INFLUENZA [ Saad Pinjari roll no 46].pptx

It's about a disease called influnza commonly called as cold flue

1. INFLUENZA Guided by : Dr. Megha purohit Presented by Saad Pinjari Roll no : 46 Batch : 2022-23

2. Distribution of the disease Influenza is an international disease.
It occurs in sporadic, endemic, epidemic and also in pandemic form.
In the 20 th century, it caused 3 pandemics. The first was in 1918-19 when more than 20 million people were killed.
In India alone, more than 6 million people died. It was called “Spanish flu”, and caused by the swine Influenza virus (H1N1). The second pandemic occurred in 1956-57, known as “Asian flu”, when the virus H2N2 caused a greater worldwide effect with 2 million deaths.

3. More than 100 million people were affected all over the world. In India 2.5 million were affected with hardly 767 deaths. The third pandemic occurred in 1968, known as “Hong Kong flu” (H3N2virus), when the morbidity and mortality were not recorded. In the 21 st century swine flu again affected 1.6 lakhs (about 1000 in India) people and 1154 (6 in India) deaths in 2009.
Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is distributed globally and exhibits seasonal patterns, with peaks typically occurring in the winter months in temperate regions.
The distribution of the disease varies by:

4. 1. Geographic Location: - In temperate climates, influenza outbreaks often occur during the fall and winter. 2.In tropical regions, the virus can circulate year-round, with peaks during rainy seasons.
3. Population Groups: Young children, elderly adults, pregnant women, and individuals with underlying health conditions are at higher risk for severe illness. 4. Vaccine Coverage: 1. Areas with high vaccination rates tend to have lower influenza transmission and severity. 5.Strain Variability: 1. Different strains circulate each year, influencing the severity and spread of the disease.

5. Introduction Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a contagious viral infection that primarily affects the respiratory system, including the Nose , Throat , Lungs. It is caused by influenza viruses, which belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family.
There are four main types of influenza viruses:
A , B , C , D

6. Definition Influenza is defined as an acute viral infection characterized by fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, fatigue, and sometimes gastrointestinal symptoms.
It spreads primarily through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.
Influenza outbreaks occur seasonally, particularly during the colder months, and can lead to mild to severe illness.
In some cases, serious complications like pneumonia or death, especially in high-risk populations such as the elderly, young children, and those with weakened immune systems.

7. Agent-influenza virus
Reservoir of infection- Human active and subclinical cases are important reservoir for all 3 types of viruses.
The reservoirs besides a man for type A virus are birds, pigs, horses and water fouls.
Type B and C virus have no other reservoir except humans.
(iii) Infective material- Respiratory secretions. (iv) Period of infectivity- It is about 1-2 days before and 1-2 days after the onset of symptoms. Agent factor

8. Host factor ( i )Age and Sex- It affects all age groups and both sexes.
Children are more prone to infection.
(ii)Immunity-
Antibodies appear in about 7 days after an attack and reach a maximum level in about 2 weeks.
After 8-12 months, the antibody level drops to the pre-infection level
Environmental factors-
( i )Season- It is common in winter months.
(ii)Over-crowding- It enhances the transmission of disease e.g..
Schools, institutions, ships, fairs etc.

9. Environmental factors- ( i ) Season- It is common in the winter months
(ii)Over-crowding- It enhances the transmission of disease e.g …schools, institutions, ships, fairs, etc. Mode of transmission- Droplet or droplet nuclei infection.
Bird-to-man transmission is also known.
Besides man-to-man,
The domestic poultry that receives infection from migratory water fouls transmit the infection to humans, especially poultry keepers and veterinarians
Incubation period – 1-3 days.
Pathology and pathogenesis The virus enters the respiratory tract and
Causes inflammation and necrosis of the superficial epithelium of the tracheal and bronchial mucosa, followed by secondary bacterial invasion.

10. Clinical features Influenza (the flu) is a viral infection that affects the respiratory system Its symptoms typically come on suddenly and can vary in severity. Common influenza symptoms include: There is a sudden onset of fever (101-104°F) with chills, followed by severe headache, body ache and myalgia. As the temperature rises, patient continues to shiver.
There is loss of appetite, sore throat, dry cough, nasal discharge and conjunctival congestion.
Patient wants to sleep but cannot sleep for more than few minutes each time. Disease lasts for about 3 days.
Temperature falls on 3 rd day but post pyrexial asthenia and cough persists for another 2-3 days.

