Information and communication technology NOTES.pptx

Contains notes for ICT

1. METROPOLITAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COURSE NAME: INTRODUCTION TO ICT COURSE CODE: BIT 1101 ACADEMIC YEAR: 20 22 /20 23 Facilitator: Julius Tuyambaze Tel: [phone]/2022 Prepared by Julius T

2. 2 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T COURSE OUT LINE INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER BASIC COMPUTER NETWORK,INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATION COMPUTER SYSTEM SECURITY MICROSOFT OFFICE APPLICATIONS BASIC INFORMATION SYSTEM FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

3. 3 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Objectives of the TOPIC Understanding basic concepts of the Computer. Understanding Major parts of the Computer. U nd er s t a nd i n g t h e C o m pu t er Mem o r y . U nd er s t a nd i n g t h e C o m pu t e r s o f t w are ' s . Understanding the types of Computer. Understanding how to classify Computers. Understanding Computer Booting Skills Techniques. U nd er s t a nd i n g t h e Ms W i nd o w s f ea tu res

4. Topic: 01 Introduction 4 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T 2 Computers

5. W ha t i s a C o m pu t er ? The definition of Computer varies from one person to another. However, a few definitions are given heremake the concepts of Computer clear. computer is an electronic machine which accepts, processes and stores data automatically following some instructions to give useful output. 5 7 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

6. 8 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Computer is a machine/tool or device which accepts data or information in one form and process it to produce data or information in another form Computer is an electronic device/machine that takes in data, Processes them according to the given instructions and produces Information that is useful to the people (user).

7. W h a t a c o m pu t e r d o ? First Accepts data such as raw facts, figures, numbers, letters and symbol Then 6 9 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T  Processes data into information (Data that is organized, meaningful, and useful ) Finally Produces and stores results

8. Answer the questions at the top of thescreen. 7 1 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

9. What can a computer do? C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 8 1 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

10. Input Keyboard Process Processor Output Speaker Storage Flash memory card Thirty years ago a whole office-floor of equipment was 1 n /4 e /2 e d 16 ed to do the thing CN s A a MS m -20 o 1 d 5/ e 20 r 1 n 6 mobile phone can do! 1 2 9 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

11. W h a t i s C o m pu t e r L i t er a c y ? Computer Literacy: Means an understanding of what a computer is and how it can be used as a resource. M e a n s kn o w l e d g e a n d und e r st a nd i n g o f computers and their uses To use a computer, a user must be computer literate. Note: Computer literate is a person having sufficient knowledge and skill to be able to use computers 11 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

12. Cont… Computer literacy can be explained through the following three-part definition Awareness: becoming aware of potential of computers in our society Knowledge: know how computer work and their function Interaction: become comfortable in sitting before computer and use it for some suitable purpose 12 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

13. H o w t o g e t I n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t he computer? 13 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T The following principle is used IPO (Input- Process -Output) Data is input into the computer through input devices Computer process the data as per instructions Computer gives out information

14. Summary INPUT OUTPUT PROCESS 14 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

15. W h a t i s Da t a ? t a b l e Data is a collection of raw facts, figures and statistics related to an object. Data can be processed to create useful information. What is information ? Information is the processed data. It has meaning than data. It is used for decision making. Example of data and information Data Johnson, 55,Salome,Mary,34,Sabrina, 5,20,178,100,189,151. When these data are processed it gives information as the Meaningful product as shown on the following 1 4 1 7 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

16. Example of data and information NAME AGE HEIGHT Johnson 4 20 Salome 34 178 Mary 20 189 Sabrina 5 100 d a ta Johnson,Salome,34,20,Mary178,100, Sabrina,4,5,189,151, Process Information 16 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Johnson,Salome,34,20,Mary178,100, Sabrina,4,5,189,151, Process

17. Example of Information 17 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Data collected from census is used to generate d i f f e r e n t t y p e o f i n f o r ma t i o n . T h e gov e r n m e n t can use it to determine the literacy rate in the country. Government can use the information in important decision to improve literacy rate.

18. Differences between data and information 19 DATA INFORMATION Is the collection of facts, figures and statistics related to an object Is a processed data Is not used in decision making Used in Decision Making Data has no meaning 1/4/2016 CNAMS- I n f o r m a t ion h as m e a n i n g 2015 / 201 6 2 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

19. Data Processing Cycle The data processing activities can be grouped in f o u r f un c ti o n a l ac ti v iti e s: Data input Data Processing I n f o r m a t i o n O ut pu t Storage Thus constituting what is known as a Data P r o ce ssi n g c y c l e NOTE: The above functions are performed in a logical sequence. 19 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

20. Diagram of Data processing Cycle Store & Retrieve Sorting Calc u la t i n g Comparing C o mm unic a t e & Reproduce D a t a & I n f o r m a t io n Input d a t a Collection Conversion S t o r age Da t a & Information 20 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

21. The Components of a Computer System 2 2 3 8 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

22. T h e C o m po n en t s o f a C o m pu t e r 2 2 4 9 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

23. Playing games. Creating various documents. Doing homework. Watching movies. Listening music Browsing on Internet & E-mailing. Us e s o f c o m pu t e r 23 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

24. C h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f a c o m pu t e r Any computer has the following characteristics; Speed: A powerful computer is capable of performing about 3-4 million simple instructions per second. Automatic : Once activated, very minimum human being intervention , Given a job, computer can work on it automatically without human interventions Accuracy : free from errors, In addition to being fast, computers are also accurate. Errors that may occur can almost always be attributed to human error (inaccurate data, poorly designed system or faulty instructions/programs written by the programmer) Diligence: Ability to repeat the same activity at the same speed and accuracy . Computer is free tiredness, It can work continuously for hours without creating any error . 24 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

25. C o n t … Versatility: able to adapt or to be adopted to different functions or ac t i v i t i e s , C o m pu t e r i s ca p a b l e o f p e r f o r mi n g a lm o s t a n y t a s k, if the task can be reduced to a finite series of logical steps Power of Remembering : Computer can store and Recall any amount of information because of its secondary storage capability. It forgets or loses certain information only when it is asked to do so No Feelings : Computers are devoid of emotions. Their Judgment is based on the instructions given to them in The form of programs that are written by us (human Beings) Storage - bulky data and information can be storage in very small devices Electronic - very minimum number of moving parts of 27 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 / 4 / 2 t h 1 e 6 c o m pu t e r s y s t e m 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

26. Basic Functions ofthe Computer A c o m p u t e r i s a d e v i c e t h a t p e rf o r ms f o u r b a sic functions: Inputs data: getting data into the machine Stores data: holding the information before and after processing. Processes data: Manipulate data at high speed. Output information: Sending the results out to the user via some display method. 26 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

27. D i agr a m of C o m pu t e r P roc e ss C y c l e S t o r e d ata i n to RAM before and after p r o ce ss . A ft e r saving that d ata sh i ft i n to HDD. Output i n f o r m at i o n ( U s e r g e ts r e s u l t by using output devices.eg monitor. Pr o ce s s d ata by using CPU Input data By using input d e v ice s e g. Keyboard 27 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

28. W h a t i s Co m pu t e r S y s t e m ? 28 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T A computer system comprises the hardware, software, Data/information, People and Procedures. By itself, a computer has no intelligence and is referred to as hardware, which means simply the physical equipment. Thehardware cannot be used until it is connected to other elements, all of which constitute the 5 components of the computer based information systems.

29. M a j o r c o m p o n e n t s o f C o m pu t e r S y s t e m Ha rd w a r e Software Human ware (user/ People) Data/Information Procedures Ha r d w a r e U s e r 29 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T s o f t w a r e

30. M a j o r P a r t s o f C o m pu t e r 3 3 3 9 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

31. Roles of People in computer system? 4 3 4 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T People are designer. Manufacturers . Users of computer systems.

32. Relationship between Parts of a Computer 3 4 5 1 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

33. Computer Hardware A c o m p u t e r s h a r d w a r e i s a n e l e c t r o n i c d e v i c e s such as a keyboard, monitor, modem, mouse, Printer, etc that you can see, touch and feel it. Peripheral devices: are devices outside the central processing unit but under its control, they may be input devices, output devices, such as printers, or storage devices, such as disk drives Accessories devices: Are the device that support the proper handling of an electronic device, such as computer. Example, Computer b a g , c o m put e r s t a n d e t c . 4 2 3 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

34. Computer Hardware C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 3 7 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

35. Example of Computer Hardware 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T 38 Monitor System Unit Mouse CPU RAM HDD Speaker NIC Keyboard VGA Cab l e 11. Power Cable

36. C a t e go r i e s o f C o m pu t e r H a r d w a r e 36 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Computer hardware can be categorized into five parts namely, Input device Processing device Output device Storage device Communication devices

37. 1 . I npu t D e v i ce s Is a Computer component which used to enter data into a Computer system. Examples; Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Digital Camera, Microphone, Touch pads, Joystick, Webcam, Light pen e.t.c S ca nn er Power Supply M o u s e 37 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

38. Keyboard 38 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Keyboard is an important device that allows a user to enter text or symbols like letters and numbers into a computer. It is the main input device for most computers

39. K e y b oa r d Special buttons on the keyboard Ba c ks p ac e W i ndo w s bu tt o n Equivalent to c li ck i n g t h e bu t t o n o r c li ck i n g C t r l -ESC Simulates c li ck in g t h e right hand E n t e r { nu m b er s The numeric ke y p a d . P r es s Num Lock fo 4 r 4 9 C T R L - ALT- D E L CNAMS-201 m 5/ o 20 u 1 s 6 e . Cap s Lo c k Shift keys E S C Diagram T ab key 2 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

