Infection Control Measures.pdf communicable

Infectious disease control

1. Infection Control
Measures

2. General Control Measures
Prevention of Airborne Contamination
•Cover mouth and nose ( coughing or sneezing)
•Limit number of persons in a room
•Removal of dirt and dust
•Open room to fresh air and sunlight
•Roll linens together
•Remove bacteria from the air (air filters)

3. Handling of Food and Eating Utensils
•Use high quality foods
•Proper refrigeration and storage of food
•Proper washing, preparing, and cooking of food
•Proper disposal of uneaten food
•Proper hand washing
•Proper disposal of oral and nasal secretion

4. •Cover hair and wear clean clothes and apron
•Provide periodic health exam for kitchen workers
•Keep cutting boards clean
•Prohibit anyone with respiratory or GIT disease from handling food
•Rinse and wash utensils with a temperature above 80°C

5. Handling of Fomites
•Use disposable equipment's
•Sterilize or disinfect equipment
•Use individual equipment for each patient
•Use single use thermometers
•Empty bedpans and urinals properly and wash with hot water, store in dry
,clean area or storage
•Place used linens and personal care equipments, and soiled laundry in a bag

6. Medical Asepsis
•Clean technique: Involves procedures and practices that reduce the
number and transfer of pathogens
•Will exclude pathogens ONLY
•Attained by:
•Frequent and thorough hand washing
•Personal grooming
•Proper cleaning of supplies and equipment

7. •Disinfection
•Proper disposal of needles, contaminated materials and infectious waste
•Sterilization

8. Surgical Asepsis
•STERILE TECHNIQUE : Practices used to render and keep objects and
areas sterile
•Exclude ALL microorganism
•Attained by:
•Use strict aseptic precautions for invasive procedures
•Scrub hands and fingernails before entering O.R.
•Use sterile gloves, masks, gowns and shoe covers
•Use sterile solutions and dressings

9. •Use sterile drapes and create an sterile field
•Heat –sterilized surgical instruments

10. Universal Precaution (Standard Precaution)
•Defined by center for disease control (CDC) 1996
•Primary strategy for reducing the risk of & controlling Nosocomial
infections
•Used for care of all hospitalized patients, regardless of diagnosis and are
presumed infectious
•Protect healthcare workers from contamination and infection ( i.e. HIV,
HBV)
•Hand Washing

11. •Routine: Plain (non microbial) soap
•Outbreak Control: Antimicrobial/Antiseptic Agent
•Wash After:
•1.touching blood and other body fluids
•2. touch contaminated items
•3. removal of gloves
•4. between patient contact, task, procedure

13. Universal Precaution Materials

14. Gloves
•Must be worn when touching blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions and
contaminated items, mucous membranes and non-intact skin
•Change gloves between tasks or procedures
•Remove gloves after use and before going to another patient
Masks, Eye Protection, Face Shields, Gowns
•Wear in procedures that can generate splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids,
secretions or excretions or cause soiling of clothing
Environmental Control
•Routine care, cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces

15. Patient Care Equipment
•Prevent contaminating yourself or transfer microbes to others
•Properly clean, disinfect or sterilize
•Dispose single –use items
Linens
•Handled, transported and processed to prevent contamination and transfer
of microorganisms
Occupational Health and Blood –borne Pathogens
•Never recap used needles
•Puncture –resistant containers

16. Revised C.D.C. Isolation Precaution
( centers for disease control)
2. Transmission-Based Precautions
The second tier of precaution
Precaution are instituted for patients who are known to be or suspected of
being infected with highly transmissible infection.
THREE TYPES OF TRANSMISSION -BASED PRECAUTIONS:
1. Airborne precautions
2.Droplet precautions
3.Contact precautions

