Infectious diseases BY SEJAL KHUMAN.pptx

this include meningitis, leprosy and typhoid

1. Infectious disease Miss Sejal M. Khuman Assistant professor Rofel Shri G. M. Bilakhia College of pharmacy , Vapi

2. Meningitis Typhoid Leprosy Tuberculosis Urinary track infection Content

3. Meningitis 1.

4. I ntroduction Meningitis   is the inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord known as the meninges. The inflammation is usually caused by an infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis can be life-threatening because of the inflammation's proximity(near) to the brain and spinal cord; therefore the condition is classified as a medical emergency

5. Meninges - The meninges is  the system of membranes which envelops the central nervous system. It has 3 layers: 1 . Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater Subarachnoid space - is the space which exists between the arachnoid and the pia mater , which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Introduction

6. Viral meningitis also term as aseptic meningitis Associate with parenchymal infection Causative agent Mumps viruses Echo viruses Cox sickle viruses Epstein-Barr viruses Clinical feature CSF contain lymphocytes CSF glucose Photophobia Types of meningitis 2. Chronic meningitis Caused by bacteria and fungi. Agent include Mycobacterium tubercle, Cryptococcus, Brucella species,Traponenema palladium

7. Bacterial Viral Fungal Causes Parasitic/ protozoal Physical injury Cancer Certain drugs ( mainly, NSAID’S)  Head injury Cerebral abscess(pus filled pocket of infected material in brain Middle ear infection 

8. Bacterial - Haemophilus influenzae -  Listeria - Meningococcus - Mumps - Pneumococcus - Certain Streptococcus Viral - Enterovirus ( coxsackie ,  echovirus) - Arboviral (mosquito-borne diseases) - Influenza - Herpes simplex virus type2 ( especially in infants) - Varicella zoster - HIV - Mumps - measle Fungal - Cryptococcus  Coccidiodes  Histoplasma  Mucormycosis  Aspergillus Candida (yeasts) Parasitic/protozoal  Angiostrongylus  Toxoplama  Hydatid Amoeba Plasmodium  Cysticercosis

9. Age-   children younger than 5 years Use of immunosuppressive drugs Chronic malnutrition AIDS CSF Shunt Chronic alcoholism Diabetes Pneumonia Risk factors

10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ICP=intra cranial pressure

11. Diagnosis Gram-stained smears of CSF- e.g.Zeil - nelson to mycobacteria Antibiotic sensitivity test CSF culture PCR Mantoux test to suspected cases of T.B. Nucleic acid amplification to detect virus CSF evaluation for pressure proteins , glucose and leukocytes. Blood test CBC, Blood culture MRI CT scan

12. Treatment Age First choice Alternatives Neonates < 7 days Ampicillin 50 mg/kg BD or Benzyl penicillin 50 mg and ampicillin Gentamicin 2-5 mg/kg BD Amoxicillin 25 mg/kg OD or Cefaxime 50 mg/kg BD Neonates days 8-28 days Ampicillin 50 mg/kg BD or Benzyl penicillin 50 mg TID and ampicillin Gentamicin 2-5 mg/kg TID Amoxicillin 25 mg/kg TID or Cefaxime 50 mg/kg BD Infant and child Cefataxime 50 mg/kg TID Adults Cefataxime 2 gm /day Benzyl penicillin 2-4 gm hourly or chloramphenicol 25 mg/kg FD Amoxicillin 2g every 3 hourly

13. T yphoid 2.

14. A bacterial infection that causes a high fever, diarrhea and vomiting is known as typhoid. Caused by Salmonela typhi consist of gram negative bacilli in family enterobacteriaceae. It is a general infection involving primarily the lymphoid tissues ( Peyer’s Patches/cluster of subepithelial , lymphoid follicles found in the intestine) Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection of the intestinal tract and occasionally the bloodstream. The disease rarely occurs in developed countries . It is most commonly seen in countries with poor sanitary conditions and contaminated water supplies . Most of the cases are acquired during foreign travel to underdeveloped countries. INTRODUCTION

15. Ingestion of contaminated food Typhoid germs are passed in the feces and, to some extent, the urine of infected people. The germs are spread by eating or drinking water or foods contaminated by feces from the infected individual. Only human to human transmission, no animal carries this disease Transmission

16. Children Work in or travel to endemic area Weak immune system Drinking of contaminated water contain S.typhi Risk factors

17. S een between 6-30 days of exposure to bacteria. Feaver-104 F Rash Weakness Abdominal pain Constipation Headache Vomiting Symptoms

18. Pathogenesis

19. Widal test Diagnosed by detecting the presence of S.typhi via stool, blood, bone marrow sample or urine. Diagnosis

20. BED REST: • Hospitalization for low classes of people because of bad hygienic measures FULL NUTRITION • Soft diet is recommended ANTIBIOTICS VITAMINS • Especially water soluble (B&C) Management

21. Antibiotics  Specific antibiotics are often used to treat cases of typhoid. Antibiotic Resistance is increasing First-Line : Fluoroquinolones Alternative antibiotics (resistance is common) Chloramphenicol, Amoxicillin, Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole ( Septra ) Treatment

22. L eprosy 3 .

23. Also known as Hansen,s disease  This bacteria was discovered by Gerhard Hansen in 1873 Defined as a chronic infection caused by the bacterium mycobacterium lepre and mycobacterium Lepromatosis . affecting primarily the peripheral nerves and secondarily the skin, mucous membranes, the eyes, bones, lymph nodes and viscera Its principal lesions occur in the cooler tissue of the body, skin, superficial nerves etc. Granulomatous disease. Introduction

24. 1. Lepromatous leprosy- generalized form. Found in the patient who have a low degree of resistance. Skin lesion appear like yellow in filtrate nodule which affectes the mucous membrane of eyes,nose,etc . types

25. 2. Tuberculoid leprosy- localized form Found in patient who has high degree of resistance Skin lesion appear light red or purplish dots types

26. 3. Borderline type Mixture of both 4. Indetermine type- This type occurs in those whose immunological status has not yet been determined. It is a transitory phase in the disease process. The skin lesions consist of hypopigmented macules which are nonspecific in appearance. types

27. Mycobacterium laprae Genetics Causes

28. Living in endemic areas with poor condition such as inadequate bedding, contaminated water, insufficient diet. Little attraction with HIV patient may leads to leprosy Risk factors

29. Droplet infection- mainly through nasal discharge. Contact infection- through skin Through placenta and milk Transmission

30. Pathogenesis

31. Multi drug therapy • Rifampicin, Dapasone , Clofazimine Prevention is achieved by avoiding physical contact with untreated people Treatments and Prevention 

32. Pathophysiology by Dr. Chirag D esai , technical publication. Reference