insect taxonomy presentation for B.Sc. agriculture

the document provide all the information about insect taxonomy and oredrs

1. Taxonomy is the process of identifying and classifying living organisms. Taxonomists study organisms and identify them based on their characteristics. Simpson (1961) has defined taxonomy as the theoretical study of classification including basis, principles, procedures and rules. Taxonomy includes nomenclature and classification. Systematics :- The science of study of kind and diversity of organisms and any or all relation among them. Systematics includes taxonomy and evaluation. Stages of taxonomy:- Alpha taxonomy- It is naming and characterisation of species. Beta taxonomy- Concerned with classification (Arrangements of spp. Lower to higher categories) Gama taxonomy- Concerned with evalutionary relations and phylogeny (intra specific variation) TAXONOMY – IMPORTANCE, HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT AND BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE - DEFINITIONS OF BIOTYPE, SUB-SPECIES, SPECIES, GENUS, FAMILY AND ORDER INTRODUCTION Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

2. Basis of classification:- Classification is the ordering of a large group of organisms based on certain characters into small groups. Classification based on- External structure Internal structure Developmental history Physiological data Cytogenetic data The biological system of classification is called hierarchial concept of classification. This was introduced by Carl von Linnaeus (1758) A large group of organism is subdivided into small groups of organism are known as taxa . The basic taxonomic category is species. The binomial naming system is the system used to name species. Each species is given a name that consists of two parts. The first part is the Genus to which the species belongs and the second part is the species name. For example, Apis mellifera (the honey bee). The honey bee belongs to the Genus Apis and has a scientific name of Apis mellifera . The binomial naming system was first uniformly used by Carl Linnaeus. Other names for (or types of) Binomial naming system include: Binominal nomenclature Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

3. Organisms are classified according to a system of seven ranks: 1. Kingdom 2. Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species For example, the honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) would be classified in the following way: 1. Kingdom = Animalia 2. Phylum = Arthropoda 3. Class = Insecta 4. Order = Hymenoptera 5. Family = Apidae 6. Genus = Apis 7. Species = Apis mellifera The rule regarding the naming of organism is contained in International code for zoological nomenclature Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

4. BIOTYPE A group of organisms having the same or nearly the same genotype, such as a particular strain of an insect species. SUB-SPECIES A sub-division of a species, usually inhabiting a particular area: visibly different from other populations of the same species but still able to interbreed with them. A subspecies is further division of a species based on minor but constant differences in structure, appearance or biology. Individuals in different subspecies will be morphologically or genetically different from one another but still capable of interbreeding and producing viable offspring. SPECIES The basic unit of living things, consisting of a group of individuals which all look more or less alike and which can all breed with each other to produce another generation of similar creatures. A species can be defined as a group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. GENUS A group of closely related species (plural: genera). The name of the genus is incorporated into the scientific names of all the member species: Pieris napi and Pieris rapae , for example, both belong to the genus Pieris FAMILY A taxonomic subdivision of an order, suborder, or superfamily that contains a group of related subfamilies, tribes and genera. Family names always end in - idae . ORDER A subdivision of a class or subclass containing a group of related families. Order is one of the seven taxonomic ranks used to classify living organisms. Order is positioned after Class and before Family. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

5. Evaluation of taxonomy In the twenth edition of Systema Naturae , Linnaeus (1758) divided insects into 9 orders . Coleoptera , Orthoptera , Hemiptera , Lepidoptera, Neuroptera , Hymenoptera, Diptera , Thysanoptera and Aptera . This system was artificial and not only brought together unrelated forms, but also separated insects with common descent. Under the Aptera Linnaeus included, for example no only all sorts of wingless insects, but even spiders, scorpions, Terrestrial Crustacea and Myriapods . His Neuroptera included not only antlions and sialids (alderfly), but also termites and dragonflies. He also placed earwigs under Coleoptera . Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

6. In 1775, Fabricius improved this system by taking into consideration the structure of the parts in separating different orders. He recognized 8 orders. 1. Eleuthrata ( Coleoptera ) 2. Ulonata ( Orthoptera , Blattes , Dermaptera ) 3. Synistata (Ephemera, Phryganes , Apterygotes , Percies , Neuroptera , Pscoids , Panorpes Hymenoptera and Termites and certain Crustacea ) 4 . Agoniata (Scorpions and certain Crustacea ) 5. Unogata ( Libellula , Myriapods and Arachnids) 6. Glossata (Lepidoptera) 7. Rhynchota ( Hemiptera , Apnaniptera , Thysanoptera ) 8. Antiliata ( Diptera , Anoplura , Mallophaga and parts of archanids and Crustaceans) Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

7. Later Latereille , Clairville and Lamark followed primarily Linnaean system of classification. Lamark was the first to definitely separate the insects from Crustacea , Myriapods and Archanids . In 1831, Latreille recognized 12 orders: APTERA 1. Thysanura ( Apterygotes ) Parasita ( Mallophaga , Anoplura ) Siphonaptera ( Aphaniptera -Fleas) Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

8. In 1831, Latreille recognized 12 orders: APTERA 1. Thysanura ( Apterygotes ) 2. Parasita ( Mallophaga , Anoplura ) Siphonaptera ( Aphaniptera -Fleas) ALATA Two broad classification Elythroptera 4. Coleoptera 5. Dermaptera 6. Orthoptera 7. Hemiptera b. Gymnoptera 8. Neuroptera ( Odonata , Perlids , Ephemeroptera , Panorpes , Pscoids , Termites, Embiids ) 9. Hymenotpera 10. Lepidoptera 11. Rhipiptera ( Sterpsiptera ) 12. Diptera Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

