Integrated Nutrient Management in soils.

INM BY Hussaini sir

1. 1 SOIL FERTILITY AND FERTILIZER USE ACHARYA N.G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE BAPATLA PRESENTED BY : D. V. V. Malleswara Rao , BAM/23-53. SUBMITTED TO: Dr. I. Usha Rani, Assistant Professor, Department of S oil Science. SOIL - 502

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3. INM is a comprehensive approach to nutrient management in agriculture. It involves the judicious combination of organic and inorganic nutrient sources and appropriate soil and crop management practices. The goal of INM is to improve soil fertility, ensure optimal nutrient availability to crops, and minimize the environmental impacts associated with nutrient management practices 3

4. INTRODUCTION India ranks phenomenal progress in food grain production India needs to produce 235 to 240 million tonnes of food grains in its 210 million hectares of gross cropped area. To produce this much food, the fertilizer consumption has to be around 20.5 million tonnes of N, P, and K, against 12.5 million tonnes being consumed. For achieving sustainability more consumption of fertilizers might be imperative in years to come and this means more and imperative damage to land and environment. 4

5. Soil fertility enhancement Nutrient balance and efficiency Soil Health enhancement. Yield and quality improvement Environmental sustainability Cost-effectiveness Climate change resilience

6. 6 SOIL TESTING AND NUTRIENT ANALYSIS Helps identify nutrient deficiencies, imbalances, or excesses, allowing farmers to make informed decisions regarding fertilizer application. NUTRIENT SYNCHRONIZATION WITH CROP DEMAND This approach minimizes nutrient losses and improves the nutrient use efficiency. INORGANIC FERTILIZERS They provide readily available nutrients to meet the immediate needs of crops, ensuring optimal growth and productivity. ORGANIC SOURCES They provide essential nutrients, improve soil structure and water-holding capacity, enhance microbial activity, and promote long-term soil fertility. CROP ROTATION AND DIVERSIFICATION Helps break pest and disease cycles, reduce nutrient depletion, and improve soil health. COMPONENTS OF INM

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11. 11 INM aims at sustainable productivity with minimum deleterious effects of chemical fertilizers on health and quality of the environment. 11

12. SOIL NUTRIENT RESERVE In soil nutrients are present in both available and reserve forms and a dynamic equilibrium exist between these forms of nutrients in soil. uptake of nutrients from the soil causes immediate replenishment from reserve source. in modern agriculture soil sources are exploited very badly and they are becoming deficient. 12

13. CONSTRAINS IN ACHIEVING SUSTAINABILITY IN CROP PRODUCTION PHYSICAL Coarse texture, deterioration of soil structure soil compaction, poor permeability sub soil pans, poor infiltration water logging and drainage, soil erosion and shifting cultivation CHEMICAL soil acidification salinization in irrigated dry lands elemental toxicities arising from buildup of heavy metals 13 BIOLOGICAL Decline in microbial biomass Soil-borne diseases, Decline in quality and Quantity of organic matter. Adoption of soil management and conservation practices for reclamation of problematic soils, helps in improving soil constrains for achieving higher fertilizer use efficiency, choosing crop species, cultural practices and cropping systems for maximizing NUE.

14. MINERAL FERTILIZERS Variation in FUE is seen in different soils and crops (30-50%)approx.. Fertilizers are the major sources of externally supplied nutrient (N, P, K Zn and S). ADVANTAGES OF USING FERTILIZERS 1. More crop per unit fertilizer applied. 2. Increased net returns. 3. Nutrient Optimization 4. Fast-Acting and Immediate Results 5. Improved Plant Health 14

15. ORGANIC SOURCES Here are some common organic sources used in INM. Compost: Compost is created by decomposing organic materials such as crop residues, animal manure, kitchen waste, and other organic matter. Compost improves soil structure, nutrient availability, and water-holding capacity. Animal Manure : Livestock manure, such as cow dung, poultry litter, and is a valuable organic source of nutrients. It also contributes to organic matter content and soil microbial activity. Green Manures : Green manure (GM) are a good source of N (2-3%). For in situ grown Green manure crops, a minimum of 45 days fallow period should be available to harvest sufficient biomasses. Continuous use of GM crops stimulate microbial activity which secretes substances that improve soil structure. They also contribute to increasing soil organic matter to some extent . 15

16. 16 CROP RESIDUES : Crop residues, in general, are parts of the plant left in the field after crops have been harvested and threshed or left after pastures are grazed. Crop residues can be left on the soil surface as mulch or imported in to the soil. Mulch enhances the biological activity, modifies soil temperature, improves soil water conservation, Nutrient uptake and reduces soil erosion. Crop residues increase soil organic matter.

