Innovive approaches in Weed Management.pptx

weed management

1. Innovative Approach In Weed Management RAVI MEHTA PROGRAM OFFICER BMPS BARWAHA

2. WEED ? ‘a plant out of place’ ‘a plant growing at a place and time where it is not desired’ ‘a plant with negative value’ ‘a plant growing with the desired plant’ ‘an uninvited plant’ ‘a useless, unwanted and undesirable plant’ ‘an honest independent competitor for food materials in a struggle for existence’ ‘a plant that grows so luxuriously or plentifully that it chokes out all other plants that possess more valuable nutritive properties a plant that interferes with the utilization of land and water resources and adversely affects human welfare’ ‘a plant that grows simultaneously in a habitat that has been greatly modified by human action’An A plant will be a weed only when it interferes with human activities

3. Characteristics of weed CHARACTERISTICS: In the world 30,000 species of weeds have been listed. Out of which 18,000 cause serious damage to agricultural production. 18 weeds are considered as world worst weeds. These weeds are more competitive than the cultivated crops. They are capable of thriving under stress condition. They produce enormous seeds. The weed seeds are easily germinated, they undergo pollination very easily.

4. DWR,Jabalpur

5. LOSS CAUSED DUE TO WEEDS Cotton 50% Oilseeds 35% Pulses & Rice 30% Fruits & Vegetables 30-35% Wheat 15% Overall range 10-40%

6. Yield reduction due to weeds in India ($11 billion/year) DWR(ICAR),Jabalpur

7. Harmful effects of weeds Harmful effects of weeds: Compete with crop- space, light, moisture, nutrients: Yield Reduction Affects quality- farm products, livestock products such as milk & skin Acts as alternate host- pests & pathogens Causes health problems- E.g. Parthenium causes allergy Increases cost of cultivation- weeding problems Reduces the land value Some weeds are poisonous to livestock

8. Beneficial effects of weeds: As a manure- eg., Calotropis gigantea , Croton sparsiflorus , Tephrosia purpuria As human feed- eg., Amaranthus viridis , Digera arvensis as greens As fodder- eg., Rynchosia aurea, R. copiata , Clitoria lerne (legume fodder) As fuel- Prosopis julilora , make charcoal and marketed As soil binder- eg., Panicum repens Beneficial effects

9. Digitaria sanguinalis Echinochloa colona Echinocloa crusgalli GRASSES

10. Cynodon dactylon Fimbristylis miliacea Leptochloa chinensis GRASSES

11. Eleusine indica Paspalum scrobiculatum

12. Sporobolus indicus Commelina benghalensis

13. Cyperus rotundus (Mutha) Cyperus difformis (Penthi juania) Cyperus iria (Chhata juania) SEDGES

14. Celosia argentea Cleome viscosa Acanthospermum hispidum BROADLEAF

15. Amaranthus spinosus Mimosa pudica Phyllanthus niruri BROADLEAF

16. Amaranthus spinosus Argemone mexicana Ageratum conyzoides

17. Boerhavia diffusa Cassia tora Euphorbia hirta

18. Physalis minima Portulaca oleracea Oldenlandia corymbosa

19. Scoparia dulcis Solanum nigrum

20. Trianthema portulacastrum Crozophera rottleri Tribulus terrestis

21. Tridax procumbens Oxalis corniculata

22. Lantana camara

23. Chromolaena odorata

24. Weed management DEFINITION: “Weed management is the application of certain principles and suitable methods that will improve the vigor and uniform stand of the crop. At the same time ignore or discourage the invasion and growth of weeds”. Evolution of weed management: (8 stages) 10,000 BC: Removed by hand 6000 BC Weeds removed by primitive hand tools 1000 BC Weeding done with the help of animal drawn implements 1920 AD Machine drawn implements were used for weeding 1930 AD Weeding was taken up by biological agents 1947 AD Weeding by chemical methods (organic herbicides ) 1997 AD Weeding by GM crops (HT/HR Crops) 2015AD Weeding by hi tech methods (Robotics, Laser ,A.I)

25. About Organic weed management Past Present Futur e Decrease in yield – Competition Host plant for pest and disease Increase in yield Weed resistance- domination An organic system of weed seed control Hand pulling- labor intensive Hand pulling- labor intensive/Chemical-Health & Environmental effect “weeds can never be eliminated but only managed”

26. As a thumb rule, the initial one-fourth to one-third period of any crop is its critical period

27. Weed management Preventive Curative Control Eradication Cultural Physical Biological Chemical Hi tech IWM

28. PREVENTIVE METHODS Weed free crop seeds Well decomposed FYM Clean machinery Restrict entry of new weeds Keep farm area clean Legal measures Prevent entry of stray cattles

29. PHYSICAL & MECHANICAL METHODS Hand Pulling Hoeing Mowing Tillage Digging Burning Flaming Flooding Mulching Soil solarization

30. What are cover crops? A close-growing crop that provides soil protection, seeding protection, and soil improvement between periods of normal crop production, or between trees in orchards and vines in vineyards. 

31. Use of cover crops or Mulches It prevents erosion and nutrient leaching Reduces the emergence of weed Provide habitat for beneficial organisms Moderate soil temperature during hot weather. Conserve soil moisture. Add significant amounts of organic matter and slow-release nutrients, especially potassium (K).

