Inflammation.PPt. A lecture to the students of the department of anesthesia. nAlQabas private college

Introduction
Inflammation is a fundamental biological response of the body to harmful stimuli, such as ‎pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.‎
‎ Aim:‎
‎1.‎ Dilute toxins.‎
‎2.‎ Isolate & Destroy offending organisms.‎
‎3.‎ Initiate repair. ‎
‎Inflammation can be classified according to the causes, features, and outcomes into two ‎main types: Acute and Chronic.‎

1. Inflammation Dr.Muthanna Aljawadi Al Qabas University college Mosul

2. Metabolic response to Trauma مراجعة سريعة

3. Phases of the metabolic response Ebb phase. Flow phase ( Hypermatabolic ). Recovery phase.

4. Inflammation

5. Definition تعريف A biological response of the body to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. الاستجابة البايولوجية للمحفزات الضارة على الجسم كالمايكروبات, الخلايا الميتة, المواد المهيجة

6. Role Dilute toxins. Isolate & Destroy offending organisms. Start repair .

7. Classification Acute & Chronic Acute: start within hours and last for few days Chronic: >= 3 months

8. I. Acute Inflammation Definition: A rapid, short-term response to tissue injury or infection aimed at eliminating the initial cause of injury, removing damaged cells, and initiating tissue repair.

9. Causes Infections (bacterial, viral, fungal) Physical injury (trauma, burns) Chemical agents (toxins, irritants) Hypersensitivity reactions . Uncontrolled tissue or organs activity (Malignancy ).

10. Phases of Acute Inflammation (1) The vascular phase. ( 2) The cellular phase.

11. 1. Vascular Phase Vasodilatation: Small blood vessels adjacent to the injury dilate and blood flow to the area increases. The endothelial cells initially swell, then contract to increase the space between them, thereby  increasing the permeability  of the vascular barrier. Exudation of fluid: A net loss of fluid from the vascular space into the interstitial space, resulting in  oedema  ( tumour ). The fluid present is termed an “ exudate “, and characteristically is  high in protein  contents due to the increased vascular permeability. c. Accumulation of inflammatory proteins: (such as complement and immunoglobulins ) can migrate through to  remove pathogens and cell debris  in the area through lymphatic drainage.

12. 2. Cellular Phase The  predominant cell  of acute inflammation is the  neutrophil Stages: Margination  – cells line up against the endothelium Rolling  – close contact with and roll along the endothelium Adhesion  – connecting to the endothelial wall Emigration  – cells move through the vessel wall to the affected area Phagocytosis -  the process whereby the pathogen is engulfed and contained with a phagosome . The   phagosome  is then destroyed via oxygen-independent (e.g. lysozymes ) or oxygen-dependent (e.g. free radical formation) mechanisms.

13. Clinical features: Redness ( Rubor ). Heat ( Calor ). Swelling ( Tumor ). Pain ( Dolor ). Loss of function ( Functio laesa ).

14. Management of acute inflammation Aim: Reducing discomfort and Promoting healing Reducing discomfort: R est, I ce, C ompression, and E levation ( RICE ), along with pain management with pain killers & NSAIDs or corticosteroids.  Early intervention is crucial, and treatment may also include physical therapy to restore range of motion and strength.

15. End of Acute inflammation

16. II. Chronic Inflammation Definition A prolonged inflammatory response where tissue destruction and repair occur simultaneously. Often due to persistent injury or dysregulated immune response. Typically more than 3 months.

17. Causes Persistent infections (e.g., tuberculosis) Autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) Prolonged exposure to toxins (e.g., silica, asbestos) Chronic irritation (e.g., smoking )

18. Mechanism Infiltration by mononuclear cells : macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells. Tissue destruction by inflammatory cells. Fibrosis and angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation)

19. Cells involved in Chronic inflammation Lymphocytes. Mast cells. Macrophages.

20. Examples of Chronic diseases Auto immune disease: Rheumatoid arthritis. Cardiovascular diseases: such as heart diseases . Cancers. Gastrointestinal diseases: like  Crohns disease. Lung diseases: like Asthma.

21. Management The goal is to reduce inflammation, alleviate symptoms, and prevent further tissue damage. A multi-faceted approach that combines lifestyle changes, dietary adjustments, and sometimes medication.

22. Potential Consequences  مخاطر الالتهاب المزمن Increased risk of chronic diseases Heart attack and stroke. (due to fatty plaque buildup in arteries) Colon cancer (in cases of inflammatory bowel disease).

23. Diagnosis and Treatment Markers of Inflammation : CRP, ESR, cytokine levels Imaging : MRI, CT for chronic inflammatory changes

24. Thank You