indoor_air_pollutants_ and controling l.ppt

Pencemaran lingkungan dalam ruangan akibat paparan pulatan

1. Indoor Air QualityIndoor Air Quality

2. Understanding IAQUnderstanding IAQ
•HEALTH EFFECTS
•CAUSATIVE AGENTS
•SOURCES
•CONTROL METHODOLOGIES

3. HEALTH
EFFECTS

4. Health EffectsHealth Effects
SICK BUILDING SYNDROME (SBS)
VS
BUILDING RELATED ILLNESS (BRI)

5. Health EffectsHealth Effects
•SICK BUILDING SYNDROME (SBS)
–A PERSISTENT SET OF SYMPTOMS IN > 20%
–CAUSE(S) NOT RECOGNIZABLE
–COMPLAINTS/SYMPTOMS RELIEVED AFTER
EXITING BUILDING

6. Health EffectsHealth Effects
•SICK BUILDING SYNDROME (SBS)
–EYE, NOSE, OR THROAT IRRITATION
–HEADACHES
–FATIGUE
–REDUCED MENTATION
–IRRITABILITY

7. Health EffectsHealth Effects
•SICK BUILDING SYNDROME (SBS)
–DRY SKIN
–NASAL CONGESTION
–DIFFICULTY BREATHING
–NOSE BLEEDS
–NAUSEA

8. Health EffectsHealth Effects
•BUILDING RELATED ILLNESS (BRI)
–CLINICALLY RECOGNIZED DISEASE
–EXPOSURE TO INDOOR AIR
POLLUTANTS
–RECOGNIZABLE CAUSES

9. Health EffectsHealth Effects
•BUILDING RELATED ILLNESS (BRI)
–PONTIAC FEVER - LEGIONELLA spp.
–LEGIONNAIRE’S DISEASE
–HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS
–HUMIDIFIER FEVER

10. Health EffectsHealth Effects
•BUILDING RELATED ILLNESS (BRI)
–ASTHMA
–ALLERGY
–RESPIRATORY DISEASE
•CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY
DISEASE (COPD)

11. Causative Agents

12. Causative AgentsCausative Agents
•INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANT TYPES
–COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
–VOLATILE CHEMICALS & MIXTURES
–RESPIRABLE PARTICULATES
–RESPIRATORY PRODUCTS
–BIOLOGICS & BIOAEROSOLS
–RADIONUCLIDES
–ODORS

13. Causative AgentsCausative Agents
•COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
–CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
–OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NO
X
)
–OXIDES OF SULFUR (SO
X
)
–CARBON DIOXIDE (CO
2
)
–POLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBON ’S (PAH)
–TOBACCO SMOKE COMPONENTS

14. Causative AgentsCausative Agents
•VOLATILE ORGANIC CHEMICALS
–ALCOHOLS - ISOPROPANOL
–ALDEHYDES - FORMALDEHYDE
–ALIPHATICS - CYCLOHEXANE
–AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS - 4PC
–ESTERS - ETHYL ACETATE
–HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS -
TCE

15. Causative AgentsCausative Agents
•RESPIRABLE PARTICULATES
–ASBESTOS
•CHRYSOTILE
•AMOSITE
•CROCIDOLITE
–FIBERGLASS
–INORGANIC DUSTS (MINERAL)

16. Causative AgentsCausative Agents
•RESPIRABLE PARTICULATES
–METALLIC DUSTS
•LEAD
–ORGANIC DUSTS
–PAPER DUSTS
–POLLEN

17. Causative AgentsCausative Agents
•RESPIRATORY PRODUCTS
–WATER VAPOR
–CARBON DIOXIDE (CO
2)
–ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS
–TOBACCO SMOKE COMPONENTS

18. Causative AgentsCausative Agents
•BIOLOGICS & BIOAEROSOLS
–MOLDS & FUNGI
–BACTERIA
–PROTOZOA
–VIRUSES

19. Causative AgentsCausative Agents
•RADIONUCLIDES
–RADON
–RADON PROGENY (DAUGHTERS)

20. Causative AgentsCausative Agents
•ODORS
–ODORS ASSOCIATED WITH ANY INDOOR AIR
CONTAMINANT TYPE
•INDEPENDENTLY
•IN COMBINATION

21. SourcesSources

22. SourcesSources
•COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
–KEROSENE HEATERS
–LOADING DOCKS
–WOOD STOVES/UNVENTED GAS STOVES
–NEARBY TRAFFIC

23. SourcesSources
•VOLATILE CHEMICALS & MIXTURES
-ADHESIVES & CAULKING COMPOUNDS
-CARPETING & DRAPERY
-PARTICLE BOARD

24. SourcesSources
•VOLATILE CHEMICALS & MIXTURES
–FLOOR & WALL COVERINGS
–PAINTS, VARNISHES AND STAINS
–UPHOLSTERY

25. SourcesSources
•RESPIRABLE PARTICULATES
–ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS)
–CONSTRUCTION DEBRIS
–OUTDOOR AIR
–PLANTS & PLANT PARTS
–PRODUCTION PROCESSES

26. SourcesSources
PARTICULATE PHASE OF
CIGARETTE SMOKE
4-AMINOBIPHENYL NICKEL
ANATABINE NICOTINE
ANILINEPHENOL
BENZ[A]ANTHRACENE POLONIUM-210
BENZ[A]PYRENE QUINOLINE
BENZOIC ACID SUCCINIC ACID
BUTYROLACTONE 2-TOLUIDINE
NITROSODIETHANOLAMINE CADMIUM

