured glass

77. Madras southern Railway Town hall SOME OF THE MOST KNOWN INDO-GOTHIC WORKS IN MADRAS

78. Madras high court Bank of madras Gaiety theatre

79. THANK YOU BHARAT WADHWA ARCHANA MORAN MOHD. AFTAB MANISH K. PRAJAPATI RAHUL SHARMA VISHAL KARMA