Industrial Training in 2×3.14MVA 33/11 KV substation.

### Overview of a 33/11KV Substation

A 33/11KV substation is a critical infrastructure in electrical power distribution systems, acting as a node where voltage levels are transformed from high to medium levels to facilitate safe and efficient distribution of electricity to residential, commercial, and industrial consumers. These substations are strategically located to optimize the distribution network and ensure reliable and stable power supply.

### Function and Importance

The primary function of a 33/11KV substation is to step down the voltage from 33KV to 11KV using transformers. This voltage transformation is essential because high voltage (33KV) is more efficient for transmitting power over long distances due to reduced losses, while lower voltage (11KV) is safer and more practical for local distribution.

#### Key Roles:
1. **Voltage Transformation**: The core function involves stepping down the voltage from 33KV to 11KV.
2. **Protection and Control**: It ensures the safe operation of the electrical network by incorporating various protection and control mechanisms.
3. **Power Distribution**: It serves as a distribution point to various feeders that supply power to different areas.

### Components of a 33/11KV Substation

A 33/11KV substation comprises several key components, each playing a vital role in the substation's operation:

#### Transformers

The main component of a substation is the transformer. A 33/11KV transformer typically has a capacity ranging from 5MVA to 40MVA, depending on the load requirements. These transformers are designed to handle the high voltage input and step it down to a manageable level.

#### Circuit Breakers

Circuit breakers are essential for protecting the substation and connected circuits from faults and overloads. At a 33/11KV substation, both 33KV and 11KV circuit breakers are used. These devices can quickly interrupt current flow in case of an abnormal condition, preventing damage to equipment and ensuring safety.

#### Isolators

Isolators are used to disconnect parts of the substation for maintenance and repair. They are not intended to interrupt load current but to ensure a section is de-energized for safe access.

#### Busbars

Busbars are conductors that serve as a central point for electricity distribution within the substation. They collect power from incoming lines and distribute it to outgoing feeders. The design and construction of busbars are crucial for maintaining the reliability and efficiency of the power distribution system.

#### Switchgear

Switchgear in a substation includes various switches, fuses, and relays that control and protect the electrical equipment. High voltage switchgear handles the 33KV input, while medium voltage switchgear manages the 11KV output. Modern substations use metal-clad or gas-insulated switchgear for enhanced safety and compact design.

#### Protective Relays

Protective relays monitor electrical parameters and trigger circuit breakers in case of faults

1. Presentation on 33/11 KV (2×3.15 MVA) Substation Jhandutta

2. Presented by Gaurav Sharma Rohit Abhishek Abhishek Jamwal Akshay Thakur Anoop Sharma Ashish Kumar Deepak Kumar Divesh Dhiman Himanshu Himanshu Sharma Karan Singh Manish Vardhan Palak Parmar Priya Thakur Sujal Kumar Manish Kumar Shivam Thakur

3. INTRODUCTION TO ORGANISATION HPSEBL Himachal Pradesh state electricity board limited is an electricity board operating with in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India . That generates and supplies power through a network of transmission,s ub -transmission and distribution lines. Himachal Pradesh state board which was constituted on 1september 1971 in accordance with the provisions of electricity supply act (1948)and has been reorganized as Himachal Pradesh state electricity board has been reorganized as Himachal Pradesh state electricity board limited w.e.f . 14.06.2010 under company Act 1956.

4. HPSLDC SLDC in the state of Himachal Pradesh was established in the year 2002 and since then Himachal Pradesh state electricity board Limited was taking care of various SLDC function until its reorganization under reforms scheme ,2010. In order to ensure that SLDC discharge the functions and duties entrusted with it as per the electricity Act 2003 .in an effective and efficient manner . The Himachal Pradesh electricity regulatory commission impacted directions to HPSEB Limited time and again to take steps to ring fence SLDC and grant it functional autonomy.

5. SUBSTATION OVER VIEW Substations are the transfer points for energy flows within the electrical grid. Each substation contains transmission line termination points, as well as circuit breakers and bus bars that interconnect the transmission lines with various circuits. Major substations also contain transformers that reduce intertie transmission line voltages to network transmission levels. Each substation contains metering equipment, protection relays, and switching circuits that control the operation of the connected generation, transmission, and distribution supplies.
A substation is an electrical system with high voltage capacity and can be used to control the apparatus, generator, electrical circuits, etc . The substation are mainly used to convert AC to DC. Some types of substation at tiny in size with an in build transformer as well as related switches. Other types of substation are very huge when different type of transformer, equipment, circuit breakers, and switches.

