Inner transition series element

B.SC-II Sem-IV
Sub:-Chemistry

1. Chapter 2
Inner Transition Elements
(f-Block Element )

3. Figure 23.1The transition elements (dblock) and inner
transition elements (fblock) in the periodic table.

4. Properties of the Transition Metals
All transition metals are metals, whereas main-group
elements in each period change from metal to nonmetal.
Many transition metal compounds are colored and
paramagnetic, whereas most main-group ionic compounds
are colorless and diamagnetic.
The properties of transition metal compounds are
related to the electron configuration of the metal ion.

13. RUSSELL-SAUNDER Coupling

14. Color of Salts

17. Occurrence of Lanthanide
https://youtu.be/CbLfzdkWJeE

20. Actinides
Actinides (5f-Block elements)
Definition: The elements in which the extra electron enters 5f-orbitalsof (n-2)thmain shall
are known as 5f-block elements, actinides or actinones.
Thus, according to the definition of actinides only thirteen elements from Th90 (5f
0
6d
2
7s
2
)
to No102 (5f
14
6d
0
7s
2
) should be the members of actinide series.
However, all the fifteen elements from Ac89 (5f
0
6d
1
7s
2
) to Lw103 (5f
14
6d
1
7s
2
) are
considered as the members of actinide series, since all these fifteen elements have same
physical and chemical properties.
In fact actinium is prototype of actinides as lanthanum is the prototype of lanthanides.
General electronic configuration of actinides is 2,8,18, 32, 5s2 , p6 d 10 f
0-14
, 6s
2
p
6
d
0-2
, 7s
2

22. +2oxidationstate:OnlyAm(Americium)isknowntoformastable+2state.Thisstateisstablein
CaF
2
onlyandhasbeenstudiedbyopticalandelectronspinresonancespectra.+3oxidationstate:+3stateisageneraloxidation
stateformostoftheactinides.ForThandPa+4and+5staterespectivelyareimportant.
+4oxidationState:-
PrincipaloxidationstateforTh
VeryimportantstablestateforPu,U,Pu
Am,Cm,Bk,&Cfareincreasinglyeasilyreduced-onlystableiscertaincomplexes,e.gBk
+4
ismoreoxidizingthanCe
+4
MCl4onlyknownforTh,Pa,U,Np
+5Oxidationstate
PrincipalstateforPa,U,Np,Pu,andAm
e.gFluoridePaF
5
,NpF
5
UF
5
+6Oxidationstate
ItsimportantforPa,Np,Pu,andAmelement
Fewothercomponente.gAnF6(An=U,Np,Pu)UCl
6
UFO
4
+7Oxidationstate
Onlythemarginallystableoxo-anionsofNpandPue,gAnO
3
)

27. B-General Principal of Metallurgy
The increasing use of metals in day to day life increases the interest of man in their properties and thesources
from which they could be recovered. This gave birth to a new branch in chemistry called metallurgy.
1.Metallurgy: The science that deals with procedures used in extracting metals from
their ores, purifying and alloying metals and creating useful objects from metals is
called metallurgy.
2.Minerals: Natural materials found inside the earth containing metals in their
combined states (as a single compound or as a mixture of compounds) mixed with
non-metallic impurities of Earthandrock are termed minerals. i.e. Cu minerals are
oxide ores –Cu2O, CuCOz. Cu(OH)2, Sulphideminerals are Cu S. CuFeS2etc.
3.Ores: The rocky materials which contain sufficient quantity of mineral so that the
metal can be extracted profitably or economically are known as ores. All ores are
minerals but all minerals are not ores.
i.e. a. Fe -Fe2O3.3H2O , Haematite.b. AI –Al2O.3H2O Bauxite.
4. Gangue or Matrix: The ores usually contains a large number of impurities like earth
matters ,rock stones, sand, lime stones, mica and other silicates. The seimpuritiesare
known as gangue or matrix.