9. Burmeister was the first person who proposed the subdivision Ametabola and Metabola on the basis of the type of metamorphosis. In 1885, Brauer divided insects into 16 orders. I class: Apterygogenea 1. Thysanura 2.Collembola II class: Pterygogenea Phylum 1: Orthoptera 1. Dermaptera 2. Ephemerida 3. Odonata 4. Plecoptera 5. Orthoptera 6. Corrodentia ( Psocids ) Phylum 2: Thysanoptera 7. Thysanoptera Phylum 3: Menorrhyncha 8. Rhynchota This classification of Brauer was later slightly modified by Borner . Phylum 4: Petanoptera 9. Neuroptera 10. Panorpate ( Mecoptera ) 11. Trichoptera 12. Lepidoptera 13. Diptera 14. Siponaptera Phylum 5: Coleoptera 15. Coleoptera Phylum 6: Hymenooptera 16. Hymenoptera Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

10. Later in 1932, Brues and Melander recognizes 34 orders CLASS: Insecta Legion A and B Legion A: ( Apterygota ) Subclass - I. Thysanura : Thysanura , aptera . II. Collembola : collembolan III. Proyrua : Protura Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

11. Legion B: ( Pterygota ) Subclass-IV ( Exo ) Super orders I-IX ( orders 5 to 23) Ephemerida , Plecoptera , odonata , Embioptera , Grylloblattodea , othoptera , Phasmida , Dermaptera , Diploglossata , Blatteria , Mantodea , Isopetera , Zoroptera , Corodentia , Mallophaga , Anoplura , Thysanoptera , Homoptera and Heteroptera . Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

12. Subclass-V (Endo ) Super orders X-XIII (orders 24 to 34) Coleoptera , Strepsiptera , Hymenoptera, Megaloptera , neuroptera , Raphidoidea , Mecoptera , Trichoptera , Lepidoptera, Deptera , siphonaptera (11) Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

13. • In 1938, Martynov recognised 40 orders of living and fossil insects. He subdivided the Pterygota into Paleoptera and Neoptera . • Palaeoptera – included insects with primitive wings Ephemeroptera , Zygoptera etc., Neoptera – Section- Polyneoptera Section- Oligneoptera Section- Paraneoptera Later in 1953, Hening , Bey-Biyenko in 1962 suggested numerous suggestions. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

14. Taxonomist A.D. Imms proposed a classification of insect. Phylum : Arthropoda (with several classes) Class : Insecta ( Hexapoda ) The subclass Apterygota has 4 orders namely 1. Thysanura - Silverfish ( Thysan -fringed, Ura -tail) 2. Collembola - Springtail or snowflea ( coll -glue; embol -peg) 3. Protura - Proturans or Telsontail (Pro-first, Ura -tail) 4. Diplura - Diplurans or Japygids (Di-two; Ura -tail ) The sub-class Pterygota has two division , namely Exopterygota and Endopterygota based on the wing development. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

15. Apterygota Pterygota 1. Primarly wingless from wingless ancestors Winged or secondary wingless from winged ancestors 2.Metamorphosis is totally absent or slight Present 3. Mandibular articulation in head is monocondylic or single Double or dicondylic 4. Pleural sulcus in thorax is absent Present 5. Pregenital appendages present Absent Class insect has two subclass- Apterygota and Pterygota The subclass pterygota has two division Character Exopterygota Endopterygota 1. Wing development External Internal 2. Metamorphosis Incomplete Complete 3. Pupal stage Absent Present 4. Immature stage Naiad or Nymph Larvae Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

16. The class Insecta has 29 orders (4 in Apterygota and 25 in Pterygota ) EXOPTERYGOTA GROUPS Wing flexing mechanism is absent Ephemeroptera - Mayflies Group I. Paleopteran orders (1,2) Odonata -Dragonfly, Damselfly Mandibulate mouthparts, area of hind wings well developed, cerci present and many malphighion tubes 03. Plecoptera - Stonefly Group II. Orthopteroid orders(3-11) 04. Grlloblatodia - Rock crawlers 05. Orthoptera -Grasshopper, locust, cricket, mole cricket 06. Phasmida -stick insect, leaf insect 07. Dermaptera -Earwigs 08. Embioptera - Webspinners / Embids 09. Dictyoptera -cockroach, preying mantis 10. Isoptera - Termites 11. Zoraptera - Zorapterans Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

17. These insect have the haustellate mouthparts and mainly feed on liquid food like plant sap 12. Psocoptera - Book lice Group III. Hemipteroid orders(12-16) 13. Mallophaga - Bird lice 14. Siphonculata - Head and body louse 15. Hemiptera - Bugs 16. Thysanoptera – Thrips Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt . Prof. Entomology

18. ENDOPTERYGOTA These insect have holometabola type metamorphosis or they have larva and pupa stage Neuroptera - Antilions , aphidlion , owl flies, mantispid flies. 02. Mecoptera - Scorpionflies . Group IV. Panorpoid complex (1-6) 03. Lepidoptera - Butterflies and moths. 04. Trichoptera - Caddisfly . 05. Diptera - True fly. 06. Siphonaptera - Fleas. 07. Hymenoptera - Bees, wasps, ants. 08. Coleoptera - Beetles and weevils. 09. Strepsiptera - Stylopids . Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

19. 1. Each number represents a major change or group within the insects. All hexapods ( hexapoda ); 2. True insects; 3. Development of wings ( pterygota ); 4. Development of wing folding mechanism ( neoptera ); 5. Grasshopper-like, “ Orthopteroid ” insects, 6. Stonefly-like, “ Plecopterida ” insects; 7. Acercaria insects; 8. Endopterygota , insects with complete metamorphosis.  Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