6. 33/11 KV (2×3.15MVA) Substation Jhandutta

7. INTRODUCTION TO 33/11KV SUBSTATION JHANDUTTA It is an outdoor substation with 2 transformer of rating 3.15MVA. The substation was established in 30 march 1991. At first, there are two transformer of 1 MVA. Then as the time passes and the load increases the transformer were upgraded from 1 MVA to 2MVA.then 2MVA to 3.14 MVA. There is a single incoming and there are 7 out coming feeders connected to substation. These feeders are as follows: 1.KALOL 2.NAKHLERA 3.TALAI 4.BERTHIN. 5.JHANDUTTA. 6.LWSS AMROHA 7. NERUS

8. TYPES OF SUBSTATION Substation is an important element of power transmission system that has transformers (and other power system components). Transformers at substations, can be classified in different (possibly disjoint) groups, with respect to their voltage levels (power levels), function in a power grid, insulation class, or construction, etc.
Transmission substation: for connecting two or more than two transmission lines, via grid breakers. These transformers are inserted in the grid system to improve the power efficiency of the system by reducing the transmission line losses.
Distribution substation: to decimate the power level for the distribution level consumers, a distribution transformer is used.
Collector substation: usually step up transformer, generally are connected to increase the level of power from the generation level, for example, in wind fields for the high power level consumers. Converter substation: these devices can change some important parameters like frequency of the applied signal

9. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF SUBSTATION JHANDUTTA

10. OBJECTIVES OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING To gain Practical knowledge of Electrical power distribution and transmission and power line carrier communication. To get familiarized with different electrical equipments and working of a substation. To study various parts of the substation and how they are operated. To get clear idea to read the single line diagram of power substation using different symbols used in diagrams.

11. POWER TRANSFORMER A power transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another without changing the frequency. It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction and can step up or step down the voltage level of an alternating current (AC) supply. Power transformers are essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of electrical power in various sectors. A power transformer has two or more windings that are magnetically coupled through a core. A varying current in one winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the core, which induces a varying voltage in the other windings. The ratio of the voltages in the primary and secondary windings depends on the number of turns in each winding

12. STATION TRANSFORMER A station transformer generally refers to a very specific transformer in the substation. It is the transformer that supplies electrical power to the substation. Usually it’s a simple distribution transformer that converts 33KV into 440V for the station. When the electricity reaches the substation, it enters the station transformer. This transformer steps down the voltage from the high transmission voltage to a lower voltage, such as 440V or 400V, which is suitable for use within the substation. The station transformer plays a critical role in ensuring that the electricity received from the transmission lines is appropriately distributed and utilized within the substation to maintain reliable and efficient operation of the electrical grid.

13. DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER A distribution transformer is also known as a typical kind of isolation transformer. The main function of this transformer is to alter the high voltage to the normal voltage like 240/120 V to use in electric power distribution. In the distribution system, there are different kinds of transformers available like single phase, 3-phase, underground, pad-mounted, pole-mounted transformer. The main function of this is to step down the voltage to provide isolation between two windings like primary & secondary. This transformer distributes the power to remote areas which are generated from the power plants.

14. CURRENT TRANSFORMER The current transformer is used for measuring and also for the protection. When the current in the circuit is high to apply directly to the measuring instrument, the current transformer is used to transform the high current into the desired value of the current required in the circuit. The primary winding of the current transformer is connected in series to the main supply and the various measuring instruments like ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter or protective relay coil. They have accurate, current ratio and phase relation to enable the meter accurately on the secondary side. The term ratio has a great significance in CT.

15. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER The potential transformer is also called as the voltage transformer. The primary winding is connected across the High voltage line whose voltage is to be measured, and all the measuring instruments and meters are connected to the secondary side of the transformer. The main function of the Potential transformer is to step down the voltage level to a safe limit or value. The primary winding of the potential transformer is earthed or grounded as a safety point. The different types of potential Transformers are:
• Electromagnetic (it is a wire wound transformer) • Capacitor (capacitor voltage transformer CVT uses capacitor voltage divider) •Optical (works on the electrical property if optical materials)

16. CIRCUIT BREAKER A circuit breaker is defined as a switching device that can be operated manually or automatically for controlling and protecting an electrical power system. It consists of two main contacts: a fixed contact and a moving contact. The contacts are normally closed and allow current to flow through the circuit. When a fault occurs, such as a short circuit or an overload, the contacts are separated by a mechanism that releases stored potential energy. Substations are critical parts of the electrical system that transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, and perform several other important functions. Circuit breakers play a crucial role in substations to ensure safe and efficient operation. They are responsible for isolating equipment for maintenance, clearing faults, and protecting equipment from overcurrents. In a substation, circuit breakers are typically organized in a way that allows for selective tripping. This means that if a fault occurs, only the circuit breakers connected to the faulty section of the network will open, leaving the rest of the network undisturbed.

17. ISOLATORS Circuit breaker always trip the circuit but open contacts of breaker cannot be visible physically from outside of the breaker, and that is why it is recommended not to touch any electrical circuit just by switching off the circuit breaker. So, for better safety, there must be some arrangement so that one can see the open condition of the section of the circuit before touching it. The isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates a part of the circuit from the system as when required.

18. Types of Isolators

19. LIGHTNING ARRESTER Lightning generates voltage surges in different ways and they directly hit on your house. It can strike wiring of the circuit within the walls of the house. Lightning can hit an object close to your home to cause a surge like the ground or a tree. So it plays an essential role to protect the electrical devices and traction installation from surges. The proper protection for this device is very necessary to check the normal power supply of rolling stock for smooth running in electrified sections. This article discusses an overview of the lightning arrester, types, working, advantages and disadvantages. The circuit which is protected from the strokes of lightning with the help of a protection device is known as lightning arrester. Here the lightning strokes are nothing but surges with high transient voltage, arcs of isolation, spark, and surge currents because of lightning, etc.

20. BUSBAR An electrical bus bar is defined as a conductor or a group of conductor used for collecting electric power from the incoming feeders and distributes them to the outgoing feeders. In other words, it is a type of electrical junction in which all the incoming and outgoing electrical current meets. Thus, the electrical bus bar collects the electric power at one location. The bus bar system consists the isolator and the circuit breaker. On the occurrence of a fault, the circuit breaker is tripped off and the faulty section of the busbar is easily disconnected from the circuit.

21. BUS COUPLER A Bus coupler is a device which is used to couple one bus to the other without any interruption in power supply and without cooling of the oil in external water heat exchanger takes place. The water is circulated in cooling tubes in the heat exchanger.

22. GROUND WIRE One of the vital aspects of the protection of people and equipment in electrical substations is the provision of an adequate grounding system. The grounding system interconnects the equipment neutrals, equipment housings, lightning masts, surge arresters, overhead ground wires, and metallic structures, placing them at earth’s potential. Grounding is used to get a reference point to measure voltage, to get a common return path for current and to physical connection of body. A Substation is assembly of large number of electrical equipment. All the equipment as well as working personnel must be safe even in adverse condition. Good grounding scheme will ensure faster fault clearing and low enclosing potential rise.

23. CONTROL ROOM Control Room is like Brain of the Substation. The control room where the operator can view the alarms, breaker states, measures of power elements (transformers, generators, loads, etc.). Depending on all the information that the operator receives, he will operate the incomings, the tie breakers, the outputs for the loads or simply will physically check the elements that are generating an alarm before a major fault occurs.

24. Transformer Repairing:

25. OCB Maintainance :

26. TRAINING DEPARTMENT / DIVISION HIMACHAL PRADESH STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD LIMITED Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board Limited (HPSEBL) is a (state government undertaking) electricity board operating within the state of Himachal Pradesh, India, that generates and supplies power through a network of transmission, sub- transmission, and distribution lines. Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board which was constituted on 1 September 1971 in accordance with the provisions of Electricity Supply Act (1948) and has been reorganized as Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board Limited from 2010 under company act 1956.

