Insects of aquatic ecosystem

aquatic insects, orders, systems, uses and case study

1. Insects in Aquatic Ecosystem Suprabha PALB 4109

2. What is an Aquatic insects ??? Importance Habitat of Aquatic insects ??? Adoptions of aquatic insects ??? Uses of aquatic insects???

3. One million known insect species, there are over 8000 species that fall into the macro invertebrate category All living organisms in aquatic environments fall into one of the four categories: Plankton - Drifters Nekton - Free-swimmers Benthos - bottom dwellers Pleuston - air water interferace Aquatic Ecosystem ( Danks , 2002)

4. Truly aquatic insects are those that spend some part of their life-cycle closely associated with water, either living beneath the surface or skimming along on top of the water The immature stages are truly aquatic while the adult is a winged terrestrial form. (Subhashini et al ., 2008) Aquatic insects

5. Aquatic Insect Orders 1. Collembola* 2. Ephemeroptera ** 3. Odonota** 4. Plecoptera** 5. Hemiptera 6. Megaloptera 7. Neuroptera* 8. Trichoptera** 9. Lepidoptera* 10. Coleoptera 11. Hymenoptera* 12. Diptera * ---- Minor aquatic order with only a few aquatic species ** ---- Entirely aquatic orders 12 29 12 orders ,150 Families ,8600 Species

6. 1 mm 21 cm Small and Larger Aquatic insects Megaloptera Hymenoptera

7. Ephemeroptera May fly - 21 families with 676 species Eggs –Nymph– Adult Naiads often with abdominal gills Maxillary and labial gills 3 styli on naiads and adults Nymph ( Predacious) Adult ( do not feed) Upto 45 instars ( Voshell et al . , 2002 )

8. Eggs –nymph–adult Up to 20 instars Predacious Gills present Mask present Odonata Dragon fly, Damsel fly- 9 families with 407 species Damsel fly Dragon fly ( Voshell et al . , 2002 )

9. Plecoptera Stone flies- 9 families and 626 species Mostly temperate regions Anal gills 10-33 instars Need high oxygen, good environmental indicators . Water purity indicator ( Voshell et al . , 2002 )

10. Hemiptera Back swimmers, Water Boatmen, water bugs , water strider , water scorpions Diving or at surface Adults and naiads both aquatic. Highly modified legs . Generally wings still functional as adults, can disperse between waterways . ( Voshell et al . , 2002 )

11. Coleoptera Diving beetles, Whirligig beetles, Scavenger beetles Egg – larva –pupa – adult Larva very different from adult Adults – have hard case on body that does not overlap Adults have chewing mouthparts Predatious

12. Coleoptera ( Subramanian and Sivaramakrishnan, 2007 )

13. Diptera Mosquito , Meniscus midges, C hironomids 29 families and 3,500 species Larvae are maggot like or worm like Very diverse in aquatic ecosystem Anal spiracles breathing at surface upto 5 instars ( Subramanian and Sivaramakrishnan , 2007 )

14. Diptera ( Subramanian and Sivaramakrishnan, 2007 )

15. Trichoptera Caddisflies - 21 families and 1,400 species Caddisflies are related to Lepidoptera and resemble small hairy moths Wings are covered in dense hairs rather than scales Upto 6-7 instars The larvae may be either herbivorous or predatory

16. Trichoptera ( Subramanian and Sivaramakrishnan, 2007 )

17. Megaloptera Dobsonflies and Alderflies Gills present Complete metamorphosis Larvae of some of the larger kinds are called hellgrammites, which are popular as live bait for smallmouth bass and other warm-water fish species. Dobsonfly Alderfly

18. ( Subramanian and Sivaramakrishnan, 2007 )

19. Habitat of Aquatic insects Collembola Ephemeroptera Odonota Plecoptera Hemiptera Trichoptera Coleoptera Diptera Springs and spring ponds Lakes and Streams Lakes and Streams Streams Lake and Stream Margins Lakes and Streams Lakes and Streams All Aquatic Habitats ( Ronald et al., 2007 )

20. Structure and Appearance

21. Lifecycle and Development Slow season life cycle - Mayflies, Stoneflies, And Caddisflies 2. Fast season life cycle - caddisflies and dragonflies 3. non seasonal life cycle - Hellgrammites Life cycles for aquatic insects may be very short or very long ( Voshell et al . , 2002 )

22. Lifecycle and Development ( Hope Batcheller, 2010)

23. Food sources & Feeding mechanism Scrapers Collectors Shredders Predators Food sources - Functional feeding groups Categorize: (Reese , 2009)

24. S crapers special mouthparts that remove algae growing on the surface of rocks or other solid objects Collectors acquire small pieces of decaying plant material (detritus) Feeding mechanism (Reese , 2009)

25. Shredders aquatic insects feed on parts of live plants that grow under the water. Predators feed on other animals that are alive (small vertebrates , such as fish and tadpoles) Feeding mechanism (Reese , 2009)

