Influenza disease

Preventive medicine:
General principles of prevention and control of diseases
INFLUENZA

1. Mr Ashish R. Chaudhari ASST. PROFESSOR, M.PHARM (QA ) P.R.PATIL, INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, TALEGAON (SP), DIST- WARDHA Presented by : Preventive medicine: General principles of prevention and control of diseases INFLUENZA

2. W HAT IS INFLUENZA? In f lu e n z a , c o mm o n ly c a ll e d " the f l u ," is an ill n e s s c a used b y RN A v i rus e s of the family Orthomyxoviridae the influenza viruses that infect the respiratory tract of many animals, birds, and humans.

3. I NFLUENZA VIRUSES ARE DIVIDED INTO THREE TYPES : I n fl u e n za A Influenza B Influenza C

4. INFL U E NZA A Influenza A Type A viruses are divided into types based on differences in two viral surface proteins called the hemagglutinin (H) and the neuraminidase (N) . I nf l ue n za undergo ch a nge s : type A v iru s es two k inds of Antigenic drift. Antigenic shift.

5. Structure of Influenza Virus

6. INFLUENZA A (H1N1) 'Influenza' A (H1N1) virus is a subtype of influenza A virus and was the most common cause of human influenza (flu) in 2009. Some strains of H1N1 are endemic in humans and cause a small fraction of all influenza-like illness and a small fraction of all seasonal influenza. H1N1 (pronounced "HEE-NEE" by healthcare professionals) strains caused a few percent of all human flu infections in 2004– 2005. Other strains of H1N1 are endemic in pigs (swine influenza) and in birds (avian influenza)

7. In June 2009, the World Health Organization declared the new strain of swine-origin H1N1 as a pandemic. This strain is often called swine flu by the public media. This novel virus spread worldwide and had caused about 17,000 deaths by the start of 2010. On August 10, 2010, the World Health Organization declared the H1N1 influenza pandemic over, saying worldwide flu activity had returned to typical seasonal patterns

8. SWINE INFLUENZA Swine influenza (also called swine flu, or pig flu) is an infection by any one of several types of swine influenza virus. Swine influenza virus (SIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide. People with regular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine flu infection. The meat of an infected animal poses no risk of infection when properly cooked.

9. AVIAN INFLUENZA Avian influenza — known informally as avian flu or bird flu — refers to "influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds."Of the greatest concern is highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). "Bird flu" is a phrase similar to "swine flu," "dog flu," "horse flu," or "human flu" in that it refers to an illness caused by any of many different strains of influenza viruses that have adapted to a specific host.

10. INFL U E NZA B Influenza type B viruses change only by the more gradual process of antigenic drift.

11. INFL U E NZA C usua l ly T ype C i n fect i o n causes e ith e r a ve r y respiratory illn ess mild o r no symptoms at all;

12. S IGNS AND S YMPTOMS Fever (usually 100 F-103 F in adults and often even higher in children) Cough, Sore throat, Runny or stuffy nose, Headache, Muscle aches, Extreme fatigue

13. M ODE OF T RANSMISSION In f lu e n za is spr e ad main l y fr o m pe r s on to b y d r o p le t o r d r o p le t person infection nuclei s n ee z in g , ta l k in g . The p o r t al c r e a t ed by c o ug h i n g or of e n try o f t he v ir u s i s the respiratory tract.

14. D IAGNOSIS Virus N a s ophar y n g ea l Isolation secreti o ns are the best specimens for obtaining large quantities of virus–infected cells. Paired S e ra A sero diagnosis of influenza A or B can be made by the examination of two serum specimens from a patient.

15. P REVENTION Vaccine: The Flu Shot - an ina c ti v ated vac c i n e (containing killed virus) that is given with a needle, usually in the arm. The n a sa l -sp r ay flu vaccine — a vaccine made with live, weakened flu viruses that is given as a nasal spray (sometimes called LAIV for ―Live Influenza A t tenua t ed Vaccine.

16. Vaccination Influvac (Netherlands) Fluarix (England) Agrippal S1 (Germany) Begrivac (Germany) Vaxigrip (France) Grippol (Russia)

17. M E D IC A TIONS Increasing liquid intake, warm showers, and warm compresses, especially in the nasal area, can reduce the body aches and reduce nasal congestion. Nasal strips and humidifiers may help reduce congestion, especially while trying to sleep . Fever can be treated with over-the counter acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Motrin and others)

18. Etiological: Antiviral drugs Symptomatic – detoxication antipyretics (paracetamol 10-15 mg/kg) antihistamins (clemastin, loratadin) mucolythics (ambroxol) anticongestants (oxymetazolin)

19. A n t iv i r a l D r u g s Drug Virus Target Amantadine / Rimantadine Influenza A strains Matrix protein / hae m agg l ut i n i n Ribavirin Broad s p e c t r u m RNA mutagen Oseltamivir and Zanamivir Influenza strains A and B N e u r a mi n i dase Inhibitor

20. R EF E R E N C E S : http://trialx.com/curebyte/2011/07/06/influenza-b-virus-photos- and-related-clinical-trials/ http://www.extremumspiritum.com/category/h1n1-swine-flu- pneumonic-plague/ http://www.healthhype.com/swine-flu.html htt p :/ / en. wi k iped i a.org/w i k i /F i le :Ant i ge n icShi ft_H i Res _vect o r .sv g http://www.who.int/topics/influenza/en/ http://www.medicinenet.com/influenza/article.htm http://www.cdc.gov/flu/