18. Infection Control Signage

20. Personal Protective Equipment ( PPE)
( Barrier Technique)
•Mask
•Gloves
•Gown
•Shoe cover
•Goggles

21. Isolation
•isaprotectiveprocedurethatlimitsthespreadofinfectiousdiseases
amonghospitalizedclients,hospitalpersonnel,andvisitors.Itisthe
separationfromotherpersonsofanindividualsufferingfroma
communicabledisease.
•-othertermsare:protectiveaseptictechniqueorbarriertechnique

22. •Quarantine-isthelimitationoffreedomofmovementof
personsoranimalswhichhavebeenexposedtocommunicable
disease/sforaperiodoftimeequivalenttothelongestincubation
periodofthatdisease

23. Seven categories recommended in isolation
1.Strictisolation
-Usemask,gownandgloves(MUST)
-Privateroom
-Forhighlycontagiousorvirulentinfections
2.Contactisolation
3.Respiratoryisolation
4.TBisolation
5.Entericisolation
6.Drainage/secretionprecaution
7.Universalprecautionwhenhandlingbloodandbodyfluids

24. •Type:STRICT
•Purpose:PreventTransmissionofhighlycontagiousorvirulentinfectionsspreadby
airandcontact
•Specification: PrivateRoom–necessary
• HandWashing–X
• Gown–X
• Masks–X
• Gloves–X
• Articles–Discardorbagandlabelandsendfor
decontaminationandreprocessing.
•DiseasesrequiringIsolation–Diphtheria(pharyngeal),Lassafever,Smallpox,Varicella.

25. •Type:Contact
•Purpose:PreventTransmissionofhighlytransmissibleinfectionsthat
donotrequirestrictisolation.
•Specification: PrivateRoom–necessary
-HandWashing–X
-Gown–wearifsoilingislikely
-Masks–wearinclosecontactwithclient
-Gloves–weariftouchinginfectivematerial.
-Articles–Discardorbagandlabelandsend

26. •fordecontaminationandreprocessing.
•DiseasesrequiringIsolation–AcuteResp.infectionininfantand
youngchildren,Herpessimplex,Impetigo,multipleresistantbacterial
infection.

27. •Type:Contact
•Purpose:PreventTransmissionofhighlytransmissibleinfectionsthat
donotrequirestrictisolation.
•Specification: PrivateRoom–necessary
HandWashing–X
Gown–wearifsoilingislikely
Masks–wearinclosecontactwithclient
Gloves–weariftouchinginfectivematerial.
Articles–Discardorbagandlabelandsend

28. •fordecontaminationandreprocessing.
•DiseasesrequiringIsolation–AcuteResp.infectionininfantandyoung
children,Herpessimplex,Impetigo,multipleresistantbacterialinfection.

29. Type:Tuberculosis
Purpose:ForclientwithPTBwhohaspositivesputumorchestx-ray
thatindicatesactivedisease
Specification: PrivateRoom–necessary
HandWashing–X
Gown–Wearifsoilingislikely
Masks–wearifclientiscoughinganddoes
notconsistentlycovermouth

30. Gloves –not necessarily
Articles –Rarely involved in transmission of
TB. Should still be thoroughly
cleansed and disinfected.
Disease requiring Isolation –Tuberculosis

31. Type : Enteric Precautions
Purpose: To prevent infections that are transmitted by direct or indirect contact with
feces.
Specification: Private Room –Indicated if client’s hygiene is poor and
there is risk of contamination with infective materials.
Hand Washing –X
Gown –wear if soiling is likely
Masks –not necessary
Gloves –wear if touching infective material
Articles –Discard or bag and label and send

32. for decontamination and reprocessing.
Disease requiring Isolation –Hepatitis, viral (type A),Gastroenteritis
caused by highly infectious organism cholera, Diarrhea, acute with
infectious etiology.

33. Type : Drainage-secretion precautions
Purpose: To prevent infections that are transmitted by direct or
indirect contact with purulent material or drainage from infected site.
Specification: Private Room –not necessary
Hand Washing –X
Gown –wear if soiling is likely
Masks –not necessary
Gloves –wear if touching infective material
Articles –Discard or bag and label and send for decontamination and
reprocessing.
.