17. BIO - FERTILIZERS Among the biofertilizes available, rhizobium inoculants are widely used. Leguminous crops fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic association with rhizobium , which harbours in roots or stem nodules. Since they are host specific, maximum benefit can be derived only when the respective cross-inoculation groups are considered. Azospirillum and Azotobacter are useful for improving production of crops other than legumes. These biofertilizers fix nitrogen by non symbiotic means. In rice fields use of blue green algae ( BGA ) is proving beneficial. Azolla (water fern) which harbours Anabaena appears to be promising in submerged soils as well as for crops grown under irrigated conditions. Conditions, when applied as a green manue . Other biofertilizers such as phosphobacteria and mycorrhiza (VAM) are used for mobilizing P in soil in annual and perenneal crops respectively. 17

18. PROBLEMS IN IMPLEMENTING INM 18

19. 19 CASE STUDY - 1

20. 20 - Lakshmi et al (2009). Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) on Humic Substances and Micronutrient Status in Submerged Rice Soils

21. MATERIALS AND METHODS Field experiments were conducted during kharif 2009 and 2010 with rice as the test crop under submerged conditions using different vermicomposts under integrated nutrient management (INM) at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalle , Andhra Pradesh, India. kharif rice was grown with 12 treatments. The c oncentration of nutrients was multiplied by yield for calculation of nutrient uptake. 21

22. TREATMENTS 22 T1 - 50 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 cane trash compost, T 2 - 50 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 weed compost, T 3 - 50 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 vegetable market waste compost, T 4 - 50 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 rice straw compost, T 5 - 75 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 cane trash compost, T 6 - 75 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 weed compost, T 7 - 75 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 vegetable market waste compost, T 8 - 75 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 rice straw compost, T 9 - 100 % RDF, T10 - Absolute control, T 11 -100 % Prathista organic manures and T 12 -50 % Prathista organic manures + 50 % chemical fertilizers.

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26. EFFECT OF INM ON GRAIN YIELD T1 - 50 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 cane trash compost, T 2 - 50 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 weed compost, T 3 - 50 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 vegetable market waste compost, T 4 - 50 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 rice straw compost, T 5 - 75 % RDF+ 2.5 t ha -1 cane trash compost, T 6 - 75 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 weed compost, T 7 - 75 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 vegetable market waste compost, T 8 - 75 % RDF + 2.5 t ha -1 rice straw compost, T 9 - 100 % RDF, T10 - Absolute control, T 11 -100 % Prathista organic manures and T 12 -50 % Prathista organic manures + 50 % chemical fertilizers.

27. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28 Available micronutrient status (Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn ) observed under integrated nutrient treatments were higher over chemical fertilizers alone and the contents were higher in second year than first year (Table 2 ). Considering the critical limits of Zn (0.65 m g kg -1 ), Cu (0.2 mg kg -1 ), Fe (4.5 mg kg -1) and Mn (1 mg kg -1 ), all the treatments were under sufficiency range except control. The treatment with T 7 recorded significantly higher available micronutrient status except zinc. In both the years, the highest available zinc status was recorded with 100 % Prathista organic manures, however which was on par with T 7 , where as lowest available zinc status was recorded in absolute control. The data revealed that the available iron and copper content in post harvest soils of rice ranged between 5.9 to 9. The most significant influence of vermicomposts in increasing the solubility and availability of iron in the soil is through solubilization and mass flow in the immediate vicinity of plant (Prasad et al., 2010).

28. CONCLUSION Field experiments showed higher micronutrient status, uptake, and humic substances with INM practices, especially when vegetable market waste vermicompost was applied. Application of organics and inorganics exhibited higher grain and straw yields with high nutrient uptake and soil humic substances over the application of inorganics only.