40. T h e keys a r e f o ll o w i ng No. Keys Description 1 Typing Keys These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digits keys (0-9) which generally give same layout as that of typewriters. 2 Numeric Keypad It is used to enter numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same configuration used by most adding machine and calculators. 3 Function Keys The twelve functions keys are present on the keyboard. These are arranged in a row along the top of the keyboard. Each function key has unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose. 4 Control keys These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directional arrow key. Control keys also include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc). 5 1/ Special Purpose Keys 4/2016 Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen. 50 CNAMS-2015/2016 4 3 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

41. Short Explanation of keyboard keys (Button) ENTER or RETURN - Moves the cursor down one line and to the left margin. DEL or DELETE - Deletes the character at cursor and/or characters to the right of the cursor and all highlighted (or selected) text. BKSP or BACKSPACE - Deletes the character to the left of cursor and all highlighted text. SPACE BAR - Moves the cursor one space at a time to the right 4 5 1 4 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

42. C o n t … SHIFT KEY - Use the shift keys to type capital letters and to type the upper character on keys with two characters on them CAPS LOCK - Locks the keyboard so it types capital letters (a light goes on when caps lock is on) TAB - Moves the cursor five spaces to the right (number of spaces are usually adjustable). ESC or ESCAPE - Cancels a menu or dialog box ARROW KEYS - Moves the cursor around document without changing text 5 5 2 4 10. F U N C T ION KE YS o r F KE YS - A cce s s c o mm a n ds by themselves or in combination with the three 1 / 4 / 2 c o 1 6 mm a n d k e y s ; C T C R N L A M , S S - 2 H 1 I 5 F / 2 T 1 , 6 a n d A L T 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

43. The Mouse Mouse: Mouse is the pointing device which used to select different object. It has two buttons (left & Right) that control the movement of the cursor. Left button - used to select menu options or commands by pointing & pressing the button once. Right button - used to access shortcut menu within windows and windows application. Scroll wheel- Used to show the hidden part of the document in different applications, example In Ms- Word, Ms-Excel. 43 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

44. The Mouse Diagram Left bu tt on S c r o l l w h eel Right button 44 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

45. Using the Mouse Left click: Use your first finger to click the left button once. Right click : Use your second finger to click the right button once Double click : Use your first finger to click the left mouse button twice quickly Drag : Click and hold the left mouse button, move the mouse as necessary then release the left mouse button Scroll wheel :Helps to move up and down a document in some applications 45 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

46. Mouse Actions/Operations Point: To point an item means to move the mouse pointer so that it's touching the item. Click: Point to the item, then tap (press and release) the left mouse button. Double-click: Point to the item, and tap the left mouse button twice in rapid succession - click-click as fast as you can. Right-click: Point to the item, then tap the mouse button on the right. Drag: Point to an item, then hold down the left mouse button as you move the mouse. To drop the item, release the left mouse button. 46 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

47. Scanners Scanners: Allow user to copy or transfer photos, pictures, even some objects to a file on your computer. It transfers the information to the computer as a bitmap. It will also allow you to scan a page of text using the OCR (Optical Character Recognition) software to be able to later edit that text in your word processor. Twain software makes the scanner 47 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

48. Touch Screen Touch screen :Is a special kind of screen which is sensitive to touch. Touching with their finger the desired icon or menu item displayed on the screen 48 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

49. B a r Co d e R e ad e r (BC R ) A b a r c o d e i s si m p l y a nu m e r i c c o d e r e p r e s e n t e d as a series of lines. These lines can be read by a barcode reader/scanner. convert the data into electrical signal and send them to computer for processing. 49 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

50. Jo y s t ic k s Joystick : Used mainly for playing games Small joysticks can also be found on some mobile phones . 50 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

51. J o y s t i c k s , He a d P h o n e & M ic ro ph o n e 51 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

52. Light Pen  . A li g h t p e n i s a d e v i c e u s e d a s a p o i n t i n g d e v i c e to ‗ w r i t e ‘ on t h e s c r ee n of a c o m p u te r . 5 6 5 2 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

53. Touchpad / T r a c k p a d A pointing device found on most laptops 6 3 5 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

54. Digital Camera 5 6 7 4 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

55. Video Camera Like a digital camera, most video cameras do not directly input data into a computer – the captured movies are stored on video-tape or memory cards and later transferred to a computer. 65 8 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

56. W e b C a m This is a very basic video camera used to feed l i v e v i d e o i n t o a c o m p u t e r . T h e v i d e o d a t a fr o m a web cam is low quality compared to a full video camera. 66 5 9 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

57. 57 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

58. Mic r o p h o n e An input device that converts sound into a signal that can be fed into a computer. 58 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

59. Other Input Devices 59 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Tracker ball Touch sensitive pad Graphics tablets (Digitizers) Optical Character Readers Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR) Optical Mark Readers and Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) P un c h e d C a r d

60. Other Input Devices 60 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Kimball tag Voice Recognition e.g. Microphone Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS) Electronic Fund Transfer at Point of sale (EFTPOS) Video digitizer Digital Camera Touch tone Telephones

61. 2. Processing Devices 4 These are devices used to process (Convert)raw data into information. In computer system this device is known as Central Processing Unit (CPU) CPU: Is a main component of the computer, used to process the data fed into the computer to get information that is understood by human. Processing data may include the following ; Calculating Sorting Searching Storing  1/4/2 D 01 r 6 awing 7 2 6 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

62. T h e C e n t r a l P r o ce ss i n g Unit ( C P U)  Is a brain of the computer that process data. This component is located on the computer motherboard 84 6 5 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

63. T h e B r a i n O f T h e C o m pu t e r 85 6 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

64. P a r t s o f t h e C P U CON T RO L U N I T (CU) A R T H I M E T I C LOGIC UNIT (ALU) REGISTERS ( I MM E DI A TE ACC E S S S T O R E) 64 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

65. Components / Elements of CPU 1. Control unit (CU) Responsible for the following functions; Coordinating the input and output devices. It directs the flow of data from the CPU and input and output devices. T e l l t h e r e s t of t h e c o m p u ter s y s tem h o w to c a rr y o u t a program instructions. D i r ec ts t h e m o v e m e n ts of e l ec t r o n i c s i gn a l s b e tw ee n main memory and logic units. Directs electronic signals between main memory and the input/output devices. 65 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

66. 2. Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) 66 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T ALU is responsible for the following functions; The ALU performs all calculations and logical decisions in the computer system. E.g. +, -, /, * etc and what if analysis in Excel. Control operations of those operations.

67. 3. Registers Immediate Access storage(Register): Is a very small amount of very fast memory that is built into the CPU (central processing unit) in order to speed up its operations by providing quick access to commonly used values Registers are used to store data during the execution of a program. Register is contained in CPU-in arithmetic logic unit. They are temporary memory that store data temporarily during processing Provides working area for computation Hold programs instructions and data from main memory into registers just before processing. 67 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

68. The CPU Speed 68 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T The speed of CPU is measured in HERTZ (Hz), i.e., number of operations can be done per second. Nowadays, we usually use KHz, MHz, GHz (e.g.700 KHz, 300 MHz, 3.0 GHz)

69. Functions of CPU 69 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Control the sequence of operation Give commands to all parts of the computer system, Like keyboard, mouse, Printer. etc Interpret and execute program instructions (software) Communicate with the input device and storage device

70. 3. Output devices 73 These are devices that translate information processed by the computer into a form that humans can understand.ie are the devices which enables user of computer to get the result of the processed data. Display the information to the user Example: Monitor Printer Speakers 4 1 . / 4 / 2 P 1 r 6 o j e c t o r e t c . C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

71. Categories of Output Softcopy :-Is the data that is shown on a display screen or is in audio or voice e g:-Monitor, Speakers etcSoft copy: Hardcopy :- Is the printed output e g printer, plotters etc. A printed paper is a good example of Hard copy output. Hard copy:Printed on paper or other permanent media 71 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

72. Output devices Monitor Printer Speaker 72 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

73. Monitor This is the display device for a personal computer. It display result in a form of text, graphs, images, video etc. 73 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

74. Types of Monitor 74 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T There are two types of monitor: Cathode Ray Tube monitor (CRT) Flat Panel/LCD (Liquid crystal display) monitor .

75. CRT Monitors Is Just like a television set. CRT monitors are heavy and use more electrical power than flat panel displays, but they are preferred by some graphic artists for their accurate color rendition, and preferred by some gamers for faster response to rapidly changing graphics 75 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

76. LCD Monitors F l a t - s c r ee n m o n it o r s a r e li g h t i n w e i g h t a n d . t h e y t a k e u p v e r y li tt l e d e sk s p a c e . Have little energy consumption and have liquid t h a t r e du c e t h e i n t e n s i t y o f c o n t ac t e d r a y s. Monitor screen size is measured diagonally across the screen, in inches. 76 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

77. P r i n t e r This is the output device which produces the h a r d c o p y ( p r i n t e d ) o u t pu t . 10 8 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

78. Types of Printer 78 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Dot matrix printers Ink Jet Printer Laser Printer

79. 1 . D o t Mat r i x Pr i n t er s Quality is poor, the printers are noisy 79 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

80. 2 . I n k J e t P r i n t e r Its Cheap, high-quality, full-color printing. Also i t i s p e rf e c t f o r ph o t og r a ph s. I n k - j e t p r i n t e r s a r e very quiet in use. 80 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

81. 3. Laser Printer Laser printers are very complex devices, and thus expensive to buy. However they are very cheap to use. It is very fast in printing compared to other printers (just a few seconds per page). 81 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

82. Speakers This is the output device which produces the output in a form of sound.  82 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

83. Projector Projector: This is the hardware device that enables an image to be projected onto a flat surface. These devices are commonly used in meetings and presentations as they allow for a large image that everyone in a room can see. 83 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

84. 4. Storage Devices Are devices used to saves data and programs. TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES Temporary(Primary) storage devices P e r ma n e nt ( S ec o n d a r y ) S t o r a ge D e v i ce s Temporary (Primary) storage devices Is where the information to be processed is held and anything stored in will be lost when the power is turned off . Example: RAM (Random Access Memory) C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 8 7 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

