INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY HARDWARE LESSON GRD 12.pptx

DESCRIPTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS FOR GRADE 12 IT IN UNIT 2

1. learning Unit 2 Hardware INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Grade 12

2. LESSON OBJECTIVES Name the components that make up the CPU design. define the components of the CPU design. State the functions of the components of the CPU design. Distinguish between serial processing and parallel processing. Know how multi-processing and hyper-threading affect or interact with each other. How the latency and RAM speed work together to improve the CPU performance. What is processer cache Define RAM and state the components (DRAM and SRAM) The purpose and types of caching

3. Central processing unit A complex set of electronic circuit that runs the machine’s operating system and apps. The CPU interprets, processes and executes instructions from the hardware and software programs running on the device. It is often called the brain of the computer, because it contains all the circuitry needed to process input, store data, and output results.

4. CPU Design

5. CONTROL UNIT AND ARITHMETIC UNIT T he Control Unit(CU) , controls the execution of each instruction. It does that by sending read or write signals to memory and the address of the instruction (or data) to be fetched (or stored, in the case of data). T he instruction/data is fetched from memory is stored in the registers in the CPU or in the ALU register. The arithmetic unit(ALU) ,is a digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and logical operations. It represents the fundamental building blocks of the CPU.

6. REGISTERS

7. Serial processing and parallel processing Serial processing is a method of processing which performs all the instructions into a sequence manner. The instructions that are given by the user will be executed in a ‘ FIFO ’ manner meaning FIRST IN FISRT OUT. Parallel processing is a method of simultaneously breaking up and running program instructions on multiple processors. Reduces processing time

8. Types of parallel processing.

9. Processor cache a hardware cache used by the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. IT IS PLACES OR LOCATED THERE to reduce the average Time or energy to access data from the main memory It Stores copies of the data from frequently used main memory locations.

10. Level 1, 2 and 3 cache Level 1 cache is a very small amount of memory built within the internal circuit of the CPU chip. level 2 cache is located on the CPU chip, but slightly further away from the internal CPU circuit Level 3 cache is on the motherboard, but closer to the CPU than RAM.

11. OTHER TYPES OF CACHING

12. Disk cache a temporary computer memory that stores frequently used data ensures that commonly accessed information is readily available.

13. RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (ram) The main memory of the computer. It stores programs that are in use and the data associated with them.

14. Types of ram DRAM= Dynamic RAM SRAM= Static RAM SDRAM= Synchronous DRAM DDR= Double Data Rate

15. dram DRAM is volatile memory, which means that it loses its data when the power is turned off. It is commonly used as the main computer memory, due to its higher transfer rate and higher storage density. stores bits of data in transistors. This memory is located closer to your processor, so your computer can easily and quickly access it for all the processes you do.

16. sram SRAM is commonly used for a computer's cache memory. It has faster access time than DRAM . not used for a computer's main memory because of its cost and size. I s either present on the processor or it is fixed between the processor and the main memory of a device.

17. Sdram and ddr SDRAM is when the refreshing of the chips is synchronized with the CPU so that the CPU does not have to wait while refreshing takes place. Improves the performance since the CPU is working at a higher frequency and instructions can be fed to the CPU at a faster rate reducing the length of time that the CPU is inactive. transmits signals once per clock cycle. With DDR data is transferred roughly twice as fast as SDRAM. DDR does not have to wait for the completion of the previous command to be able to send another operation/instruction.

18. latency

19. motherboard This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

20. motherboard A central printed circuit board that connects components and devices to each other. It hosts a variety of components such as the CPU and RAM.

21. System clock A microchip that regulates the timing and speed of all computer functions. A crystal is located within the chip and it vibrates at a specific frequency when electricity is applied. The shortest time a computer can perform is one clock (one vibration of the clock chip) The computer processer speed is measured in clock speed. e.g 1MHz = one million cycles/vibrations

22. overclocking Making the computer components run at a speed faster than designed. It does so by manipulating the frequencies at which the component is said to run. TWO WAYS OF OVERCLOCKING INCLUDE: Per Component- The CPU operates faster than the system clock by changing its own clock multiplication factor. The whole system- the system clock is increased affecting all components that detect the system clock and multiply by a factor.