20. ORDER- ODONATA Characters: Medium to large sized insects They are attractively colored Head is globular and constricted behind into a petiolate neck. Compound eyes are large. Three ocelli are present Mouthparts are adapted for biting. Mandibles are strongly toothed Lacinia and galea are fused to form mala which is also toothed. Wings are either equal or sub equal, membranous; venation is net work like with many cross veins. Wings have a dark pterostigma towards the costal apex. Sub costa ends in nodus . Wing flexing mechanism is absent. Etymology : Odon - tooth Common names : Dragonflies and damselflies Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

21. Legs are antero-ventrally placed. They are suited for grasping , holding and conveying the prey to the mouth. Spinose femora and tibiae are useful for holding the prey. Forward shift of leg attachments allow easy transfer of prey items to mouth in flight. Legs are held in such a way that a basket is formed into which the food is scooped. Abdomen is long and slender. In male gonopore is present on 9 th abdominal segment. But the functional copulatory organ is present on the 2 nd abdominal sternite. Before mating sperms are transferred to the functional penis. Cercus is one segmented. Metamorphosis is incomplete with three life stages. The naiad is aquatic. Labium is greatly elongated, jointed and bears two hooks at apex. It is called mask . It is useful to capture the prey. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

22. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

23. Importance: Adults are aerial predators. They are able to catch hold and devour the prey in flight. Naiads are aquatic predators. Dragonflies and damselflies can be collected with an aerial net near streams and ponds especially on a sunny day. Naiads can be collected from shallow fresh water ponds and rice fields. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

24. Classification : Two suborders   ANISOPTERA (Dragonflies) ZYGOPTERA (Damselflies)   ADULTS 1. Strong fliers Weak Fliers 2. Wings are unequal, Hindwings are basally broader than forewings Equal 3. Wings are broadly attached to the abdomen Wings are petiolated and narrowly attached 4. Venation is not similar in both forewings and hindwings. Venation is identical in both the wings. 5. Wings are spread laterally at rest Wings are held at an angle above the abdomen 6. Compound eyes are large and meet mid dorsally ( holoptic ) Compound eyes are button like, wide apart ( dichoptic ) 7. Male has three abdominal appendages. Two superior appendages (cerci) and one inferior anal appendage (epi- proct ) are present. Four terminal abdominal appendages are present. A pair of superior anal appendages (cerci) and a pair of inferior anal appendages ( paraprocts ) are present. 8. Oviposition is exophytic Oviposition is endophytic   NAIAD 1. Stout and robust Slender and fragile 2. Gills are internal and found associated with rectum Three caudal gills are present which are visible e xternally . 3. Able to propel themselves by forcibily ejecting water through anus from rectum Lack jet propulsion mechanism Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

25. Adult Dragonfly Adult Damselfly Naiad of Dragonfly Naiad of Damselfly Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

26. Characters- They are medium to large sized insects. Antenna is filiform. Mouthparts are mandibulate. Prothorax is large. Pronotum is curved, ventrally covering the pleural region. Legs normally developed, or fore legs modified for digging (fossorial) as in mole crickets or hind legs modified for jumping (saltatorial) as in grasshopper. Tarsi 3 or 4 segmented. Forewings are leathery, thickened and known as tegmina. They are capable of bending without breaking. ORDER- ORTHOPTERA Synonyms: Saltatoria , Saltatoptera Etymology: Ortho - straight; ptera -wings. Common names: Grasshoppers, Locust, Katydid, Cricket, Mole cricket Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

27. Hind wings are membranous with large anal area. They are folded by longitudinal pleats between veins and kept beneath the tegmina. Cerci are short and unsegmented. Ovipositor is well developed in female. Male genitalia concealed by the boat shaped 9th abdominal sternum. Metamorphosis is gradual. In many Orthopterans the newly hatched first instar nymphs are covered by loose cuticle and are called pro-nymphs. Wing pads of nymphs undergo reversal during development. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

28. Specialized stridulatory organs are present. Usually males alone can produce sound. Two types of stridulation is present. Alary type (crickets) and femoro -alary type (Grasshoppers). In alary type (cricket sound is produced by rubbing a sharp edge (scraper) at the base of one forewing along a file like ridge (file) on the ventral side of the other forewing. The bases of forewings at rest lie one above the other. Both the forewings possess the file and the scraper. But the file is longer in upper wing and scraper is better developed in lower wing. The forewings are elevated at about 450 when the sound is produced. In femoro -alary type, the femur of hind legs is rubbed against the tegmina. Auditory or tympanal organs are also well developed and are located on either side of the first abdominal segment (grasshopper) or at the base of fore tibiae (crickets). Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

29. Classification: This order is sub divided into two suborders , viz., Caelifera (short horned grasshoppers and locusts) and Ensifera (Long horned grasshopper, crickets and Mole crickets).   Caelifera Ensifera 1. Antenna is short with less than 30 segments. Antenna is long with more than 30 segments. 2. Tympanum is found on the lateral side of the first abdominal segment. Tympanum is fund on the the fore tibia . 3. Vision and hearing acute Tactile respones is well developed. 4. Mandibles are specialized for consuming monocot foliage. Feed on dicot plants 5. Diurnal Nocturnal 6. Rely on jumping to escape from predators Rely on crypsis 7. Eggs are laid in groups in soil inside shallow burrows. Eggs are singly inserted into plant tissue or soil. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

30. I. Sub order: Caelifera 1. Acrididae: (short horned grasshopper- Locusts, Grasshoppers) Antennae filiform shorter than the body with less than 30 segments Hind legs modified for jumping. Tarsus 3 segmented. Ovipositor is short and horny Tympanum is located one on either side of the first abdomi­nal segment. Sound is produced by femoro -alary mechanism. A row of peg like projections found on the inner side of each hind femur is rubbed against the hard radial vein of the closed tagmina . Locusts are a serious threat to tropical agriculture. They swarm under favorable conditions and mainly feed on grasses, cereals etc. Ex: 1. Rice grasshopper - Hieroglyphus banian 2. Cotton grass hopper - Cyrtacanthacris ranacea Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

31. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

32. Characters- Head is hypognathous. Antenna is filiform. Mouthparts are chewing type. Tarsus is five segmented. Forewings are more or less thickened, leathery with a mar­ginal costal vein. They are called tegmina. Hindwings are large, membranous and folded fanlike and kept beneath the forewings. Cerci are short and many segmented. Eggs are contained in an ootheca. ORDER- DICTYOPTERA Synonyms : Oothecaria , Blattiformia Etymology : Dictyon - net work; ptera - wings Common names : Cockroaches and Preying mantids. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

33. Classification: Dictyoptera is divided into two sub orders viz., Blattaria (cock­roaches) and Mantodea (preying mantids). I. Family- Blattidae (Cockroaches) Antennae setaceous , legs are cursorial and adapted for running. Mandibulate mouth parts and head is not mobile in all direction. Head nearly or completely covered from above by large shield like pronotum Ocelli 2 in number represented by fenestrae. Forewings are tegmina like with marginal costa Male genitalia complex and concealed by 9th abdominal sternum which bears a pair of styli. Cerci one to many segmented. Eggs are laid in ootheca. Found in household and dead wood. They feed on food stuff. Clothes and paper. Ex: Blattidae- Periplaneta americana , Blattellidae - Blattella germanica & Blatta orientalis . Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

34. II. Family- Mantidae (Praying Mantis) Antennae filiform or Setaceous Mouth parts are mandibulate Coxae long and closely approximated. Fore legs raptorial. Forewings are tegmina like with marginal costal vein Cerci many segmented. Hemimetabolous and eggs are laid in ootheca. Head is not covered by pronotum and highly mobile Ocelli three in number. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

35. Head is mobile in all directions Pronotum does not cover the head Three ocelli are present Pronotum is elongate Forelegs are raptorial middle and hind legs suited for walking Chitinous teeth are absent in gizzard Often (but not always) devours the male during mating Eggs are enclosed in filled solidified foam Ootheca is not chitinous. Nymphs are cannibalistic Mimic leaves and flowers Carnivorous Found mostly outdoors Economic importance: They are predators on moths, flies, grasshoppers, caterpillars, etc. Hence they are beneficial. Mantis religiosa and Gongylus gongyloides Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

36. Characters: Small, greyish white soft bodied insects. Social and polymorphic species living in large communities composed of reproductive forms together with numerous apterous , sterile soldiers and workers. Compound eyes are present in alate forms and usually absent in apterous forms. Antennae moniliform, or filiform. Mouth parts typical biting and chewing type. Apterous , brachypterous or winged. In winged forms, the front and hind wings are similar in size, shape and venation, when at rest the wings are held flat over the body and extend beyond the tip of abdomen. Wings are membranous with some what reduced venation and are capable of being shed by means of basal structures. ORDER: ISOPTERA ETYMOLOGY: " iso " meaning equal and " ptera " meaning wings COMMON NAME: Termites or white ants Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

37. Legs short and stout. Tarsus usually 4 segmented Metamorphosis simple or incomplete Except winged forms others are Photophobic. Frontal gland is a characteristic termite organ which attains its greatest development in soldiers. It is formed by a group of hypodermal cells in the median line of frons. It is sac like gland which communicates to the exterior by frontal pore, which opens in a shallow depression, on the surface of the head where the cuticle is pale, which is known as frontanella . It appears to have defensive functions Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

38. Special characters: 1. They are ancient polymorphic, socical insects living in colonies. 2. Salivary glands are well developed 3. Rectum is distended forming pouch rectal pouch to accommodate large number of symbionts. 4. Soil inhabiting termites construct earthen mounds called ‘ Termitoria ’ . 5. Have complex relationship with other organisms like Bacteria, Protozoa and Fungi which help in the digestion of food. 6. Incessant food sharing (trophallaxis) occurs between the members of the community by mouth to mouth and anus to mouth. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

39. Importance: Termites are the nature’s scavengers. They convert logs, stumps and branches etc to humus. Many are pests to crops, furniture and wooden buildings. Termite Castes: Each group of individuals that perform the same function is called caste. Reproductives or Primary reproductives : (King& Queen)- These are the highly developed individuals sexually . (Late stage nymph) They have fully developed wings and compound eyes and are usually heavily pigmented. The males are often small. Queens sometimes live for several years. The kings and queens are usually produced in large numbers at certain seasons. They leave the colony in a swarm, mate and individual pairs establish new colonies and wings are shed after mating leaving remnants called stubs . The queen termite attains enormous size after mating and the obesity is known as physogastry . Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

40. B) Supplementary reproductives : They have short wings and less heavily pigmented, usually have smaller eyes. They replace the primary reproductives when the die. They sometimes carry on extensive reproduction in the colony and supplement the queen in building the colony. C) Workers: These are sterile wingless adults. Developed from immature nymphs. They are pale in colour, lack compound eyes. Mandibles relatively small and well developed. They collect food and feed queens, soldiers and newly hatched young ones. They build up nests, passage ways, tunnels and galleries. They form the bulk of the colony . They cultivate the fungus garden and mainly responsible for damage. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

41. D) Soldiers: These are also sterile wingless adults with greatly enlarged head and mandibles. Slightly larger than workers, may or may not have compound eyes. They protect the colony. Two types of soldiers may be seen- (1) Mandibulate type (2) Nasute type ( Nasuti ). In Nasute type, the individuals have the head prolonged anteriorly into a narrow snout through which a sticky secretion is exuded. Mandibles are reduced in these. The food of termites is the cast skins and faeceses of other individuals, dead individuals and plant materials such as wood and wood products. Termites frequently groom each other with their mouth parts as a result of the attraction of some secretions available on the body ( trophallaxis – Mutual exchange of food i.e. secretions on the body. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

42. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

43. Family: Termitidae It Included about 2/3rd of recent isopterans 1 . Frontanella present 2. Pronotum of workers is narrow with a raised anterior lobe, saddle shaped 3. The scale or stub of the front wing is shorter than pronotum. Wing margin is more or less hairy. 4. Cerci with 1 or 2 segmented 5. These are all ground dwelling with wide range of food habits. Ex: Odontotermes obesus , Microtermes obesi . Termitaria : It is the living place of termite. The soil inhabiting termites build either mounds below or above the ground from soil , saliva and excreta . Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

44. Major Families: 1. Rhinotermitidae (Subterranean termites)- These insects build nests in the soil and generally infest wood that is in contact with the ground.   2. Hodotermitidae ( Rottenwood termites) - Generally found inhabiting moist wood. Contact with the soil is not a requirement.   3. Kalotermitidae ( Drywood and dampwood termites)- These insects nest in the wood itself and do not require contact with the soil.   Workers are present in all the families except Kalotermitidae . Wherein the full grown nymphs perform the duty of worker and are called as Pseudergates . Most of the termites depend on cellulose and it is digested in the body with the help of symbiotic protozoans. The digested food is regurgitated and feeds the other termites. The fungus garden is a spongy dark brown comb constructed by the workers. Two genera of fungus occur in the garden i.e., Termitomyces ( Basidiomycets ) and Xyleria (Ascomycetes). Termitophiles - Flies, beetles, silverfish and cockroaches which feed in termitoria are called as termitophiles . Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

45. Hemiptera ( Rhynchota ) Etymology :Hemi - half; ptera – wing True bugs, Jassids , Aphids, mealy bugs, whiteflies, plant hoppers etc Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

46. Hemiptera Agrticultural importance:- They are plant sap feeders but some are predators and ectoparasite . Some act as vectors for variety of pathogens, causing diseases in plant General characters:- They are minute to medium sized, soft bodied elongated oval shaped. Head is opisthognathous or hypognathous. Well developed compound eyes but absent in ectoparasite . Mouthparts are piercing and sucking type. Mandibles and maxillae are stylet like. Front wings are modified as hemielytra . Cerci are always absent. Mesothorax is represented dorsally by scutellum . Metamorphosis usually gradual; rarely complete. Alimentary canal is suitably modified to handle liquid food (filter chamber) Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

47. Classification of order hemiptera Hemiptera Homoptera heteroptera Plant hoppers / Tree hoppers / /white fly / Aphid / Jassid True bugs Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

48. Homoptera vs Heteroptera ( Hemiptera ) Homopterans are a group of sucking insects that totally depend on plants . Homopterans are plant feeders. Hemipterans are a group of insects that are both plant and blood feeders . Hemipterans are plant and blood feeders.   Pronotum Pronotum usually small and scutellum not well developed. Large and well developed scutellum triangular Toughened Areas on the First Air of Wings Homopterans lack toughened areas on the first pair of wings. Hemipterans have toughened areas on the first pair of wings. Wings   Homopterans have same wings . Homopteran species hold their wings roof-like over their backs. Hemipterans have half wings . Hemipteran species hold their wings flat over their backs with the two membranous portions overlapping. Habitats and Behavior Honey dew secretion common. Terrestrial and predaceous or blood sucking. Honey dew secretion uncommon. Both terrestrial and aquatic and herbivorous. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

49. (TRUE BUGS) Long fi l li f o rm Anten n ae with 4 -5 segments. P r o b o s c i s 3 -4 seg m ented, a r is i ng from front of head . Tarsi 2- or 3-segmented. Circi absent. HETEROPTERA Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

50. PENTATOMIDAE (Stink bugs or Shield bugs) Antenna is five segmented. Scutellum is prominent and shield like. Adults and nymphs produce a disagreeable odour from stink glands located in metathorax and abdomen respectively. Some are phytophagous and some are predaceous. e.g. Green stink bug Nezara viridula is a pest on millets. IMPORTANT FAMILIES OF SUB-ORDER HETEROPTERA Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

51. COREIDAE (Squash bugs or leaf footed bugs) Minute to medium sized insects. Body oval shaped, elongated with narrow neck. They emit a bad odour . Stink glands are found inside the metathorax . Hind tibia and tarsi are expanded and leaf like. The edge of the abdomen is raised and wings lie in a distinct depression.e.g . Pod bug, Riptortus pedestris nymphs and adults suck the sap from pods of pulses, Rice gundhi bugs etc. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

52. PYRRHOCORIDAE (Red bugs or Stainers ) They are elongate oval bugs. They show warning colouration . They are brightly marked with red and black. Membrane is with more branched veins and cells. e.g. Cotton stainer Dysdercus cingulatus . Feeding injury caused by these bugs leads to the contamination by the fungus Nematospora resulting in yellowish brown discolouration of the lint. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

53. LYGAEIDAE (Seed bugs or Chinch bugs) Cuneus is absent in hemelytra. Membrane has a few irregular veins (4-5 veins) arising from a transverse basal vein. e.g. Dusky cotton bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis nymphs and adults suck the sap from seeds of injured or already opened bolls and reduce the seed quality. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

54. Homoptera Plant hoppers / Tree hoppers / /white fly / Aphid / Jasid Short setaceous antenna. Piercing sucking mouthpart. Membranous or hard throughout of forewings. C e rci absent. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