85. Permanent(secondary)Storage devices Is used to hold data and programs permanently regardless whether power supply to computer is on/off, it holds/store information permanently for future use. A computer commonly has two types of storage: Internal and External storage devices. An Internal Storage e.g. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) An external / Removable Storage e.g. Floppy disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, CD-ROM, DVD, F l a s h d i s k e t c . 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

86. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) Hard disk Drive (HDD): This stores all programs and files, as well as the operating system. In general, all data, information you have save in your computer are stored in HDD. The capacity of the HDD is a measure of how much information it can store. There are HDD which have 10GB, 20GB, and 30GB ,200 GB, 32 G B , 50 G B, 10 G B e t c . 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

87. H D D Desktop C o m pu t e r HDD 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T L a p t o p HDD External HDD

88. Floppy Disk Drive (FDD) Floppy disk drive (FDD): This magnetically reads and writes information onto floppy diskettes, which are in form of removable storage media. The capacity of the floppy diskette is that it only holds 1.44 MB of information, although most PCs still have a floppy drive. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

89. Optical Disks Optical disk: Is a removable disk on which data is written and read through the use of laser beam Most of optical disk are used in music industry. Examples of optical disks are; CD-R (Compact Disk-Recordable). CD-RW (Compact Disk Rewritable). DV D -R OM ( D i g i t a l V er s a t il e D i s k ) . 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

90. CD-ROM drive A CD-ROM drive: Is a secondary storage device that reads information stored on a compact disc. The CD-ROM is an optical media that can hold about 700MB 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

91. T h er e a r e t w o t ypes of CDs (Compact disk). 1 . C D - R ( C o m p a c t D i sc - R ec o r d a b l e ) . T h e r e is no possibility of rewriting data . 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

92. CD-RW (Compact Disk - Rewritable) 2. CD-RW (Compact Disk - Rewritable).There is possibility of rewriting data. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

93. DVD ROM DV D R O M : T h e DV D (D i g it a l V e r s a ti l e D i s c ) l oo k s l i k e a C D , bu t t h e s t o r a g e ca p ac it y is significantly higher than CDs. DVDs can hold about 4.7GB of data up to 18 GB of data. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

94. Flash Drive Flash Drive. A USB Flash Drive is aportable solid state memory device that plugs into a U S B p o r t o n y o u r c o m p u t e r . T h e y h a v e many other names (such as key drive, pocket drive, thumb drive, pen drive). 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

95. 5. Communication Devices Network card 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T M odem Communication devices used for the purpose of linking/connecting computers together .It includes Network cards, fiber optic cable, coaxial cable, twisted pair ,modem, satellites, switch etc .

96. Computer Memory Computer Memory: Is a device which store information that is currently being utilized/used by the operating system, Application software , Hardware devices etc. Types of Computer Memory There are two types of computer memory Primary Memory/Main Memory Secondary Memory 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

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98. 1 . P r i m a r y M e m o r y / M a i n M e m o r y The Primary storage unit (main memory) holds data and instructions between processing steps a n d s u pp l i e s t h e m t o t h e C U a n d A L U du r i n g p r o c e ssi n g . A l l d a t a a n d p r og r ams m u st b e placed into main memory before they can be processed. The primary storage unit consists of microelectronic semiconductor memory chips . This includes RAM (random access memory) for loading programs and data before execution, and ROM (read only memory) for permanent programs that are supplied with the computer 1/4/2 h 01 a 6 rdware. 12 2 1 1 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

99. Cont… Main memory is where programs and data are kept when the processor is actively using them. It hold data temporary. Main memory is closely connected to the processor, so moving instructions and data into and out of the processor is very fast. Workable example of ma i n m e m o r y i s R A M ( Ra nd o m A cc e ss Memory) RAM is considered as temporary or volatile memory; this means that the contents of RAM are lost when the computer power is turned off. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

100. (i)Random Access Memory (RAM) RAM: Is the main memory space of your computer which is considered as temporary or volatile memory, this means that the contents of RAM are lost when the Computer power is turned off. The RAM is the workspace of your computer. If your computer has more RAM, it can open more and larger programs and documents simultaneously. The documents you are currently editing, typing, formatting, and the programs your computer is using are stored in the RAM. Note: R A M c a p a c ity is e x p r es s ed in ― M e g a b y t e s ‖ ( M B ) 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

101. RAM 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

102. Characteristics of RAM 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T It is located near the CPU and hence store data immediately after CPU process them. RAM is a Primary storage. RAM is Volatile storage. RAM has little storage capacity. RAM is a temporarily storage. RAM has high speed compared to ROM It is electrically dependent.

103. (ii)Read Only Memory (ROM) ROM: Is non- volatile memory; this means that the contents of ROM are not lost when the computer power is turned off. So ROM stores data permanently. Data stored in ROM cannot be altered easily; since it was created by the manufacture of the computer.ROM has low speed compared to RAM. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

104. R O M C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 7 1 12 8 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

105. Characteristics of ROM 8 12 9 1 ROM stores data permanently ROM is non-volatile storage. ROM has low speed compared to RAM Data stored in ROM cannot be altered easily C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

106. Differences between Main memory and secondary memory m e m o r y Differences between Main memory and secondary 130 1/ d 4/ e 2 p 01 e 6 ndent. CNAMS-2015/20 d 16 ependent. 1 9 S ec o nd a r y m e m o r y Primary memory 1. Fast 2. Low capacity 3. Works directly with the processor 4. Store data temporary 5. It is electrically 1. Slow 2. Large capacity 3. Not connected directly to the processor 4. Store data permanent 5. It is NOT electrically 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

107. 2. Secondary Memory 1 Secondary storage is used for long term (permanent) storage of data and programs. The use of secondary storage devices such as magnetic disks and optical disks greatly enlarge the storage capacities of computer systems. Before the contents of secondary storage can be processed, they must be brought into the primary (main) storage unit. Secondary memory is where programs and data are kept on a long-term basis. Examples of secondary memory are HDD,CD‘s, Flash disk. When you save your work does not go into ROM. Go to other storage devices like HDD. 1 3 1 1 / 4 / 201 6 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

108. Standard unit of measuring computer storage capacity This includes the unit of measuring Computer Storage Capacity and size of file or folder. Bit: Is a smallest unit of measuring computer storage capacity and size of information. The computer stores information as a string of zeros (0) and ones (1) B y t e : A b y t e c o n sists o f e i g h t b it s. A b y t e i s e qu a l s t o o n e c h a r ac t e r . A c h a r ac t e r i s a l e tt e r , nu m b e r , o r s y m b o l - i t i s a b o u t a n y t h i n g t h a t 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T 1 1 can be typed on a keyboard. 13 2 1

109. C o n t … Kilobyte (KB): A kilobyte (KB) consists of 102 4 b y t e s, a pp r o x 1 , 00 b y t e s. 1KB is about 140 words M e ga b y t e ( M B ) : A m e g a b y t e ( M B ) c o n sists of 102 4 k i l o b y t e s. O n e m e g a b y t e e qu a l s a b o u t 100 KB O n e m e g a b y t e e qu a l s a b o u t 1 , 000 , 00 b y t e s One megabyte equals about 500 pages of text, or one large book 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Gi ga b y t e ( G B ) : A g i g a b y t e ( G B ) c o n sists of 1024 megabytes approx 1,000,000,000 bytes. 1 1 2

110. C o n t … One gigabyte equals about 1000 MB One gigabyte equals about 1,000,000 KB One gigabyte equals about 1,000,000,000 bytes One gigabyte equals over 1,000 books of text Storage Capacity Measurement 1 Byte = 8Bits 1 Character = 1Byte 1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 Bytes 1Kilobyte = 1024 Character 1Megabytes (MB) = 1024KB 1Gigabytes (GB) = 1024MB 1Terabytes (TB) = 1024GB 1Petabytes (PB) = 1024 Terabytes 1 1 3 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

111. VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF PC The System Case/Computer Case/System unit/Chassis Motherboard/ main board /system board Central processing unit(CPU) Memory Power supply Fan Hard disk(HDD) Floppy disk(FDD) CD-ROM MONITOR, KEYBOARD, MOUSE,  1 / 4 / 201 6 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 1 4 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

112. Computer Case/System Case 11 5 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T A c o m p u t e r ca se ( a l so kn o w n a s a c o m p u t e r chassis, cabinet, box, and tower, enclosure, housing or simply CPU case) is the enclosure that contains the main components of a computer. OR IS a metal or plastic box that protect the important components against dust and damage A c o m p u t e r ca se i s s o m e ti m e s i n c o rr e c t l y referred to as a CPU .

