Information - Processing View (Atkinson Shiffrin).pptx

Views on human learning with reference to (i) Concepts and principles of each view and
their applicability in different learning situations (ii) Relevance and applicability of
various theories of learning for different kinds of learning situations(iii) Role of learner
and teacher in various learning situations


Information-processing view (Atkinson Shifrin)

Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin. In 1968 these two proposed a multi-stage theory of memory. They explained that from the time information is received by the processing system, it goes through different stages to be fully stored. They broke this down to sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory (Atkinson). In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, stimuli from the environment are processed first in sensory memory, storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes. It is very brief storage—up to a couple of seconds. We are constantly bombarded with sensory information. An information processing model in psychology emphasises how information perceived via the senses is encoded, stored, retrieved and utilised by the human brain. It is a framework used by psychologists to explain and describe mental and cognitive processes. The premise of Information Processing Theory is that creating a long-term memory is something that happens in stages; first we perceive something through our sensory memory, which is everything we can see, hear, feel or taste in a given moment; our short-term memory is what we use to remember things for very short

1. Information - Processing View ( Atkinson Shiffrin ) Multi Store Model of Memory

2. What is Memory? Memory is the record of experiences. It is the storehouse of mind, the reservoir of the accumulated learning. It is a complex physical and mental process. It can be defined as the storage of the learned information for retrieval and future use.

3. Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin Richard Shiffrin (born March 13, 1942) is an American psychologist, professor of cognitive science in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Indiana University, Bloomington. Shiffrin has contributed a number of theories of attention and memory to the field of psychology. Richard Chatham Atkinson (born March 19, 1929) is an American professor of psychology and cognitive science and an academic administrator.

4. Theory at a glance- In 1968 these two proposed a multi-stage theory of memory. They explained that from the time information is received by the processing system, it goes through different stages to be fully stored. They broke this down to sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory (Atkinson).

5. Information Processing- The processing of information, typically by a computer or by an  organism , so as to yield new or more useful information. The human mind’s activity of taking-in, storing and using the information as and when required. The whole system is guided by control processes. Just like the computer, human mind takes in information, performs operations on to it to change its form and content, stores the information, retrieves it when needed and generates responses to it.

6. Defn . of Information Processing- The model of learning that examines how we learn using the Mind As A Computer metaphor. The Information Processing Model represents what happens when information flows through various internal structures which are supposed to exist inside the learner.

7. Three Step Process of Memorizing- Encoding- The processing of information into the memory system. Storage- The retention of encoded material over time. Retrieval- The process of getting the information out of memory storage for some application.

8. Multi Store Model of Memory by Atkinson and Shiffrin-

9. 3 Types of Memory-

10. Sensory Memory Stimuli from the environment (sight, sound, smell, etc.) constantly bombard our body’s mechanism for seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling and feeling. Sensory memory is the initial processing that transforms these incoming stimuli into information so we can make sense of them.

11. Short-Term Memory(STM) or Working Memory Short-Term Memory(STM) or Working Memory refers only to the temporary stage of information in memory. It just usually means storage, the immediate memory for new information that can be held for 15-20 seconds. To retain information in working memory following steps top be followed- Chunking Mnemonic Devices Rehearsal

12. Forgetting- Meaning- Forgetting or disremembering is the apparent loss or modification of information already encoded and stored in an individual's short or long-term memory. It is a spontaneous or gradual process in which old memories are unable to be recalled from memory storage .

13. Factors responsible for Forgetting- Encoding Failure- We don’t learn the information in the first place. Decay- Memories fade over time. Inadequate Retrieval Cues- We lack reminders/links. Deliberate Forgetting- We deliberately keep things out of our mind. Interference- Other memories get in the way . Retroactive Interference - New information blocks out old information. Proactive Interference - Old information blocks out new information.

14. Long-Term Memory(LTM ) Long-term memory refers to the memory process in the brain that takes information from the short-term memory store and creates long lasting memories. These memories can be from an hour ago or several decades ago. Unlimited storehouse of information Permanent store of information.

15. Long-term memory is not a single store and is divided into 2 types- explicit (conscious) and implicit (casual or unconscious).

16. Explicit and Implicit memory are both types of long-term memory.  The information we memorize consciously is known as explicit memory while the information we store or remember unconsciously is called implicit memory . Episodic Memory - Episodic memory is responsible for storing information about events (i.e. episodes) that we have experienced in our lives. It involves conscious thought and is declarative.  An example would be a memory of our 1st day at school. The knowledge that we hold in episodic memory focuses on “knowing that” something is the case (i.e. declarative).  For example, we might have an episodic memory of knowing that we caught the bus to college today. Semantic Memory - Semantic memory is  responsible for storing information about the world.  This includes knowledge about the meaning of words, as well as general knowledge. For example, London is the capital of England. It involves conscious thought and is declarative. The knowledge that we hold in semantic memory focuses on “knowing that” something is the case (i.e. declarative).  For example, we might have a semantic memory for knowing that Paris is the capital of France . Procedural Memory - Procedural memory is responsible for knowing how to do things, i.e., memory of motor skills. It does not involve conscious (i.e., it’s unconscious-automatic) thought and is not declarative.  For example, procedural memory would involve knowledge of how to ride a bicycle . Emotional Memory- Emotional memory is shorthand for denoting the memory of experiences that evoked an emotional reaction.  Types of LTM-

17. Educational Implications of Multi Store Model of Memory by Atkinson and Shiffrin- Plan for higher Attention Span. Use attention signals. Keep student’s attention engaged. Respect attention limit. Follow Chunking, Mnemonic Devices and Rehearsal techniques. Help students for effective storage and retrieval. Implicit and Explicit Memory. Take efforts to minimize student’s forgetting.

18. Criticism of Atkinson Shiffrin View of Learning- The model is oversimplified, in particular when it suggests that both short-term and long-term memory each operate in a single, uniform fashion. We now know is this not the case. It has now become apparent that both short-term and long-term memory are more complicated that previously thought . It assumes that each of the stores works as an independent unit. The model does not explain memory distortion. The model does not explain why some things may be learned with a minimal amount of rehearsal.

19. All the best!!!