55. Family: Delphacidae e.g. Plant hoppers This is the largest family among the plant hoppers 1. Most of the species are small with reduced wings. 2. The characteristic feature of this family is the presence of large mobile apical spur on hind tibiae. 3. Costal cell is absent in the winged forms. 4. Alary polymorphism is very common winged, wingless and brachypterous forms occur in the some species. Eg Brown plant hopper of paddy (BPH)- Nilaparvata lugens White backed plant hopper on rice (WBPH) - Sogatella furcifera Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

56. CICADELLIDAE (Leaf hoppers or Jassids ) Elongate insects with a wedge shaped body. Attractively coloured . Hind tibiae have a double row of spines. Ovipositor is well suited for lacerating the plant tissue. Nymphs and adults have the habit of running sidewise. They suck the plant sap and transmit diseases. eg . Green leaf hopper Nephotettix virescens transmits tungro disease in rice. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

57. Family: Aleurodidae 1. These are minute insects 1 to 3 mm in length and resemble tiny moths with opaque body 2. The adults have the wings covered by a fine whitish dust or powdery wax giving white colour 3. Antennae well developed usually 7 segmented 4. Honey dew is excreted in large quantities particularly by larvae through lingula in anus. 5. Compound eyes well developed and ocelli two in number 6. Immature instars are sessile, scale like, with waxy covering.   e.g. Cotton whitefly Bemisia tabaci transmits vein clearing disease in bhindi . Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

58. APHIDIDAE (Aphids or Plant lice or Greenflies) Body is pear shaped Both apterous and alate forms are found. A pair of cornicles or siphonculi or wax tubes is present in the dorsum of fifth or sixth abdominal segments which secretes wax like substance. They excrete copious amount of honey dew on which ants feed and sooty mould fungus grows. Aphids are known for their extraordinary fecundity, short life cycle and parthenogenitic reproduction. Life cycle is highly complex and it involve alternation of generation. They feed on plant sap and disseminate plant diseases. e.g. Cotton aphid Aphis gossypii . Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

59. COCCIDAE (Scale insects or Soft scales) Sexual dimorphism is present. Male : They are gnat like, with long antennae, lateral eye and vestigeal mouth parts. Mesothorax is enlarged bearing one pair of wings with on or two veins. Hind wings are reduced to halteres . A quiescent stage is present in the life history. Female : Body segmentation is indistinct. Body wall naked and covered with a waxy coating. They are wingless, legless and suck the plant sap. The first instar nymph is active and is known as crawler which moults and becomes legless. e.g. Coffee green scale Coccus viridis . Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

60. PSEUDOCOCCIDAE (Mealy bugs) Body is elongate oval in shape. Body segmentation is distinct. Body is covered by long radiating thread of mealy secretion. Functional legs are present in all instars. Wings are absent. e.g. Coconut mealy bug, Pseudococcus longispinus . Nymphs and adults suck the sap and affect the growth of spindle leaf. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

61. LEPIDOPTERA Moths, Butterflies and Skippers (Butterflies and Moths) Comes from Greek language: Lepido meaning “scale” Ptera meaning “wing” This makes sense because the insects in this order all have wings in their adult stage and the scales refer to the small flakes that coats the wings of these insects. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

62. General Characteristics Two pairs of membranous (transparent) wings that are covered with tiny scales which give colour, rigidity and strength. Large compound eyes that consists of many light-sensitive lens, each with its own refractive system and each forming its own portion of the image. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

63. Wing Coupling mechanism in Lepidoptera is either ‘Frenate’ or ‘ Amplexiform ’ Fore wings are larger than hind wings. Frenate (Lepidoptera) frenulum retinaculum male female Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

64. General Characteristics One ocelli (simple eye) with simple lens, present above each eye. Antennae present. Butterflies generally have Clavate antennae. Sometimes clubbed. Mouth parts are formed into a sucking tube known as proboscis by elongation of galeae i.e Siphoning type. Mandibles are absent. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

65. Life Cycle of Lepidoptera Moths and butterflies undergo a complete life cycle. Egg Caterpillar (larvae) Pupae Adult Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

66. Lepidoptera Larvae and pupa- Distinguishing Characteristics Fig :- Caterpillars Larval Lepidopterans are polypods (caterpillars) and found in a variety of terrestrial habitats. Chewing mouthparts: To feed on plant materials. Mostly are regarded as serious agricultural pests. Pupa is generally obtect or chrysalis type. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

67. Feeding Habits Most larvae of moths and butterflies are herbivores Either eating foliage or wood Some are carnivorous Eating other caterpillars Feeding on soft bodied insects Adults are generally nectar feeders Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

68. Common Members of Lepidoptera Moth vs. Butterfly Butterflies have clubbed antenna and the habit of holding their wings vertically when at rest. Moths sit with their wings flat. butterfly moth Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

69.  Character / Group  Moth Butterfly ~ Species Richness 91% 9% Activity Period Nocturnal Diurnal Eggs Laid in batches Laid singly Antennal Morphology Plumose, pectinate, thickened, or filiform Clubbed or knobbed (hooked in the Hesperiidae) Sexual Attraction Pheromones (primarily) Visual + (secondarily) Pheromones “Moth” or “Butterfly”? Lepidopterous antennal types. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

70.  Character / Group  Moth Butterfly Pupal Morphology Usually in a cocoon made of silk and sometimes hair from last larval instar. Usually a bare “chrysalis” (last larval instar skin). Body hair Often dense Usually sparse Wing Coupling “Frenulum”, one or more stiff bristle at the base of HW that hooks to the underside of the FW for flight. Lobed process at the base of HW that holds the wings together for flight. Wing Position Held “flat” or rooflike over the body. Held vertically upright. Color Typically drab but many exceptions Usually brightly colored, at least dorsal wing surfaces Size Minute to giant Medium to large Archtypal family Noctuidae, noctuids Papilionidae, swallowtails …more “Moth or Butterfly?” Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