113. Models of Computer Cases 1. T he d e s ktop m odel Sits on a desk horizontally. The monitor can be set on top. This choice can be a space saver. 11 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

114. 2 . T ow e r c a s e M o del The tower model stands upright in a vertical position that allows easy placement on the floor. Mini-tower, mid-tower, and full tower cases are available. 11 7 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

115. Components inside the computer case 76 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 1 8 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

116. P o w er supply M othe r b o ard, i n c l ud i n g ROM P r oc e s sor RA M Ha r d disk PCI s l o ts F a n CD D r i ve F l oppy 11 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T D r i ve

117. Power S upp l y External device connections to m ot h e r boa r d 12 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

118. F a n Hard drive and empty slot CD D r i v e 1 F l op p y Drive C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 7 9 1 2 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

119. Connections to the CPU for Peripherals Monitor Serial – on our computers connects to the UPS for controlled shutdown 1 2 2 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

120. Motherboard Motherboard is the largest printed circuit board which is used to connect all of the computer's essential components. Motherboard also known as system board, main board or logic board Components of the Motherboard The CPU The RAM Memory sockets The expansion slots for additional boards T h e p o r t s f o r e x t e r n a l d e v i ce s The Read Only memory (ROM) A d a p t e r ca r d s ( N e t w o r k, m o d e m , V i d e o a n d S o u n d C a r ds 1 2 3 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

121. MOTHERBOARD/SYSTEM BOARD p r o c e ss o r c hip a d ap t e r c a r d s m e m o r y c h ip mem o r y s l o t s motherboard Expansion slots for a d ap t e r c a r d s 1 2 4 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

122. Computer Software What is Computer software? Software is a set of instructions that control computer hardware operations. Basically it direct the computer how to perform tasks. Also called P rograms. Software: drives hardware to perform certain functions. Without software the computer is useless. The software consists of the programs and associated data (information) stored in the computer. A program is a set of instructions that the computer follows to manipulate data. Without programs, a computer is just a lot of high-tech hardware that doesn‘t do anything. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

123. Examples of Software's . 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

124. Types of Computer Software Software can be divided into two groups: System Software Operating System Utility Programs Language translator Application Software Word processor e.g. Ms Word Spreadsheet e.g. Ms Excel 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

125. System software 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T System Software is the software that controls the overall operation of the computer system. The system software is basically a software that enables the application software to interact with computer and helps the computer to manage its internal as well as external resources. System software is needed to run application software.

126. Types of system software. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T O p er a t i n g S y s t e m Utility Programs La n g u ag e T r a n sl a t o r

127. O p er a t i n g S y s t e m OS: This is the principal component of system soft ware in any computer system. It manages the basic operation of computer system. The Examples of OS are DOS, Windows, UNIX, LINUX etc. OS: This is type of Software that manages all other programs in a computer system. Also it manages the flow of information through the computer system. Generally the OS acts as an interface or a bridge between the user and the Hardware of the computer 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

128. system software Operating System (OS) is a set of programs that coordinates all a c ti v iti e s am o n g computer hardware devices and allows users to run a pp li c ati o n s of t w a r e U t i l i t y P r og r a m s all o w t h e u s e r to perform maintenance-type tasks u s u all y r e lat e d t o ma n a g i ng a c o m pu t e r , it s d e v i ce s o r it s p r o g r am s 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

129. T h e O S a c t a s a “ Sh e ll ” a r o un d t h e h ar d w ar e HARDWARE Op era t in g S y s t e m u s e A pp l ic a t ion software For program to work, they need an OS, For users to get useful work out of the computer they have to use applications programs and the OS to communicate with the hardware User A p p l i c a t ion Software C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 14 3 1 3 2 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

130. Examples of System Software's An operating system is the link between you and the hardware/software DOS W indows 3 W indows 95 W indows 98 W indows Millenni u m W indows NT Windows 2000 W indows XP Others Operating systems(non-microsoft) are Macintosh and Linux family including RedHat, Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora etc 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

131. Functions of Operating System 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Coordinates all input and output devices during data processing. File and folder management Management of all applications software Security Management Memory Management Process Management Resources allocation Management Provide User Interface

132. 3 5 File and folder management when a file is saved, the operating system saves it, attaches a name to it, and remembers where it put the file for future use. Management of all applications software. When a user requests a program, the operating system locates the application and loads it into the primary memory or RAM of the computer . Process Management, booting, open, save, copy, send and print Resource Management. Installing drivers required for input, output, memory, power, communication devices. Coordinating among peripherals. D 1 o /4 w /2 n l 1 o 6 ading-Uploading. C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

133. 3 6 Communication Management. User – Application S/W – Hardware. One computer to other computer in LAN/WAN. Command interpretation Memory Management. Primary RAM-ROM. Secondary – Hard Disc, CD, DVD, Pen etc. Security Management. Virus management. Alert messages. Dialogue boxes. Firewall. P 1 a / s 4 s / w 20 o 16 rds./ Access protecti C o N n AMS-2015/2016 1 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

134. Utility Programs Utility Programs: These are pre-written programs supplied by the manufacturer for maintaining day to day activities of computer system. Examples of utility programs are: Windows Explorer (File/Folder Management) Windows Media Player Anti-Virus Utilities Disk Defragmentation Disk Clean Backup WinZip 3 7  1 / 4 / 2 W 01 6 i n R A R 14 6 1 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

135. Some tasks carried out by utility programs 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T R e n ami n g f i l e s Sending files to the Printer Deleting files Backing up files Copying files S or ti n g d a t a Repairing damaged files Listing files on the a disk

136. Language Translator 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T A l a n g u a g e t r a n s l a t o r i s a s o f t w a r e t h a t translates a program written by a programmer in a language such as C, HTML into machine language (0, 1) which the computer understands.

137. 2. Application Software Applications software: Is the software developed to solve particular problem or task. Types of Application Software's Application packages (e.g. Word processing software, Spreadsheet software and database software) Integrated Software: This is the collection of application software which share common set of commands e.g. word processor, Spreadsheet and graphics package all in one. Tailor-made Software (Specific Software) General Purpose packages e.g. a word processing 1/4/2 p a 16 ckage can be used CN b A y MS a -2 n y 15/ b 2 u 01 s 6 iness 14 9 1 4 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

138. Application software Suite: Popular software applications bundled together as a single unit Presentation Graphics Spreadsheet D a t a b a s e Word P r o ce s s i n g 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

139. Application Software's Word processing M icr o s o ft W o r d Spreadsheet Micr o s o ft E x ce l Database Micr o s o ft A cce s s Web browsing Micr o s o ft In t er n e t E x p l o re r Accounting Sage 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

140. Examples of Application Software's 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Opera (Web Browser Microsoft Word (Word Processing) Microsoft Excel (Spreadsheet software) MySQL (Database Software) Microsoft PowerPoint (Presentation Software) iTunes (Music / Sound Software) VLC Media Player (Audio / Video Software ) World of War craft (Game Software) Adobe Photoshop (Graphics Software)

141. Types of Computer 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Computers come in a variety of different types designed for different purposes, with different capabilities and costs. Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows: Microcomputers M a i n f r a m e C o m pu t er s Mini Computer Sup e r C o m pu t er s

142. 1 . M ic ro c o m p u t e r s/P e r s o n a l c o m pu t er s 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T A microcomputer is a small single-user computer based on a microprocessor. They are often called personal computers because they are designed to be used by one person at a time. Personal computers are typically used at home, at school, or at a business. Popular uses for microcomputers include word processing, surfing the web, sending and receiving e-mail, spreadsheet calculations, database management, editing photographs, creating graphics, and playing music or games.

143. Types of Microcomputers Personal digital assistant (PDAs) Desktop computers Laptops Palmtop Computers Notebook Computers 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

144. Personal Computers What are the two most popular series of personal computers? PC and compatibles use the Windows operating system Apple Macintosh uses the Macintosh operating system (Mac OS) 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

145. Personal Computers What is a desktop computer? Designed so all of the components fit on or under a desk or table 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

146. Handheld Computers What is a tablet PC ? Resembles a letter-sized slate Allows you to write on the screen using a stylus Smaller version is the modular computer What are Web-enabled handheld computers? Allow you to check e-mail and access the Internet Web-enabled telephone is a “smart phone” 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

147. Handheld Computers What is a personal digital assistant (PDA) ? Provides personal organizer functions Calendar Appointment book Address book Calculator Notepad C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 01 1 6 5 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

148. 2 . M a i n f r a m e C o m pu t er s 1 1 6 1 5 A mainframe is a computer which allows m u l t i - u s e r a n d ca p a b i l i t y o f s u pp o r ti n g ma n y hundreds or thousands of users at a time. This computer has more powerful than Microcomputers. Mainframe computers can be used in Banks, Large insurance companies, Building societies, u ti l it y c o m p a n i e s e t c C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

149. M a i n f r a m e C o m pu t e r 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

150. 3. Minicomputer Computers 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Minicomputers are computers small than mainframe computers in terms of speed and size but larger than microcomputer Minicomputers are characterized with following features S upp o r t m u l t i - u s e r acc e ss Small in size usually took up to the size of a large refrigerator or two Can process few millions of program instructions per second

151. 4 . Sup e r C o m pu t e r 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are used for weather forecasting, animated graphics (movie films), nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration. Allows Multi-user and Capability of supporting hundreds of millions users at a time. This computer is most powerful and very expensive compared to all types of computers

152. Super Computer C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 5 1 16 5 5 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

153. Summary ontypes of computer 6 No. Type Specifications 1 PC (Personal Computer) Single user computer system. Moderately powerful microprocessor. 2 WorkStation Single user computer system. Similar to Personal Computer but have more powerful microprocessor. 3 Mini Computer Multi-user computer system. Capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously. 4 M a i n F r am e Multi-user computer system. Capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously. Software technology is different from minicomputer. 5 1/4/ Supercomputer 2016 An extremely fast computer, which can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second. CNAMS-2015/2016 1661 5 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

154. Classification of Computers 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

155. Classification of Computers In terms of manufacturer Dell computers IBM computers Hitachi computers Compaq computers HP computers etc 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

156. 2.In terms of power and speed Supercomputers : used in military missile speed weapons (2000 MIPS) Mainframe computers: Most normal computers in business companies (20-50 MIPS) Mini Computers : Medium size computer (5-10 MIPS)-useful for accounting, payroll/scientific computation Workstations : used bymainly by engineers and scientist for sophisticated purposes Microcomputer or personal computers : Small computer that can fit next o a desk or on desktop. They are available in desktop, tower, notebook, palm top. Microcontrollers - tiny computers installed in pocket calculators and microwave ovens. 16 9 1 5 9 1 / 4 / 201 6 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

157. 3.In terms of data type/construction (technology) Digital computer: display output in discrete wave form Analog computer: display results ina continuous wave forms Hybrid computer: combines features of digital and analog computers 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

158. 4. Interms of Purpose/Application 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Special purpose/specific purpose computer Personal/Digital Assistants Network Computers General purpose computer

159. Classification according to Size Handheld Notebook Laptop Portable Desktop 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

160. Classification-by Use Home Personal Professional Workstation Multi-user 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

161. 7.In terms of Generation/History of the Computers 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T 1 st Generation(1940-1958): they include ENIAC,IBM 360.701,704 2 nd Generation(1959-1963): Transistors invented and put into use 3 rd Generation(1964-1970): IC chips technology employed 4 th Generation (1971-to date): Larger scales integrated (LSI) and Very large scale (VLSI) were developed.