32. Examples of cover crops Cow pea/Green gram/Black gram/Horse gram ( Vigna sps. ) Velvet bean (Mucuna sps.) Yellow sweet clover ( Melilotus sps. ) Jack bean ( Canavalia ensiformis ) Canadian thistle

33. Characteristic of cover crops for suppressing weeds Live cover crops having early canopy coverage Faster growth Free from pests and diseases

34. Mechanism of weed control by cover crops/mulches 1. Formation of physical barrier: The formation of a  physical barrier  by cover crop or mulch prevents emergence of weed seedlings. The residue influences the microclimate of the soil by intercepting incoming radiation. Interception and reflection of short-wave radiation by mulch elements reduce the quantity of light available to the soil surface, the heat absorbed by soils during the day, and the amount of soil moisture evaporated from soils. These effects can interact with a multitude of seed germination requirements to determine the pattern of weed seedling emergence observed in any given season.

35. 2. Extinction of light: Weed suppression has direct correlation with light extinction. Light transmittance to the soil surface declines exponentially with increasing residue biomass. Many weed species requires light to activate a phytochrome -mediated germination process prior to emergence. Emerging weeds also require light for initiation of photosynthesis before seed reserves are depleted. Extinction of light by residue can be an important factor inhibiting weed emergence through residue. 3. Temperature regulation: Due to cover crops or mulches, the maximum temperatures decrease but the minimum temperature increase. The reduced maximum soil temperatures may delay the emergence of many weed species.

36. 4. Releasing Allelochemicals: Chemical compounds or Allelochemicals released from cover crop residue have potential to stimulate or inhibit weed germination and growth. Nitrates released by legume residue can stimulate germination of selected weed species.  

37. Best weed control practices can be obtained by following methods: using cover crops that produce higher amount of biomass using cover crops that do not decompose rapidly using cover crop management implements that pack or compress the mulch avoid fields with high population of perennial or large-seeded annual weeds

38. Disadvantages of using cover crops or mulches It does not suppress many perennial weeds May contain weed seeds Can harbor slugs, squash bugs, voles, and other pests Can keep the soil too cool or wet, slowing crop growth or maturation.

39. Photographs of experimental field

40. CULTURAL METHOD Competitive cultivars Closer spacing Proper planting time Blind cultivation Stale seed bed Crop rotation Intercropping Smother cropping Summer fallowing Flooding and drainage

41. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

42. Biological methods It involves the deliberate use of living organisms like insects, fish, disease causing organism or competitive plants to limit weed infestation. Bio agent: Ideal characteristics- Host specificity Ability to kill weed or prevent its reproduction Good adaptability Reproductive capacity at a rate sufficient to maintain control of host High ability to disperse successfully and to locate its host plant. strategies Bioherbicide approach Naturally occuring herbicide Classical approach

43. Classical approach Steps involved: 1 2 Selection of suitable target weed species Selection of suitable bio-control agents Selection of survey areas for bio-control agents Selection of effective bio-control agents Host specificity determination Introduction, liberation and establishment of control agents 3

44. Classical approach Types of classical Bio-agents Specific Non- Specific Insects Plant pathogen Competitive plants Carp fish Mites Snail Attack only one or two specific weeds Feed upon a variety of vegetation

45. SPECIFIC BIO-AGENTS Insects Crocidosema lantana (Moth) Lantana camara Plant pathogens Cephalosporium zonatum Acacia glauca Puccinia chondrillana Skeleton weed ( Chondrilla juncia ) Competitive plants Marigold & Casssia sericea Parthenium Panicum purpurascens Typha sp Carp fish- Specific Ctenopharyngodon idella (Chinese grass carp) Aquatic weeds Cyprinus carpio (common carp) Marisa cornuarietis (snails) Roots water hyacinth, water lettuce and leaves of “ Salvinia ” Tentranychus desertorum (Mite) Prickly pear “ Opuntia dellini ”

46. Weed species Bioagent Agasicles hygrophila (Flea beetle) 1. Neochetina eichhorniae 2. N. bruchi (Hyacinth weevil) 3. Orthogalumna terebrantis (Hyacinth mite) 4. Sameodes albi guttalis (Hyacinth moth) 1. Cyrtobagous salviniae (weevil) 2. Paulinia accuminata (grass hopper) Alternanthera philoxeroides Eichhornia crassipes Salvinia molesta

47. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL INSECTS NEOCHETINA EICHHORNIAE N. BRUCHII SAMEODES ALBIGUTTALIS FUNGI CERCOSPRA RODMANII COLLETOTRICHUM GLOEOSPORIODES FUSARIUM EQUISETI FUSARIUM PALLIDOROSEUM EICHHORNIA

48. Water hyacinth

49. Biological Control of Salvinia Bio agents C. salviniae Samea multiplicalis (Pyralidae ) Cyrtobagous singularis (Curculionidae) Paulinia acuminata (Acrididae)

50. Biological Control of Salvinia

51. UTILISATION OF WEEDS

52. VERMI COMPOST FROM WEEDS

53. Quality of Vermicompost Quality parameter Source material Salvinia molesta Eichhornia crassipes N (%) 0.56 0.56 P (%) 0.44 0.37 K (%) 0.62 1.04 Recovery % 50.0 53.3 Worm multiplication rate 10 times 11 times Duration 45 days 40 days

54. Weeding robots identify and remove weeds from crop fields. These robots employ computer vision and machine learning algorithms to distinguish between crops and weeds, selectively removing unwanted vegetation without harming the plants. Weeding robots reduce the reliance on herbicides and manual labour for weed control, promoting sustainable farming practices. SENSOR BASED WEEDING ROBOT HI-TECH WEED MANAGEMENT

55. LASER WEEDING

56. INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT Shift in crop-weed competition in favour of crops Prevents weed shift towards perennial nature Prevents weed resistance to herbicides Minimizes danger of herbicide residues in soil or plant and environmental pollution

57. THANK YOU We need to set our farming practices and our food economy not by the standards set by the industrial system but by our health ecosystem and human communities.