28. Steps in metallurgy
Metallurgy involves the various steps in the extraction of pure metals from their ores
are broadly classified as follows-
1.Crushing and pulverization of the ore.
2. Dressing or concentration of the ore.
3. Calcination
4. Roasting.
5. Smelting.
6. Refining

29. 1.Crushingandpulverizationoftheore
Theseoresoccurinnatureashugelumpsasabigpieces.Theyarebrokentosmall
pieceswiththehelpofcrushersorgrinders.Thesepiecesarethenreducedtofine
powderwiththehelpofaballmillorstampmill.Thisprocessiscalledpulverization.
Dependinguponthenatureoftheore,oneormoreofthefollowingstepsaretakento
concentratetheore.Thesearemostlyphysicalmethod.

33. https://youtu.be/8oTdCGj334U
Magnetic separation method
Animation
https://youtu.be/XVjeWQqruVM
Leaching Process Animation
https://youtu.be/LLV_DJdeQlI
Calcination Process
https://youtu.be/clIvCiCifxs
Roasting Process
https://youtu.be/WyPZK0HGG98
Smelting
https://youtu.be/pMEiyKZ4H4g
Electrolytic refining process animation

34. Pyrometallurgy
ThetermsPyrometallurgyisrelatedtometallurgicalprocess,involvingtheuseof
heatforthetreatmentathightemperature,includessmeltingandroasting.
Itinvolvesheatinginablastfurnaceattemperaturesabove1500°Ctoconvertwaste
toaformthatcanberefined.
Theoxidewasteisheatedwithareducingagent,suchascarbonintheformofcoke
orcoal;theoxygenofthemetalcombineswiththecarbonandisremovedincarbon
dioxidegas.
Thewastematerialine-waste(non-metallicparts)iscalledgangue;itisremovedby
meansofasubstancecalledafluxwhich,whenheated,combineswithittoforma
moltenmasscalledslag.
Beinglighterthanthemetal,theslagfloatsonitandcanbeskimmedordrawnoff.
Pyrometallurgy the basic operation is the direct introduction of e-waste into a
furnace mixed with are ducer and smelting agent.
This operation is accompanied with strong gas emissions including:-CO2-CO
coming from oxidation of carbon used as the reducer dust of scrap metals and other
components, greenhouse effect gases like SO2, Cl2, HCl and NOX, Organic volatile
compounds.
In pyrometallurgy, almost allwaste content is burnt to ashes or carbon and leaving
behind also a mixture of heavy metals. Useful materials such as plastics, which
might otherwise be further recycled into re-engineering plastic are also being burnt
(this is in the event that feed materials did not go through initial mechanical
separation stage).Other lesser important content such as paper, ceramics, glass and
fibers which could also be reused as filler or flux in certain products are also non-
recoverable.

35. Hydrometallurgy
Hydrometallurgy,sometimescalledleaching,involvestheselectivedissolutionofmetalsfrom
theirwaste.
Itinvolvestheuseofaqueouschemicalsandmuchlowertemperaturestoseparatemetal.Metal
isrecoveredbyelectrolysisofthesolution.
Ifmetalobtainedfromwastestillcontainsimpurities,specialrefiningprocessesarerequired.
Hydrometallurgygeneratessomehazardousgasessuchaschlorine,noxiousandhydrogen
cyanidegaseswhichispossibletobetreatedbyasimple1-3stagescrubbersystemwitha
chemicalscrubbingsolution.
Incontrasttoafurnaceprocess,chemicalprocessalsogenerateswastewater.Nogasescan
escapeandsolventsarefullytrappedatroomtemperature,whereitisnotinpositiontoproduce
dioxinsorothergreenhouseeffects.Hydrometallurgyismoreenvironmentallyfriendlyalsoas
sulphurispresentedasastablesulphateorelementalsulphurratherthansulphurdioxide
emissions.
Byusinghydrometallurgy,almostallwastecomponents(notonlyheavymetals)couldbe
segregatedandrecoveredforfurtherrecyclingorre-useLeachingprocessesproduceresidues,
whileeffluenttreatmentresultsinsludgeswhichcanbesentformetalsrecovery.
Hydrometallurgyleadstoahigherrecoveryrateduetorelativeeaseinleachingofproductand
thepossibilityofcascading-re-circulatingsolidwastetothenextstepandachievingahigh
recoveryratewithchemicalprecipitationofelectro-winning.mofiningthatinvolvestheuseof
water&aqueous