162. Advantages of Using Computer 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Computers are very Accurate. (GIGO) Computer Simplify Communication Entertainment through Games and Music Computer creates employment to the people e.g. Secretaries Improve training e.g. in School, Universities Computers are extremely fast Computers can keep large amounts of information in a small space Computers can work continuously for 24 hours a day without being tired

163. C o n t … 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T 9. Diligence-can work continuously for 24 hours 10.Consistency/diligent-always give the same result without changes Versatility-able to adapt or to be adopted to different functions or activities Automation-working by itself with little ornor direct human control.

164. Disadvantages/Limitations of Computers 167 Loss of data. When you use a computer, it is possible that data can be lost because of hardware or software damage. Health problems . Eye sight defect and killing of reproductive cells especially for males Staff needs training to use it. I t d e p e n ds on e l ec t r i c i ty Destruction of culture/moral decay .adoption of wearing style and watching pornographic movies Computers can replace people and hence cause unemployment 7. Computer are not always secure, and confidential information can be misused C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

165. Application of Computer in Different Area Workplace: Many people use computers to keep records, analyze data, do research, and manage projects. Military: for security purpose Hospital: for disease detection and record keeping Learning institution : like colleges, universities, primary and secondary school for registration and learning tools. Bank: all transaction in bank done by using computer Industry: for production, order and supply Home: find information, store pictures and music, track finances, play games, and communicate with 168 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 / 4 / 2 o t 1 h 6 e r s . 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

166. Examples of Computer Usage What are five categories of computer users? H o m e 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T S m a l l O ff i c e/ H o m e O ff i ce ( S O H O ) M o b il e La r g e B us i nes s P o w er

167. Examples of Computer Usage 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T What software is available for a home user? Web access Entertainment Communications P e r s o n al f i n a n ce m a n a g e m e n t

168. Examples of Computer Usage What software is available for a small office/home office (SOHO) user? Local area network (LAN) P r o du c t iv i t y s o f t wa r e Sp ec ia l t y s o f t wa r e W e b u s age E-mail 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

169. Examples of Computer Usage What is available for a mobile user? Hardware Software Productivity Presentation Personal i n fo r ma t i o n manager N o t eb o o k co m pu t e r s 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T H andhe l d co m pu t e r s W e b - e n a b l ed c e ll u l ar phon es

170. Examples of Computer Usage 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T What are the needs of the large business user? W e b a cces s Public kiosk Telecommuting Network Productivity software Scheduling

171. Examples of Computer Usage 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T What are the needs of a power user? Speed and large amounts of storage Types of power users Engineers Architects D e s k t o p pu b li s h e r s Graphic artists

172. Computer Applications in Society What are some examples of computer applications in society? Education Finance Government Healthcare Science Publishing Travel Industry 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

173. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Q u e s t i o n s Briefly explain how computer works Briefly explain importance of using computer in your study What are the characteristics of computer? Give short explanation about types of computer What is computer software? Explain two types of computer software. Define computer user. Mention five types of computer user

174. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Q u e s t i o n s What is the difference between registry and RAM? Write differences between Primary memory and secondary memory Critically discuss the impact of using computer in our life With examples, briefly explain categories of computer hardware

175. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Question 1. Define the following as applied in computer; Data Information Computer literacy Peripheral device Utility program 2. Why RAM is volatile memory and ROM is non-volatile memory?

176. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Question Suppose your friend Mr. Johnson gave you the movie file into flash disk. The size of the file was 2GB.But when you send it into your computer the message appeared as ―the disk space is full‖ .Mr. Johnson advice you to delete some folders from your computer in order to have enough space. You deleted the folder which has 3GB but when you send again the movie still it showed the same message. From the above scenario, Briefly explain why the file failed to be transferred from the flash disk into your computer?

177. Turning ON & Shutting down the Computer System 190 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 8 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

178. Switching ON the Computer System 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Make sure all cable is well connected. Switch on electric/power supply/ Switch Socket Switch ON UPS if is connected to your computer Press on button of the system unit Press ON button of monitor Wait until Booting process complete its task then you can start to use computer.

179. Switching OFF the Computer System 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Make sure no any program is running on the task bar Click on the start button Click on turn off computer/ shutdown button Press switch on/off button of monitor Switch off UPS Switch of electric circuit. Wait the computer until the monitor will show black screen

180. 8 3 Features/elements of windows based on operating system (OS) C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

181. C o m pu t e r B oo t i n g S k ill s T ec hn i qu e s What is Booting? Booting is the process of turning ON the computer System . This process includes initializing all your hardware components in your computer and get them to work together and to load your default operating system which will make your computer operational. The Operating system begins to operate as soon as you turn on or boot the computer. Computer booting is the process of turning on a computer and starting the operating system. The computer term boot is short for bootstrap or bootstrap load. Booting is the process that occurs when you press the power button to turn your computer on. During this process (which may 8 4 1/4/2 t a 1 k 6 e a minute or two C m NA in M u S t -2 e s 1 ) 5/2016 19 4 1 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

182. During Booting the computer performs the following: It runs tests to make sure everything is working correctly. It checks for new hardware. It then starts up the operating system. 185 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

183. K e y t er m i no l o g ies A boot loader is a computer program that loads the main operating system or runtime environment for the computer after completion of self-tests. Sometimes you'll see an instruction to "reboot" the operating system. Reboot: Is the process to restarting a computer so as to reload the operating system (The most familiar way to do these on PCs is pressing the Ctrl, Alt, and Delete keys at the 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T same time). 186

184. Types of Booting 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T There are two types of computer booting: Cold booting Warm booting.

185. 1 . C o l d B oo t i n g 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Cold booting is the kind of computer booting where by a user turn on a computer that has been powered off.If the computer is in off state and we boot the Computer by pressing the p o w e r s w it c h ‗ ON ‘ fr o m t h e s y s t e m ca se t h e n i t is called as cold booting.

186. 2 . W a r m B oo t i n g 20 1 8 9 This is the kind of computer booting where by a user restart the computer that has been powered o n . I f t h e c o m p u t e r i s a l r e a d y ‗ ON ‘ a n d w e restart it by pressing the ‗RESET‘ button from the system box or CTRL, ALT and DEL key simultaneously from the keyboard then it is called warm booting. C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

187. Shutting Down the Computer 190 Shut down is the process of turning off the computer. It is important to properly shut down Windows when turning off your computer—as opposed to just hitting the power switch. Use the Shut Down command on the Start menu when rebooting or turning off your computer. This allows Windows to save your work and make sure that no data is lost. The following steps should be taken when exiting a Windows session. C l o s e a n y p r o g r a m y o u a r e r u n n i n g. I n m o s t ca s e s , u s e t h e E x i t command from the File menu. C li c k t h e S t a r t b u t t o n a n d c li c k S h ut D o w n . Select from the list of options. The number of options varies d e p e n d i n g o n w h e t h e r y o u a r e c o nn ec t e d t o a n e t w o r k o r n o t . W a i t u n t i l y o u r ece i v e a m e ss a ge t e lli n g y o u i t i s ― s a f e t o t u r n C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 / 4 / 2 o f 1 f 6 y o ur c o m pu t e r . ‖ 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

188. The Shut down windows dialog box 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

189. Note Sometimes you want to log off without turning your PC off. In this case, do not choose to ―ShutDown‖ the computer, but i n st ea d c hoo se ― L o g o f f ‖ . 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

190. Microsoft Windows Features 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

191. Windows 20 5 1 9 4 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Windows -is a graphical user interface (GUI) kind of operating system. It is more user friendly than other operating systems in the market like Ms Dos, Macintosh, Linux, Unix etc. Windows allow user to do more with computer than other operating systems Is an interface you see when you turn on the computer system. I t c o n s i s t of t h e c u r s o r s , i c o n s , m e nu s e tc w h i c h a ll ow the user to interact with the computer and get s . omething done easily.

192. Basically Windows provideUser interfaces which may be: 1. Command – driven 20 5 1 9 5 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Menu- driven Graphical User Interface (GUI)

193. W i n d o w s No t i f i c a t ion area File Icons D e s k t op 20 7 1 S t a t u s 9 6 Fo l d e r C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

194. D e s k t o p Desktop -This is the first screen of a window to appear when you turn on a computer and enter user name and password. The desktop is the on-screen work area on which Windows, Icons, menus & dialog boxes appear. The desktop is the primary user interface of a computer. When you boot up your computer, the desktop is displayed once the startup process is complete. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

195. Elements of Desktop 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T The desktop background/wallpaper Icons of files and folders. Task bar, which is located at the bottom of the screen by default.