11. Complications Pneumonia
Bronchitis.
Sinus and ear infections
Asthma
Heart problems
Myocarditis
Encephalitis
Worsening of chronic conditions Sepsis
The most dreaded complication is pneumonia, which should be suspected if fever persists beyond 4-5 days or recurs abruptly after convalescence.
Rare complications are encephalitis and polyneuritis.

12. Laboratory diagnosis 1. Virus isolation- By indirect fluorescent antibody technique from nasopharyngeal secretions.
2. Paired sera- Detection of complement-fixing antibodies of two serum specimens taken at different times.
1. Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests (RIDTs)
2. Rapid Molecular Assays
3. RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Réaction )
4. Viral Culture
5. Immunofluorescence Assays

13. Specimen collection
Specimens are usually collected via nasopharyngeal swab, throat swab, or sometimes nasal wash.
Medications
Antiviral Medications Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), Zanamivir (Relenza), Peramivir ( Rapivab ),
Hydration and Rest
Drink plenty of fluids: Staying hydrated helps combat fever, prevent dehydration And thin mucus.
Get plenty of rest: The body needs rest to recover and fight off the virus effectively.
Home Remedies
Warm soups and teas: Help soothe sore throats and keep you hydrated.
Humidifiers or steam inhalation:
Can relieve nasal congestion and breathing difficulties.
Saltwater gargle:
Avoiding Antibiotics . Hospitalization

14. Ayurvedic correlation AYURVEDIC CORRELATION
Influenza can be correlated with Vata -Kapha Jwara or Vata-Pittaja Jwara depending on dosha dominance. Ayurvedic Treatment Principles:
1. Jwara Chikitsa – manage fever, improve Agni, balance doshas 2. Deepana – Pachana – Shunthi , Maricha , Pippali , Guduchi 3. Svedana (Sudation) – to relieve nasal congestion, stiffness
4. Kashaya / Kadha : Tulsi + Shunthi + Guduchi + Dalchini + Munakka Decoction twice daily with honey
5. Rasayan (Immunity boosters): Chyawanprash , Amalaki Rasayana , Guduchi Rasayana

15. Vaccination Inactivated Influenza Vaccines (IIV):
1.Fluzone Quadrivalent - A standard-dose quadrivalent vaccine for individuals 6 months and older.
A high-dose quadrivalent vaccine specifically for people 2. Fluzone High-Dose Quadrivalen Aged 65 and older to boost immune response.
2.Fluarix Quadrivalent A quadrivalent vaccine was suitable for individuals 6 months and older.
3. FluLaval Quadrivalent Another quadrivalent vaccine is approved for individuals 6 months and older.
4. Afluria Quadrivalent Suitable for individuals aged 6 months and older.

16. 5. Flucelvax Quadrivalent A cell-based quadrivalent vaccine for people 6 months and older, not made using eggs.
Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV):
1.Flu Mist Quadrivalent A nasal spray vaccine made from weakened live viruses, recommended for healthy individuals aged 2 to 49 who are not pregnant.

17. Treatment 1. Supportive (Symptomatic) Treatment
Used for mild to moderate cases:
Rest and adequate hydration Paracetamol / Ibuprofen → for fever, headache, body ache
Steam inhalation or saline nasal drops → for nasal congestion
Antitussives (if severe cough)
2. Antiviral Drugs
Given within 48 hours of onset for maximum effectiveness.
Drug Class Adult Dose Duration Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) Neuraminidase inhibitor 75 mg twice daily 5 days Zanamivir (Relenza) Inhaled antiviral 10 mg (2 inhalations) twice daily 5 days Baloxavir marboxil : Cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor Single oral dose 1 day

18. 3. Hospitalization Indications
Severe pneumonia or shortness of breath
Hypoxia ( SpO ₂ < 90%)
Dehydration or confusion
Co-morbidities with worsening symptoms

19. Thank you