71. Why are butterflies so colorful? Sometimes the colors are bright and are intended to warn away potential predators. This indicates that they taste bad to a predator. Other times the bright colors are meant to attract mates. Some are colored to look very much like a food plant in order to help the insect hide. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

72. Classification About 150,000 species of living Lepidoptera have been described in approximately 124 families. Some scientists divide order into 2 suborders :- Ditrysia ( Majority of Lepidopterans i.e 97% ) In which the female insects have 2 pores, one is copulatory pore (8 th ) and another is egg pore (9 th ) Monotrysia ( Remaining 3% )- having only one pore. Another informal scheme divides the Lepidoptera into moths, butterflies and skippers. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

73. Family :- Sphingidae (Hawk moths, sphinx moths, horn worms) They are large sized, stotly built moths. Powerful fliers. Antenna is thick towards middle and hooked at the tip and bipectinate type. Proboscis is very long. Fore wings are elongated and pointed with very oblique outer margin. Hind wings are reduced in width fitting into the indented margin of fore wings. Adult moth resembles with human skull. Larva with anal horn on the 8 th abdominal segment. pupation in earthen cocoon. E.g. Death head moth Acherontia styx . On sesamum plant. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

74. Superfamily : Pyraloidea Families :- Crambidae and Pyralidae ( Grass moths ) Crambidae family treat as a subfamily of Pyralidae . The major difference is a tympanum organ present in crambidae family and absent in pyralidae . Labial palps are extended. Forewings are narrow and elongated. At rest they are wrapped around the body. Larva bores into the root, stem or crown of graminaceous plants. E.g. Sorghum stem borer Chilo partellus. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

75. Superfamily : Gelechioidea Family :- Gelechiidae (Paddy moth) Forewings trapezoidal and narrower than hind wings. Larva is pink in color. Caterpillars bore into the seeds, tubers and leaves. E.g. Cotton pink boll worm Pectinophora gossypiella. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

76. Superfamily : Noctuoidea Family :- Arctiidae (Tiger moths) Wings are conspicuously spotted or banded. They are nocturnal and attracted to light. Larva is either sparsely hairy or densely hairy (wooly bear). E.g. Black hairy caterpillar Estigmene lactinea . Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

77. Family :- Noctuidae (Noctua moths) They are medium sized, stoutly built moths. They are nocturnal and attracted to light. Labial palpi is well developed. All crochets on the larval prolegs are of same size and arranged in semi-circle. Some larvae are semiloopers . Larva attack the plant during night and rest during day. Larva cut small seedlings close to ground and hence called cut worms. E.g. Tobacco cut worm Spodoptera litura. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

78. ORDER HYMENOPTERA Etymology: Hymen – membrane; Ptera – wings Hymeno – god or marriage; Ptera – wings, (Marriage on the wings) (union of fore and hind wings by hamuli ) Common names: Ichneumonflies , ants, bees, wasps Order characters Mouthparts-chewing- Mandibles -very well developed- In bees both labium and maxillae- integrated to form lapping tongue Thorax- modified for efficient flight: Pronotum - collar like; Mesothorax -enlarged; Metathorax -small- Both prothorax and metathorax -fused with mesothorax Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

79. Characters Wings-stiff and membranous- FW- larger than HW- Wing venation-reduced- FW and HW-coupled by a row of hooklets ( hamuli )- on leading edge of HW 1 st abdominal segment- propodeum -fused with metathorax -first pair of a abdominal spiracles -located in propodeum- 2 nd segment-pedicel-connects thorax and abdomen- Abdomen beyond pedicel - gaster or metasoma Ovipositor-modified for oviposition or stinging or sawing or piercing plant tissue Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

80. Order characters Metamorphosis- complete- grub- apodous and eucephalous -rarely eruciform pupa- exarate -enclosed in a silken cocoon secreted from labial glands Sex-determined by fertilization of the eggs Fertilized eggs develop into females-males produced from unfertilized eggs Males haploid and females diploid Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

81. TWO SUB-ORDERS S. No SYMPHYTA ( Chalastogastra ) APOCRITA ( Clistogastra ) 1 Abdomen-broadly joined to thorax Abdomen- petiolated 2 Larva- caterpillar and belongs to eruciform type Larva-grub and belongs to apodous eucephalous type 3 Stemmata- present Stemmata absent 4 Both thoracic and abdominal legs - present Legs absent 5 Ovipositor-saw like and suited for piercing plant tissue Ovipositor – not saw like, suited for piercing in parasitic groups or for stinging in other groups 6 Behavioral sophistication- less Behavioural sophistication- more 7 Phytophagous Generally parasitic Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

82. Sub-Order Symphyta Family TENTHREDINIDAE: (Sawflies) Wasp like insects Abdomen-broadly joined to thorax Ovipositor-saw toothed- suited for slicing plant tissue Larva- eruciform - resembles a lepidopteran caterpillar- one pair of ocelli, papillae (reduced antenna), three pairs of thoracic legs and 6-8 pairs of abdominal legs- Prolegs lack crockets External feeders on foliage- Larvae while feeding have posterior part of body coiled over edge of the leaf Mustard sawfly: Athalia lugens proxima -defoliator on mustard and cruciferous vegetables Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

83. Sub-Order APOCRITA Family ICHNEMONIDAE: ( Ichneumonflies ) Adults- diurnal and visit flowers; Fore wing- two recurrent veins Petiole-curved and expanded at the apex; Sternites of the gaster -membranous Ovipositor- arising anterior to tip of abdomen- longer than body and exerted out permanently Larvae-mostly parasites-less frequently hyperparasites Solitary parasites- spin cocoons in or outside host Eg . Eriborus trochanteratus - an exotic larval parasite of BHC Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