196. I c o n s Icon: is a small image that represents a file, folder or program. Icons are symbols or pictures that represent items stored on your computer. Some icons represent folders (directories or groups), documents, programs, and even computer hardware. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

197. Types of Icons 1. Document icons: represent the files that you create using software. Generally, document icons resemble the program icon that created the file. For example, a Word document has part of the same logo as the Word application in which it was created. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

198. 2. Original icons/Special icons The icons that typically display when you first access your Windows desktop are My Computer, My Network Places, the Recycle Bin, and Internet Explorer. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

199. 3. Application icons Icons that have a small white arrow in the lower left corner are Shortcuts. The arrow indicates that the icon is a shortcut that points to a program, folder, or other item. A shortcut is a quick way to open a program or file. Application (program) icons represent the executable programs (software) available on your computer. For example: Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Photoshop, and Microsoft Excel . 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

200. C o n t … Sh o r t c u t i c o n Icons with an arrow in the lower left corner are shortcut icons. Click the icon for quick access to the object they represent (program, document, printer, and so on). Program, folder, and document icons Program, folder, and document icons do not have an arrow in the lower left corner. They represent the actual object and provide direct access to the object. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

201. 4. Folder icons A folder is a tool used to collect related files or folders. OR folder is a "container" in which you can store documents. It allows user to organize information and also it simplify the accessibility of information. Folders can hold both files and other folders (subfolders 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

202. C o n t … 4. Recycle Bin holds deleted files, until you Empty Recycle. 5. Internet Explorer is Microsoft's version of a Web browser. This enables user to access internet 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

203. Taskbar Taskbar: Is a bar commonly located at the bottom of the desktop that displays the programs that are currently running (opened task). This bar also displays the time, volume, and in later revisions of the Windows operating system, the Quick Launch Below is an example of what the taskbar may look like. Taskbar contains Start button, System tray, opened task, and Quick launch toolbar. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

204. Elements of aTask bar 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Desk bands e.g. Internet Explorer T h e n o ti f i ca ti o n a r e a Windows Media Player. Desktop. Contains shortcuts to items contained on the users desktop. Quick Launch.

205. Folder, File & Directory 1. File: Is the item which contains information. File can be text, image, video, audio or program. D e f i n i t i o n :A f il e i s a c o ll e c ti o n o f information, with a unique name, stored in your computer or on a removable disk. Folder: Is the container which store files. D i r ec t o r y : I s t h e l o ca ti o n w h e r e f i l e a r e s t o r e d 22 9 2 8 1 / 4 / 201 6 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

206. W h a t i s a W i nd o w ? 9 Window is a bordered rectangular screen which displays your program or document when it is open. or This is a bordered rectangular screen display, through which a user uses an opened program to perform a task There are three major window types: Program, Document and Folder. Title Bar The title bar is at the top of the window. It displays the document, program, or folder name, along with the name of the application that is open (in program windows only). 23 1 2 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

207. Window Control Buttons 210 The title bar also displays three small buttons on the right of the title bar, which change the display of the window: minimize, maximize restore, and close buttons. C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

208. Window Control buttons Minimize button This puts the current window temporarily in the taskbar located at t h e b o tt o m o f t h e d e s k t o p. Y o u ca n r e t u r n t o w h e r e y o u l e f t o f f by clicking the program‘s name on the task bar. Maximize button This makes the current window to fill the whole screen. The window cannot be resized and it gives you a maximum working area. Restore button When you maximize a window, the restore button replaces the maximize button. Clicking the restore button displays the window in its previous size and location. Close button The close button (on the right) closes the window. Click the close button once to completely close the document, application, or 23 5 2 1 1 1 / 4 / 2 f o 1 l 6 der w i n d o w . C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

209. Status Bar A st a t u s b a r i s a sma l l a r e a a t t h e b o tt o m o f a window. It is used by some applications to display helpful information for the user. For example, an open folder window on the desktop may display the number of items in the folder and how many items are selected. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

210. E x a m p l e s of S t a t u s B a r 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T The status bar of a file manager The status bar of a web browser T h e s ta t u s b a r o f a gr a ph i c s e d it o r . The status bar of word processor.

211. Toolbar 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T A t oo l b a r o f t e n p r ov i d e s q u i c k acc e ss t o functions that are commonly performed within t h e p r og r a m. F o r e x am p l e , a f o r ma t ti n g t oo l b a r in a program such as Microsoft Excel Row of boxes, often at the top of an application window that control various functions of the software

212. Re s t a r t , H i b er n a te & S t a n d b y t h e C o mpu t e r Restart/reboot: Is the process of restarting the computer or electronic device. Rebooting is sometimes necessary to recover from an error, re-initialize drivers, or hardware devices. Types of Reboot Hard reboot: is when you turn the computer completely off and then turn it back on. Soft reboot is when the desktop just goes away and then you get the reboot without having to turn the computer all the way off. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

213. Stand by Sleep mode or Stand by I s a mode the computer, monitor, or other device enters when idle for too long. This mode helps conserve power when a computer or computer device is not in use without having to sacrifice the time it would take to turn off and on the computer. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

214. Hibernation (computing) 7 Is a Power management mode that conserves power by powering down the system. In hibernate mode the current state of the system is saved to the hard drive, and the system will power down. When a user turns the system power back on, the saved information is read from the hard disk, restoring the last used settings. Hibernate mode is similar to sleep mode, however in sleep mode the power cannot be s h u t o f f . 24 4 2 1 1 / 4 / 201 6 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

215. 2 1 8 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T TOPIC TWO BASIC COMPUTER NETWORK,INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATION

216. 2 1 9 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T BASIC COMPUTER NETWORK COMPUTER NETWORK Interconnection of two or more computers in order for sharing resources and information. TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS Local Area Network (LAN) M e t r o p o lita n A r e a N e t w o r k ( MAN ) Wide Area Network (WAN)

217. 1/4/2 I n 16 ternet) 2 2 Prepared by Julius T NETWORK -TYPES L o c a l A rea N e t w o rk ( L AN ) A network situated in one geographic location (a office / school / factory Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) A network which connects several LAN‘s / users spread over a smaller geographic area (a case of University of Dodoma) Wide Area Network (WAN) A network which connects several LAN‘s / users spread over a larger geographic area (larger companies, ATM-network, 7/21/2022

218. 2 2 1 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T . Intranet Designed to permit access by users who have access Privileges to the internal LAN of the organization, Private network (LAN) used to share resources in secure environment Extranets Refer to applications and services that are Intranet based, and use extended, secure access to external users or enterprises

219. 2 2 2 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Networking Devices R e p e a t e r Hub Bridge Switch Router G a t e w a y

220. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T 2 3 Network topology Network topology is the arrangement of the various elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a computer network. Essentially, it is the topological structure of a network and may be depicted physically or logically. Types of Network topologies: The Bus topolo gy Hub/Tree topolo gy Star topolo gy Ring topolo gy Mesh topolo gy 2

221. 2 2 4 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

222. 2 2 5 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Bus topology Single cable connects all network nodes without intervening connectivity devices Devices share responsibility for getting data from one point to another Terminators stop signals after reaching end of wire Prevent signal bounce Inexpensive, not very scalable Difficult to troubleshoot, not fault-tolerant

223. Bus (continued) 2 2 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

224. 2 2 7 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Advantages and Disadvantages of Bus T o pol o g y Advantages This network can still function if one of the computers malfunctions Works well for small networks Relatively inexpensive to implement Easy to add to it Disadvantages The main disadvantage is bad connection to the cable can bring down the entire network Management costs can be high Potential for congestion with network traffic

225. Ring Topology Ring topology Each node is connected to the two nearest nodes so the entire network forms a circle One method for passing data on ring networks is token passing Active topology Each workstation transmits data 2 2 8 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

226. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T 2 9 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ring Topology Advantages This network can still function if one of the computers malfunctions Easier to manage; easier to locate a defective node or cable problem Well-suited for transmitting signals over long distances on a LAN Handles high-volume network traffic Enables reliable communication Disadvantages Expensive Requires more cable and network equipment at the start Not used as widely as bus topology Fewer equipment options Fewer options for expansion to high-speed communication 2

227. Star topology 2 3 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

228. Star topology Star topology Every node on the network is connected through a central device 2 3 1 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

229. 2 3 2 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Star (continued) Any single cable connects only two devices Cabling problems affect two nodes at most Requires more cabling than ring or bus networks More fault-tolerant Easily moved, isolated, or interconnected with other networks Scalable Supports max of 1024 addressable nodes on logical network

230. 2 3 3 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Advantages and disadvantages of Star Topology Advan t ag e s Good option for modern networks Low startup costs Easy to manage Offers opportunities for expansion Most popular topology in use; wide variety of equipment available Disadvantages Hub is a single point of failure The communications in the network will stop if the host computer stops functioning Requires more cable than the bus

231. A Hub/Tree Network Hub Hub Hub Hub Hub End node A Hub / Tree Network 2 3 4 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

232. 2 3 5 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Tree Network In hub or tree network, the wires that are used to connect different nodes are c o lla p s e d i n t o a ce n t r a l u n it , c all e d h u b . Hub does not perform switching function. It consists of repeaters that retransmitted all the signals from nodes to all other nodes in the same way. The multipoint nature of tree topology gives rise to several problems. The access control is fairly difficult to determine the time slot for each node. A n o t h e r p r ob l e m w it h m u lti p o i n t i s s i g n a l b ala n c i n g.

233. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Internet

234. W ha t i s I n t er n e t ? Is the Worldwide collection of networks that connects millions of computers. OR Is a global network in which million of computers are connected together worldwide to facilitate communication among users. E.g. sending and receiving e-mails, online talking, instant message, teleconferencing, video conferencing etc. OR Is the network of the networks that connect government, people, business etc all over the w orld Internet can also be defined as World wide network of computer m a k i n g i n f o r m a t i o n a v a il a b l e t o e v e r y o n e . 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

235. T h e s e C o m pu t er s a r e c o nn ec t e d t h r o u g h Telephone lines : telephone lines internet signals from one place to another and the signals are translated by modems. Cables in the ground: the use of optical cables which are laid in the ground then they connect different devices. optical cables transmit signals with a speed of light.(3x10 8 m/s) Satellite in space: satellite dishes capture signals from satellites in space and transmits them to their required destinations. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

236. Mo d em A modem is used to translate information transferred through telephone lines or cable and from satellite dishes. The term stands for modulate and demodulate which changes the signal from digital, which computers use, to analog, which telephones use and then back again. A high speed connection also requires a modem but because the information is transferred digitally it isn't required to change the signal from digital to analog but is used to create the connection between your computer and the computer you are connecting with. Protocol Set of rules that determine how data are exchanged between different computers. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

237. Example of Internet 1 D o w n i n g Street, London, England H A Sydney ouse, u s t r al i a d Jim’s S k a t e boa r s U S A , The Internet T a n za State h o u se, n ia C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 26 3 2 4 Patel’s Fine 1 / 4 / S 2 i 1 l 6 ks, I n d ia 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

238. Advantages ofusing Internet 1 S h ar in g f i l es Improving customer service Communication Exchange e-mail Chat Shopping Learning Entertainment S h ar in g o t h er d e v i ces ( p r in t e r s ) Central administration of all devices S upp o r t i n g n e t w o rk a pp l i ca t ion s l i k e :E - mail,Database services 26 4 2 4 1 / 4 / 201 6 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

239. Disadvantages ofusing Internet Viruses threat Today, Internet is the most popular source of spreading viruses. Most of the viruses transfer from one computer to another through e-mail or when information is downloaded on the Internet. These viruses create different problems in your computer. For example, they can affect the performance of your computer and damage valuable data and software stored in your computer. Security Problems The valuable websites can be damaged by hackers and your valuable data may be deleted. Similarly, confidential data may be accessed by unauthorized 2 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 26 5 2 4 1/4/2 p e 16 rsons. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

240. C o n t … Immorality Some websites contains immoral materials in the form of text, pictures or movies etc. These websites damage the character of new generation. F i l t r a t i o n o f I n f o r m a t i o n When a keyword is given to a search engine to search information of a specific topic, a large number of related links a displayed. In this case, it becomes difficult to filter out the required 4 3 information. 1/4/2016 26 6 2 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

241. C o n t … Accuracy of Information A lot of information about a particular topic is stored on the websites. Some information may be incorrect or not authentic. So, it becomes difficult to select the correct information. Sometimes you may be confused. Wastage of times A lot of time is wasted to collect the information on the Internet. Some people waste a lot of time in chatting or to play games. At home and offices, most of the people use Internet without any positive purpose. English language problems Most of the information on the Internet is available in 4 4 English language. So, some people cannot avail the 1/4/2 f a 1 c 6 ility of Internet. CNAMS-2015/2016 26 7 2 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

242. 4 5 Make sure you understand each terminology! HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) - The coding language used to create documents for use on the World Wide Web. HTTP (Hyper Text Transport Protocol) - the set of rules for exchanging files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web. Http is termed as the protocol that facilitate exchanges of electronic files in the World Wide Web URL (Uniform Resource Locator) - The Internet address. The prefix of a URL indicates which area of the Internet will be accessed. URLs look differently depending on the Internet resource you are seeking. Examples. http. www.google.com , www.tpsc.ac.tz Webpage –A web page is a document created with HTML that is part of a group of hypertext documents or resources available on the World Wide Web . Collectively, these documents and resources form a web site. Every Web page is identified by a unique URL. C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 2 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

243. its 1/ o 4 w /2 n 01 p 6 rotocol called Hypertext C T N r A a M ns S f - e 2 r P 15 ro /2 to c 1 o 6 l (HTTP). 2 4 6 Website –A Web site is a related collection of related Webpages files (World Wide Web (WWW) files) that includes a beginning file called a home page. For Example https://www.udom.ac.tz http - stands for the hypertext transport protocol www- world wide web udom- website name ac- academic( this means, com- commercial, mil-military etc.)(organization name) tz - Ta n za n i a ( c o u n t ry n am e , s o fo r K e n y a . k e , U g a n da . ug e t c . ) What is home page? T h e b e g i nn i n g " p a g e " o f a n y s it e . The first page that a Web site presents Often provides connections to other Web pages World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of Internet servers that supports hypertext to access several Internet protocols on a single interface. The World Wide Web has 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

244. w w w WWW: is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them via hyperlinks. A W e b s i te is a collection of r e lat e d W e b p a g e s A W e b p age c o n tai n s text, graphics, sound, v i d e o , a n d li n ks t o o t h e r W e b p a g e s Y o u c a n s h a r e i n fo r ma ti o n b y c r e ati n g W e b p a g e s o r p o s ti n g p h o t o s o n a p h o t o c o mm u n i t y 247 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

245. I nt er n e t re s o u rce s Apart from the www, the internet ca be used to send electronic mail ( e-mail) and to transfer files between computers. File transfer Protocol ( FTP) is a program the allow you to transfer files between computers on the internet as distinct from transferring files for immediate viewing Download --To copy data from a remote computer (internet) to a local computer. Or Transferring a file from a remote computer to your own computer Upload —To send data from a local computer to a remote computer (internet).or Sending a file to a remote computer Other facilities available on the internet include NEWS GROUPS for the dissemination of information to interested groups, and Internet Relay Chat which allows people to communicate with each other instantly by typing text keyboar 2 d 48 - 1/4/2 r a 1 t 6 her than by talking C o N n A t M h S e -2 t e 1 l 5 e / p 2 h 016 one. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

246. W e b B r o w s e r 249 is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web . A web browser isa software that allows you to view, navigate and interact with the World Wide Web. A Browser is a program that allows a person to view pages over the Internet and to navigate/move from one page to another by the use of links found in the WebPages Exa m ples of browsers are such as: M o zill a F i r e fo x Opera Safari N e t s c a pe N a v i g at o r M i c r o s of t I n t e r n e t E xp l o r e r 6 1 . / 4 / 2 G 1 o 6 o g l e c hr o m e , e t c . Prepared by Julius T

247. Opening Internet Explorer There are several ways which you can use to Start Microsoft Internet Explorer 1 st Option Click Start Button Select All Programs Select Microsoft Office Click Microsoft Internet Explorer 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

248. Opening Internet Explorer 2 nd Option If there is a shortcut to Microsoft Internet Explorer at the Desktop: D o u b l e c li c k t h e I c o n OR R i g h t C li c k t h e I c o n Click Open OR Click the Icon once P r e s s t h e E n t e r K e y 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

249. Internet explorer window . Title bar Help menu A dd r ess ( U R L ) W eb Status bar S t a n d a r d buttons C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 28 4 2 5 2 P 1/ a 4 g /2 e 016 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

250. W h a t i s a w e b a dd re ss ? U n i f o r m R e s o u rc e Locators (URLS) 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T A w e b a dd r e ss i s a c o ll e c ti o n o f p a g e s o n t h e web owned by an individual or organization. T h e f i r st p a g e o f a w e b s i t e i s t h e h o m e page Every web page has a unique address. This is known as a URL ( Uniform Resource Locator) it usually begins with ‗http://www: (http stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol and tells a web browser that it is looking for a web page.)

251. Addresses or Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T These are addresses of website that you are visiting .The URL or address is often shown beginning with http ; this stands for Hypertext transfer protocol which is assumed, so it is not necessary to type it, i.e. http://www.esb.co.tz The URL/address is usually made up of the following parts; i)WWW (World Wide Web) Some letters or characters which indicate the organization e.g. www.tpsc.ac.tz Some letters which describe the type of the organization eg. www.udom.ac.tz(ac stands for academic) www.ucc.co.tz(co and com stands for commercial Organization www.elct.org , www.mwakasege.org (org stands for non profit - making organization) Some letters which describes the country e.g. www.bbc.co.uk NOTE : The parts are separated by full stops and never include space.

252. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T W e b a dd r e ss c o n t. M os t m o d e r n b r o w s e r s h a v e ‗h tt p : // ‘ s t o r ed s o y o u c a n s ta r t at ‗ www‘ . S o m e U R L s i n c l ud e: http://www.bbc.co.uk http://www.bargainholdays.com http://www.nhm.ac.uk http://www.isvgroup.co/ittest The text after the www shows the domain name, the organization's name- e.g. BBC, bargainholdays and nhm (Natural History Museum) the type of site, - e.g. . co and . com are commercial companies; ac is an academic community, and the country, - e.g. uk is United Kingdom.

253. Structure of aWeb Address http://www.microsoft.com 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

254. Searching Engine 2 5 7 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T is a software system that is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The information searched may be a mix of web pages, images, and other types of files. Is a means of searching for information that can be found on the internet. F o r e x a m p l e w h e n acce ss i n g a s ea r c h e n g i n e y o u mi g h t specify that you want to search for information about ‗Polar Bears‘ then search engine would return all the URLs (addresses) it knows about it. A ll o ws y o u t o s ea r c h f o r r e l e v a n t i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e W e b

255. 2 5 8 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Examples of search engines: www.google.com www.yahoo.com www.ask.co.uk www.altavista.com www.cycons.com www.mamma.com www.hotbot.com www.excite.co.uk http://www.Infoseek.com www.baidu.com www.bing.com www.msn.com

256. I nt er n e t S er v i ce s 259 Internet Banking E-government E-Learning E- commerce/E- business E-marketing Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP). E-mail Instant Messaging /1 4/2016 Video conferenci CN ng AMS-2015/2016 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

257. 2 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Internet Banking Internet banking is the electronic banking via the internet. Internet banking is referred to as the systems of banking in customers can view their account details, pay bills and transfer money by means of the internet.

258. 2 6 1 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet Banking ADVANTAGES It is fast It simplify banking Activities because users can have access to their money anywhere in the world . DISADVANTAGES Theft of money due to hacking etc. Expensive to run and difficult to manage

259. 2 6 2 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T E-Governance E-Governance is the application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for delivering government services, exchange of information communication transactions, integration various stand-one systems and services between Government-to-Citizens (G2C), Government-to-Business(G2B),Government-to- Government( G2G) as well as back office processes and interactions within the entire government frame work. Through the e-Governance, the government services will be made available to the citizens in a convenient, efficient and transparent manner.