27. SourcesSources
VAPOR PHASE OF
CIGARETTE SMOKE
HYDROGEN CYANIDE ACETALDEHYDE
ACETONE ACROLEIN
1,3-BUTADIENE BENZENE
CARBON MONOXIDE FORMALDEHYDE
DIMETHYLAMINE HYDRAZINE
CARBONYL SULFIDE ETHANE
METHYL CHLORIDE PYRIDINE
AMMONIA FORMIC ACID

28. SourcesSources
•RESPIRATORY PRODUCTS
–PEOPLE
–PLANTS

29. SourcesSources
•BIOLOGICS & BIOAEROSOLS
–HVAC SYSTEMS
–COOLING TOWERS
–HUMANS/ANIMALS
–STAGNANT WATER RESERVOIRS
–HUMIDIFIERS

30. SourcesSources
•RADIONUCLIDES (RADON -
222
Rn)
–SOIL
–WATER
–BUILDING MATERIALS
–NATURAL GAS

31. Control
Methodologies

32. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•PREVENTING IAQ PROBLEMS
–SOURCES OUTSIDE THE BUILDING
–EQUIPMENT
–HUMAN ACTIVITIES
–BUILDING COMPONENTS & FURNISHINGS
–OTHER SOURCES
–VENTILATION TO MEET OCCUPANT NEEDS
–OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

33. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•SOURCES OUTSIDE THE BUILDING
–CONTAMINATED OUTDOOR AIR
•POLLEN, DUST, FUNGI
•INDUSTRIAL POLLUTANTS
•GENERAL VEHICLE EXHAUST

34. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•SOURCES OUTSIDE THE BUILDING
–EMISSIONS FROM NEARBY SOURCES
•PARKING LOTS/GARAGES
•LOADING DOCKS/DUMPSTERS
•RE-ENTRAINED BUILDING EXHAUST
•LOCATION OF SUPPLY INTAKES

35. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•SOURCES OUTSIDE THE BUILDING
–SOIL GAS
•
RADON
•
UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS (LEAKING)
•
LANDFILL
•
PESTICIDE APPLICATION

36. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•SOURCES OUTSIDE THE BUILDING
–STANDING WATER
•ROOFTOPS
•CRAWLSPACES

37. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•EQUIPMENT
–HVAC SYSTEM
•
DUST/DIRT/GROWTH IN DUCTS
•
GROWTH IN DRIP PANS
•
IMPROPER USE OF BIOCIDES
•
IMPROPER VENTING

38. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•EQUIPMENT
–NON-HVAC EQUIPMENT
•EMISSIONS FROM OFFICE EQUIPMENT
•SUPPLIES (SOLVENTS, TONERS, ETC.)
•EMISSIONS FROM LABS, CLEANING
•OTHER MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

39. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•HUMAN ACTIVITIES
–PERSONAL ACTIVIITES
•SMOKING
•COOKING
•PERSONAL HYGIENE (BODY ODORS)
•COSMETIC ODORS

40. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•HUMAN ACTIVITIES
–HOUSEKEEPING ACTIVIITES
•
CLEANING MATERIALS
•
CLEANING PROCEDURES
•
STORED SUPPLIES & TRASH
•
DEODORIZERS & FRAGRANCES

41. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•HUMAN ACTIVITIES
–MAINTENANCE ACTIVIITES
•COOLING TOWERS
•PAINTS, CAULKS, ETC.
•PEST CONTROL
•STORED SUPPLIES

42. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•BUILDING COMPONENTS & FURNISHINGS
–LOCATIONS THAT COLLECT DUST
–DAMAGED MATERIALS
–UNSANITARY CONDITIONS

43. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•BUILDING COMPONENTS &
FURNISHINGS
–WATER DAMAGE
–DRY TRAPS - SEWER GAS
–CHEMICAL RELEASE OR OFF-GASING

44. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•OTHER SOURCES
–ACCIDENTAL EVENTS
•
SPILLS
•
FLOODING
•
FIRE DAMAGE (PCB’S)

45. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•OTHER SOURCES
–SPECIAL USE AREAS
•
SMOKING LOUNGES
•
LABORATORIES
•
PRINT SHOPS
•
ART ROOMS - GRAPHIC DESIGN

46. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•OTHER SOURCES
–SPECIAL USE AREAS
•
EXERCISE ROOMS
•
BEAUTY SALONS
•
FOOD PREPARATION AREAS

47. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•OTHER SOURCES
–REDECORATING/REMODELING/REPAIR
•
NEW FURNISHINGS
•
DUST & FIBERS FROM DEMOLITION
•
ODORS & VOC’S (PAINT, ETC.)
•
MICROBIOLOGICALS FROM DEMOLITION

48. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•VENTILATION TO MEET OCCUPANT
NEEDS
–ASHRAE STANDARDS (ASHRAE 62-
1989)
•
TEMPERATURE
•
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
•
MINIMUM OUTDOOR AIR REQUIREMENTS
•
CO
2 LEVELS BELOW 1000 PPM

49. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•VENTILATION TO MEET OCCUPANT
NEEDS
–ENGINEERING CONTROLS
•
MODIFY VENTILATION SYSTEM
•
MODIFY PRESSURE RELATIONSHIPS
•
FILTERS

50. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•VENTILATION TO MEET OCCUPANT
NEEDS
–ENGINEERING CONTROLS
•PRECIPITATORS
•ION GENERATORS
•HUMIDIFICATION SYSTEMS

51. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
–POPULATION DENSITY
–LIGHTING
–NOISE
–ERGONOMICS

52. Control MethodologiesControl Methodologies
•OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
–MANAGEMENT STYLES
–MONITORED WORK STATIONS
–RE-ENTRY CRITERIA