26. U se oxygen that is dissolved in the water Immature stages – Gills –obtaining dissolved oxygen - water Use the holes in their bodies to get oxygen from the air – Respiratory siphon Spiracles on the end of a long tube at the end of their abdomen ( water beetle) Respiration ( Reese Voshell , 2009)

27. 2. Snorkel with a breathing tube : - Mosquito larva and water scorpions 3. Scuba tank : - Water beetle and Water Spider 1. Gills : - May fly , Dragon fly , Stone fly , caddish fly Respiratory adoptions

28. Reproduction Only adult insects are capable of reproducing, and most aquatic insects spend their adult stage out of the water After mating on land, females return to the water to deposit her eggs Eggs are usually stuck on solid objects under water, but a few kinds deposit the eggs on trees or rocks above the water ( Hodkinson and Jackson , 2005 )

29. Reproduction Ephemeroptera Odonota Diptera Coleoptera Trichoptera Plecoptera

30. Other aquatic adoptions 1. Ripple effect : (Hershey et al ., 2008) signals are usually produced by vertical oscillations of the legs which remain in contact with the water. Ripple signals occur in the contexts of calling and courtship ( precopulation ), copulation, postcopulation , sex discrimination, induction of oviposition, individual spacing, territoriality, and food defence W ater striders, Giant water bugs and   W hirligig beetles 

31. 2. Double vision The Whirligig Beetle has eyes divided vertically to see both under and above water. upper lower (Hershey et al ., 2008)

32. 3 . Oars Many aquatic insects paddle underwater with oar-like legs Legs are long, flattened and fringed water beetle and water boatman (Hershey et al ., 2008)

33. 4. Skates Aquatic insects skate on the water surface by distributing their body weight over long, thin, waterproof legs . They paddle with the middle pair of legs, steer with the hind legs and use the short front legs to attack and hold prey (Englund , 2007 )

34. 5. Jet skis The Camphor Beetle also skates on the water surface. When alarmed, it releases a chemical from its back legs that reduces the water surface tension ( Choudhary and Ahi , 2015) 1 meter / second

35. 5. Suckers Blephariceridae, commonly known as net-winged midges Found near fast-flowing streams where the larvae live Suckers are sometimes called creeping welts Immature stages Adult ( Choudhary and Ahi , 2015)

36. Importance of Aquatic Insects Major component of the aquatic food web Indicators of aquatic health Affect human health Role in forensic investigation Business partner

37. Aquatic insects and Water quality Hazardous chemicals, automotive products, pesticides, fertilizers, pet wastes, excessive soil erosion and air pollution all contribute to water pollution. Mayflies Stoneflies Caddisflies Making survey of aquatic insects is called “ Bio monitoring ” (Kaur et al ., 2010)

38. Role in Aquatic Food web ( Baxter et al., 2005 ) Algae  →   Protozoa   →   Small Insects   →    Large aquatic Insects   →    Small fish  →   Large fish

39. Ibisbill Ibidorhyncha struthersii

40. 1 . Malaria 2 . Kala Azar 3 . Dengue 4 .  Plague 5 . Filariasis 6 .  Chickungunya 7 . Lyme disease 8 . Yellow fever 9. Chagas’ disease 10 .  Japanese encephalitis Mosquito v/s Human (WHO, 2015)

41. Zika virus outbreak - 2015 The outbreak began in April 2015 in Brazi l, and has spread to other countries in South America, Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean The virus is spread mainly by the Aedes aegypti

42. Role in forensic investigations Ephemeroptera Odonota Plecoptera Hemiptera Trichoptera Coleoptera Diptera (Merritt and Wallace , 2010)

43. (Merritt and Wallace , 2010) ETP Group Hemiptera Coleoptera Odonata Diptera (2-13 days) (14-38 days) (39-161 days) (161-225 days) (225-338 days)

44. In 2007 profile of Hubert Duprat's work with caddis fly larvae is a tiny, entomological miracle. The larvae build their cocoons with whatever material is at hand Duprat forces them to build with gold and precious gems, making spectacular bio-organic jewelry Business partner

45. (Duprat , 2007)

46. Case study - Relationship between some aquatic insect species ( Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera,Trichoptera and Odonata ) and some heavy metals (cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, nickel, iron and manganese ) assessed using data obtained from the Ankara Stream . Study area

47. (Girgin et al., 2010)

48. Water pollution Danger !!!

49. Giant Water Bug Lethocerus indicus

50. Researchable Area Aquatic insects of Village Irrigation Tanks Community structure of aquatic in a Village Irrigation Tank Changes in the diversity and Community Structure of aquatic insects due to Sewage Pollution in Bangalore Lakes Can aquatic insects be a good indicators of pollution levels in Bangalore Lakes

51. Avoid Water pollution ….save us…

52. T HANK YOU……