260. 2 6 3 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Governance ADVANTAGES It promote transparency to the government sector and encourages democratization It enforce accountability Speed, efficiency, and convenience It help to improve public services DISADVANTAGES It is expensive to run and manage Difficult to implement

261. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T 6 4 E - le a rning E-learning is the computer and network-enabled transfer of skills and knowledge. E-learning applications and processes include Web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual education opportunities and digital collaboration. Content is delivered via the Internet, intranet/extranet, audio or video tape, satellite TV, and CD-ROM. It can be self-paced or instructor-led and includes media in the form of text, image, animation, streaming video and audio. 2

262. 2 6 5 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Learning ADVANTAGES Facilitate distance learning Simplify access to learning materials such as books, journals and articles A tutor can a teach many students at once DISADVANTAGES Poor or No face to face communication between teacher and students It easy for students to cheat It requires expensive facilities and technology

263. 2 6 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T  Post-sale activity E- commerce E-commerce is the use of internet to engage in the exchange, including buying and selling, of products and services requiring transportation, either physically or digitally, from location to location. OR Is the process of buying and selling goods or services across the internet The following are key stage of E-commerce processes Buyer find seller Selection of goods Negotiation Sale Payment Delivery

264. g 1 / l 4 o / 2 b a 1 6 l m a r k e t. 2 6 7 Prepared by Julius T Advantages and Disadvantages of E- commerce ADVANTAGES It simplify buying and selling processes It promote customer relations through storing c u s to m e r i n f o r m a t i o n a n d tracing customer buying history It enables start-up and small- and medium-sized enterprises to reach the DISADVANTAGES Computer hacking Computer theft; Fake websites that pretends to sell products while they don't 7/21/2022

265. 2 6 8 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Voice Over Internet Protocol ( V oI P ). Vo IP is a technology that allows users to make voice calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular (or analog) phone line.

266. 2 6 9 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Advantages and Disadvantages of Voice Over Internet Protocol ADVANTAGES Cheaper to make international calls than the traditional phone. DISADVANTAGES Not all VoIP services connect directly to emergency services through 9-1-1. VoIP providers may or may not offer directory assistance/white page listings Some VoIP services don't work during power outages

267. E - ma i l 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Electronic mail, commonly known as email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email systems required that the author and the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Email is a messaging system which can be used to transmit text messages and file attachments, attachments can be word processing documents, graphics, video and sound.

268. E-mail Address 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T E-mail addresses are made up of certain components that help to route it to the proper recipient, just like postal address on the envelope. E.g. [email protected] salama is the user name @ is at sign which serves as a divider between e-mail sections. ac.tz is the domain name which is the name of the user‘semail system or location

269. The Advantages of E-mail It's fast - Messages can be sent anywhere around the world in an instant It's cheap - Transmission usually costs nothing, or at the most, very little It's simple - Easy to use, after initial set-up It's efficient - Sending to a group can be done in one step It's versatile - Pictures, power points or other files can be sent too 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

270. The Disadvantages 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Email can become time consuming for answering complicated questions and misunderstandings can arise because cultural differences in the interpretation of certain words. The telephone is much better for providing detailed answers or if you feel that the question is not absolutely clear. Email can compromise the security of an organization because sensitive information can be easily distributed accidentally or deliberately. Email should be entrusted to well trained and trusted staff members. Email can become impersonal or misunderstood.

271. Application of E-Mail in Daily life Using email for business Email is a powerful, low-cost communications tool that businesses are using to market their goods, provide better customer service and work more efficiently. Marketing by email Email can provide a cost-effective way of marketing . Customers can be targeted cheaply and instantly and, unlike other forms of marketing, emails can be easily and quickly forwarded to colleagues or friends. Encouraging the recipients of marketing emails to forward them on is known as viral marketing . Improving customer service Email can be used to improve customer service. Encouraging customers to contact you by email can benefit both parties - they do not have to hang on the phone or make contact in working hours and you do not have to respond immediately, which can free up staff from answering the phone. Communication with shareholders Companies can send information to shareholders using email and other kinds C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 of electronic communication, although they have to send information on pa 3 p 2 e 2 r 7 4 if 1/ s 4 h / a 2 r e 1 h 6 olders ask for it. 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

272. Videoconferencing 275 Videoconferencing is a set of telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously. C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

273. Social Websites/Networks There are websites called social websites where people can share their views as well as exchange ideas. examples of these social networks are: Face book Twitter What sup Instagram.com Marafiki.com hi5,etc Joining in these social network you need to sign up by giving your email address and choosing a user name and password which you will be using for logging in. After logging in you can find your friends and upload your pictu r e s .. C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 32 3 2 7 6 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

274. Review Questions 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T What do you understand by computer hardware as used in ICT? There are four broad categories of computer hardware in terms of functions Describe the four categories List down at least two components from each hardware category Describe how the listed components function Data, information and instructions (programs or software) are stored into computer memories Compare and contrast primary memory and secondary memory What is the difference between magnetic disk storage devices and magnetic tape storage devices What is the difference between CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-RW What is the difference between RAM and ROM

275. R ev iew Q u e s t i o n s 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T 4. In ICT, in order for computer-related devices to communicate with one another, telecommunication devices are necessary What do you understand by telecommunication system? List and describe any telecommunication devices you have s ee n o r j u s t h ea r d o f t h e m These days a good number of organizations have their computer networks connected to the internet. The connection to the internet can be via VSAT or leased TTCL line. What is the difference between the two types of connection to the internet? Which one is more expensive than the other? Which one is more reliable? Local area network can be wired or wireless. What is t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o ?

276. R ev iew Q u e s t i o n s 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T What is computer software? What is the difference between computer hardware and computer software? Computer hardware without software is useless WHILE computer software without computer hardware is meaningless. Discuss! What are the main roles of computer system software or operating like Microsoft Windows or Linux/Unix? What is the difference between operating system software and applications software?

277. R ev iew Q u e s t i o n s 10. W e h a v e d i s c u ss e d M i c r o s o f t W i n d o ws 7 i n o ur s u b j ec t . W h a t are the main features of the desktop operating system? Using MSWXP How do you set and change desktop/display properties of your c o m pu t e r s c r ee n ? How do you change point device properties of a conventional mouse? How do you set screen saver? What is it anyway? When you attempt to rearrange icons on your desktop they go back to their previous positions, what might be the problem? How do you rectify it? 11. There are various versions of Microsoft Windows like XP, NT, 2003, 2000, 7, e t c . i s t h e r e a n y t h i n g i n c o mm o n ? A n y significance difference(s)? 32 7 2 8 1 / 4 / 201 6 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

278. R ev iew Q u e s t i o n s 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T What is a web browser? Every web page has a unique address. This is known as……… What http://www stands for? Write two examples of a domain name There are many ways that you can find information on the web: mention 2 ofthem Write 5 advantages of network M e n t i o n t y p e s o f n e t w o r k M e n t i o n t y p e s o f s e r v e r What are network hardware? What are network-devices? What are tools used as network connection devices? What are transmission devices? G i v e a t l ea s t 5 n e t w o r k t o p o l o g i e s What does a typical URL look like

279. R ev iew Q u e s t i o n s 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Qn: Define the term bellow(20 marks) Operating system System software Utility program Internet Recycle bin File directory Folder directory Application software Cold booting W a r m b oo t i n g

280. R ev iew Q u e s t i o n s 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T In briefly explain five types of computer. In brieflyexplain the advantages of using internet M e n t i on a t l ea s t a n y f i v e e x a m p l e s of A pp l i ca t i on a n d System software's. What are the advantages of using computer in daily life? What are the bottlenecks of using a computer system? Explain the basic functions of a computer system Mention the functions of a CPU What are the components of any system?

281. R ev iew Q u e s t i o n s 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T 36. If you press a delete button after selecting a file , then the file will move to Recycle Bin Dust Bin W a s t e B i n My Documents 37. Software needs to be installed on a computer, usually from CD Floppy Flash E x t e r n a l h a r d d i s k

282. R ev iew Q u e s t i o n s 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Booting is the process of turning ON the computer System. This process includes initializing all your hardware components in your computer and gets them to work together and to load your default operating system which will make your computer operational. The Operating system begins to operate as soon as you turn on or boot the computer system. Mention any three processes occurs when the OS is booting Mention and define two types of booting.

283. R ev iew Q u e s t i o n s Outline any seven(7) advantages of using computer in our daily life. Name the devices labeled. C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 6 2 33 8 3 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

284. R ev iew Q u e s t i o n s 7 33 4 2 8 Mr. Salama has two laptop computers, Dell and Toshiba, Dell computer is more powerful and expensive compared to Toshiba computer that means it store large amount of data and process data very quickly. Mention any three computer components (hardware) which made Dell Computer to be more powerful than Toshiba computer. Advice Mr. Salama on how to protect his laptops from unauthorized users to access without his permission. 1 / 4 / 201 6 C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T

285. Review Questions 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T 288 42. Fill in the word the following abbreviation. USB OS PDF CRT LCD GIGO WYIWYG BIOS UPS ALU CPU VDU HDD RAM ROM CD CD-R CD-RW DVD

286. R ev iew Q u e s t i o n s 289 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T Discuss any five roles of a bio component of a computer system. List down any two Pros and Cons of using a computer system Identify at least four areas where do you think the business activities cannot be done without using computer. Give one example in each case. Describe Clearly the function of ach component that makes up the entire computer system. State at least three reasons to support the assertion that ― W i t h o u t s o f tw a r e , t h e c o m p u ter i s u s e l e ss ‖

287. END Prepared by Mr. Salama, Mr. Aruna, Mr. Alberto and Mr. Steven C N A MS - 2015 / 201 6 2 9 1 / 4 / 201 6 7/21/2022 Prepared by Julius T