84. Sub-Order APOCRITA Family BRACONIDAE: (Braconid wasps) Small, stout bodied insects; Fore wings -one recurrent vein Petiole-neither curved nor expanded at the apex; Gaster -sessile or subsessile ; Sternites of gaster - partly membranous Abdomen-as long as head and thorax together Parasitize lepidopteran larvae-gregarious parasites; poly embryony Pupation in silken cocoons-externally on host or away from host in groups Eg . Bracon brevicornis : It is mass multiplied and released for BHC Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

85. Family TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE: Very tiny insects (0.3 to 1.0 mm long)- Tarsus-3 to 4 segmented Fore wing-broad with pubescence (microscopic hairs) in rows Hind wings-reduced and fringed with hairs along margins Egg parasites on lepidopteran insects. Trichogramma spp. Eg . Trichogramma sp. -biological control of sugarcane moth borers Sub-Order APOCRITA Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

86. Family APIDAE: (Honey bees) Body-covered with branching or plumose hairs Mouthparts-chewing and lapping type Mandibles-suited for crushing and shaping wax for building combs Legs-specialized for pollen collection- Scopa (pollen basket) -present on hind tibia Social insects with three castes viz., queen, drone and workers- Temporal separation of duties- noticed among workers Indian honey bee: Apis indica - a productive insect Sub-Order APOCRITA Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

87. Di=Two Ptera =wings Examples: Flies,Mosquitoes etc. Characteristics: One pair of wing, Hind wing is Haltare Antennae and Mouth Parts are varying in types Diptera Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

88. Sub-Orders It has 3 Sub-Orders 1) Nematocera 2) Brachocera 3) Cyclorrhapha a)Antennae Many Segmented Longer than Head and Thorax a)Antennae 3 segmented Shorter than Head and Thorax a)Antennae 3 Segmented Arista on it due to Aristate Antennae b) Mesopleural Structure Straight b) Mesopleural Structure Bended b) Mesopleural Structure Bended c)Disc Cell Present c)Disc Cell Absent c)Disc Cell Absent d)Cubital cell In wing,Cubitus is Open d)Cubital cell In Wing,Cubitus is closed d)Cubital cell In wing,Cubitus is Closed Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

89. Culicidae : (e.g Mosquitoes Culex & Anopheles) a)Antennae is Plumose Male Mosquito Dense hairs b)Antennae is Pilose Female Mosquito Thin hairs Piercing and sucking type of mouth parts with 6 stylets . Males are short lived and feed on nectar of flower . Female live long and feed on blood. Larvae called wriggler and pupa is very active known as tumbler. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

90. Cecidomydae : (e.g Midges) Very minute and delicate insect Antennae is Moniliform and hairs on body Wings have less no of Longitudinal Veins Tibia has Spur on it Dark sclerotised area present on prothorax of larva is called chest bone. E.g. rice gall midge- Orseolia oryzae Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

91. Tephritidae : (e.g Fruit fly) Few of its species,wings are bended Sub-Costa ends abruptly. Wings are banded. Female have sharp ovipositer . Highly destructive to fruits and veg. E.g. cucurbit fruit fly- Dacus cucurbitae Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

92. Muscidae : (e.g House fly) Medium sized and antenna aristate type. Gray coloured Red eyes Oral Opening and Mouth parts are sponging type. Maggots are scavengers. Adults carry certain disease on its legs, hairs and MPs. E.g. Musca domestica Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

93. Agromyzidae : ( e.g Leaf –miner flies) Small, blackish in colour . The larvae are leaf miner or pod eaters. Make serpentine mines. E.g. Tomato leaf miner Lyriomyza trifoli Serpentine Mines Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

94. Tachinidae : ( Tachinid flies) Arista is completely bare. Abdomen is stout with noticeable bristles. They are non specific endoparasites on the larvae and pupae of Orthoptera , Hemiptera Lepidoperta and Coleoptera E.g. Tachina fera Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

95. THYSANOPTERA Thysano - fringed, ptera - wings Thirps (Butterflies and Moths) They are minute, slender, soft bodied insect. MPs are rasping and sucking type. There are 3 stylets dervied from two maxillae and left mandibles. Right mandible absent. Wings narrow and fringed with hairs. They are weak fliers. Family:- Thripidae Most of the spp. Belong to this family. And are phytophagous . Some are vector of plant disease and few are predators e.g. rice thirps is a pest of rice nursery. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

96. This order is divided into two suborders- Suborder - Adephaga and Polyphaga It is the largest order include predators, scavengers and crop pests. Characters- Antenna is 11 segmented. MPs are biting type. Mandible sharp,toothed and well developed. Forwings are elytron type. Cerci and ovipositer absent. Metamorphosis complete. Larvae called grub. Pupa exarate type. Coleoptera : Beetles/weevils Coleo - Sheath, Ptera - Wing Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

97. Family- Cerambycidae - longicorn beetles; roundheaded borers Larvae in woodborer. Adults feed on bark. Body is cylindrical. Antenna is longer than beetle itself. Grubs are apodous . E.g. Mango stem borers. Batocera rufomaculata Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

98. Family - Coccinellidae - ladybird beetles Predators They are hemispherical. The body is convex above and flat feblow . Body resemble as split pea. Elytra is covex and brightly colored with spots. Grubs are camodeiform and spiny. Except genus Epilachna , others are predators on crop pests. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology

99. Family- Curculionidae - weevils or snout beetles Phytophagous Minute to large sized insect. Frons and vertex of the head produced into snout MPs present at snout. It is feed on internal tissues of the plants and provide place for egg laying. They are pest of field and storage both. Dr. Anita Sharma, Asstt. Prof. Entomology