34. Disease requiring Isolation –Abscess, Burn infection, conjunctivitis,
decubitus-ulcer skin or wound infection

35. Type : Blood-body fluid precaution
Purpose: To prevent infections that are transmitted by direct or indirect contact with
blood or body fluid.
Specification: Private Room –Only if client’s hygiene is poor
Hand Washing –X
Gown –Wear if soiling with blood or body fluid is likely
Masks –not necessary
Gloves –wear if touching blood or body fluid.
Articles –Discard or bag and label and send
for decontamination and reprocessing.

36. Disease requiring Isolation –AIDS, Hepatitis, viral (Type B), Malaria,
Syphilis, primary and secondary.

37. ReverseIsolation
Protectiveorneutropenicisolation
Usedforpatientswithsevereburns,leukemia,transplant,immuno
deficientpersons,receivingradiationtreatment,leukopenicpatients
Thosethatentertheroommustwearmasksandsterilegownstoprevent
fromintroducingmicroorganismstotheroom.

38. AFBISOLATION
VISITORS-reporttonurses’stationbeforeenteringtheroom
-MASKS–worninpatientsroom
-GOWNS–preventclothingcontamination
-GLOVES–forbodyfluidsandnonintactskin
-HANDWASHING -aftertouchingpatientorpotentiallycontaminatedarticles
andafterremovinggloves
-articlesdiscarded,cleanedorsentfordecontaminationandreprocessing
-roomremainsclosed
-patientswearmasksduringtransport

39. AdditionalPointers
RegardingDisposalPrecaution
Secretion:Patientshouldbeinstructedtoexpectorateintotissueheldclosetomouth.
Suctioncathetersandglovesshouldbedisposedofinimpervious,sealedbags.
Excretion:Strictattentionshouldbepaidtocarefulhandwashing;diseasecanbe
spreadbyoral-fecalroute.
Blood:needlesandsyringesshouldbedisposable.Usedneedlesshouldnotbe
recapped.Theyshouldbeplacedinapuncture-resistantcontainerthatisprominently
labeled“Isolation“Specimensshouldbelabeled“BloodPrecaution”.

40. EnvironmentalControl
Routine care, cleaning and disinfection of environmental surfaces
Precautions for invasive procedures:
wear gloves during all invasive procedure + goggles + mask

41. WorkPracticePrecaution
Prevent injuries caused by needles, scalpels and other sharps instrument or
devices when cleaning used instrument, when disposing of used needles
Do not recap used needles, bend , break nor remove them from disposable
syringes or manipulate them.
Place sharps in puncture resistant containers If gloves tears or a needle-stick
or other injury occurs, REMOVE the gloves, wash hands, and wash sites of the
needle stick thoroughly then put new glove Report injuries and mucous
membrane exposure to appropriate infection control officer.

42. Wastemanagement
is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials.
Involves:
1. sharps
2.Solid infectious –cotton swab, dressing
3. Anatomic Infectious –placenta / organ
4.Solid non-infectious –used IV / bottle IV
5.General waste –scrap paper / food material

44. black plastic bags are for non-biodegradable and noninfectious wastes such as
cans, bottles, tetrabrick containers, styropor, straw, plastic, boxes, wrappers,
newspapers.
Green plastic bags are biodegradable wastes such as fruits and vegetables'
peelings, leftover food flowers, leaves, and twigs.
Philippines set-up

45. Yellowplasticbagsareforinfectiouswaste
suchasdisposablematerialsusedforcollectionofbloodandbodyfluidslike
diapers,sanitarypads,incontinentpads;materials(liketissuepaper)with
bloodsecretionsandotherexudates;dressings,bandages,usedcottonballs,
gauze;IVtubings,usedsyringes;Foleyscatheter/tubings;glovesanddrains.

46. Means of controlling the spread of CD
1.Elimination of the source of infection
2.Interruption of transmission
3.Protection of susceptible host.