27. LEARNING OUTCOMES Ability to demonstrate the use, interpretation and application of an appropriate international engineering standard in a specific situation. Ability to analyses a given engineering problem, identify an appropriate problem solving methodology, implement the methodology and propose a meaningful solution. Ability to apply prior acquired knowledge in problem solving. Ability to identify sources of hazards, and assess/identify appropriate health & safety measures. Ability to work in a team. Ability to take initiatives. Ability to effectively communicate solution to problems (oral, visual, written). Ability to manage a project within a given time frame.

28. TRAINING EXPERIENCE We learned how to apply your knowledge in a professional environment, and gain hands-on experience with the tools and processes used in the industry. We also get to observe how workers interact with each other and their supervisors, and how they solve problems together. Industrial training also gives us the opportunity to work with a team, allowing us to develop your communication and collaboration skills. We learn how to work with people of different backgrounds and personalities, and how to effectively manage a project. Working with a team will give us a good understanding of the importance of collaboration and how it can lead to successful outcomes. Industrial training will help us to develop the necessary professional skills to succeed in the corporate world.

29. Key learning Industrial training in the field of engineering is an integral part of the curriculum as it is considered to be the first job experience for a ‘would-be professional.’ As a trainee of the company, there is a lot of learning involved where students get a hands-on approach in work life. During the industrial training, students can put their theoretical knowledge to practice and realize their actual potential. Industrial Training is also a period of learning and the overall development of a student into a professional. As an undergraduate with little knowledge regarding what this training offers, we have compiled a list to prepare you.Here is a list of things that you can expect from industrial training: Practical Knowledge : The hotel industry, which is otherwise known as the people’s industry, is presently facing a shortage of skilled and knowledgeable employees. It has been projected that in the coming five years, there will be a requirement of more than lakhs of workers in this field. Building on this speculation, it can be said that the chances of getting a reputed job are significantly high in this sector. Professionalism: As a trainee, you are taught several critical points about how the industries work. An essential part of that is the behavioral guidelines and aspects of professionalism in an organization. It is also expected that the students will not only learn these points, but will also abide by them.

30. FEEDBACK AND RECOMMENDATIONS A substation receives electrical power from generating station via in coming transmission line and delivers electrical power through feeder and this is used for controlling the power on different routes. Substations are integral part of power system and form important part of transmission and distribution network of electrical power system. Their main function are to receive energy transmitted at high voltage from the generating station reduce the voltage to a value appropriate for local distribution and provide facilities for switching some Substation are simply switching station different connections between various transmission lines are made others are converting substation which either convert AC into DC or vice versa.

31. FUTURE PROSPECTS The training provides an opportunity for students to develop and enhance their technical, professional, and interpersonal skills. They can learn new techniques, tools, and methodologies relevant to their field of study, and acquire valuable industry-specific skills. Industrial training offers students the chance to gain exposure to the industry they are interested in. They can observe and understand the organizational structure, work processes, and culture of the industry, as well as the roles and responsibilities of different professionals. During industrial training, students can establish connections and build relationships with professionals in their field of interest. These connections can be beneficial for future career prospects, such as obtaining references or job opportunities.

32. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is obvious that project needs the sport of many people and this one is no exception as a matter of fact the people here deserve more than we do. We are thankful to Mr. Rajesh Kumar Dhiman (IE) and Mr. chunnilal (JE) for their kind gestures and support throughout my training and studies. We extend my gratitude to all officers and the staff of HPSEBL who help us throughout the duration of my project. we would like to thank all other expect people who helped us in understanding the different concepts and techniques being used in project. And lastly we would like to thank our teachers at our colleges to in inspire us to gain knowledge. We would like to thank our teaching faculty for giving us ample of courage, confidence and basic skills for making this project .

33. CONCLUSION At present, the demand for electrical power is growing rapidly, and this can be fulfilled by the power generating substations. Substation play an important role in the transmission of the power from generators to the end consumers efficiently. There are different types of power generating substations like thermal, atomic,and hydro-electric and many more but the way of transmission of power is same always. That’s why substation efficiency is important. My training at 33/11kv substation jhandutta began on 10 January 2024. During the course of our training, We had studied in detail about all the equipment installed in substation .

34. Thank you