29. 30 CASE STUDY - 2

30. CASE STUDY - 2 31 Growth, yield and economics of baby corn ( VL-78) ( Zea mays L.) as influenced by Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) practices - Ajaz et al (2013) - The present study was carried out during Summer 2008 as a part of All India Coordinated Research Improvement Project on Maize at K D Research Station of University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir.

31. 32 T1 = No FYM + State recommended dose of NPK T2 = No FYM + Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) T3 = No FYM + 125% of RDF T4 = No FYM + 150% of RDF T5 = FYM 6 t/ha + State recommended dose of NPK T6 = FYM 6 t/ha + Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) T7 = FYM 6 t/ha + 125% of RDF T8 = FYM 6 t/ha + 150% of RDF TREATMENTS

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35. CONCLUSIONS 36 Application of farm yard manure (FYM) at 6 T/ha in combination with 150% recommended dose of fertilizer (225 N:90 P 2 O 5 :60 K 2 O kg/ha) reveled maximum cob yield (without husk) of 20.6. However application of FYM at 6 T/ha in combination with state recommended dose of (N:P:K) at 90:60:40 kg/ha was statistically on par with the best treatment and gave a cob yield of 19.85 q/ha. Additional application of nutrients did not reveal any significant improvement in morphological characters. Application of 150% of Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) without FYM reveled increased cob length (10.90 cm), whereas, 125% of RDF resulted in maximum cob girth without husk (18.30 mm). Similar trend of enhanced green fodder yield (26.39 T/ha) was observed with application of 6 T/ha FYM + 150% of RDF). Cultivation of baby corn variety VL-78 under temperate conditions with an application of N:P:K at 90N:60P:40K, kg/ha in combination with 6 T/ha FYM revealed a maximum B:C ratio of 1:1.59

36. 37 CASE STUDY - 3

37. 38 CASE STUDY - 3 38 Integrated Nutrient Management for Improving Soil Health and Crop Productivity - Debarup Das et. al

38. 39 GOAL Efficient management of crop residues in rice-wheat and rice-rice systems should be investigated. Incorporation of crop residues towards mitigating the problem of N immobilization and improvement in soil health and crop productivity be evaluated. Studies being carried out under AICRP-IFS have revealed the possibility of substituting a part of fertiliser N needs of monsoon crops by cereal crop residues in intensive cereal-cereal cropping systems at several location.  

39. 40 Table :Productivity of cereal-cereal cropping systems as influenced by integrated use of crop residue and inorganic fertilisers under AICRP-IFS .

40. 41 Recycling of these crop residues back to fields helps to build stable organic matter in the soil, as also to sustain crop yield levels. Stubbles left in the field even in traditional harvesting methods range from 0.5 to 1.5 t/ha is different in different crops . There is no immobilization of fertiliser N was observed when rice residues were incorporated at 20 days or more before fertiliser application. Thus, rice straw could be managed in situ successfully by allowing sufficient time between the incorporation and sowing of the wheat crop. Nitrogen release from rice residue ranged from 6 to 9 kg N ha–1 during the wheat season . Accumulation of organic C in soil can be greatly influenced by input of crop residue .

41. 42 CONCLUSIONS INM helps maintaining production sustainability without any detriment to the environment. The integrated use of green manures, organic manures, and fertilisers under pre-dominant cropping system has a great potential to offset the heavy requirements of fertilisers, to achieve maximum yields and to sustain the crop productivity on long-term basis. INM is the need so as to enhance the production and economic viability of millions of smallholder farms currently struggling with declining soil fertility and poor management of plant nutrients.

42. 43 CASE STUDY - 4

43. 44 44 CASE STUDY - 4 44 Influence of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield, content and uptake of nutrients and soil fertility status in maize ( Zea mays) - T B KARK et. al

44. A field experiment on the effect of integrated nutrient management on production, content and uptake of nutrients and residual fertility status of soil after maize was conducted. The soil had 0.38% organic carbon, 159.3,11.6 and 153.1 kgha available N, P and K, respectively with pH 7.6. The observations were recorded on plant height and dry matter accumulation at different stages, grain and stover yield of maize and nutrient contents in grain and stover at harvest.

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46. 47 At all the fertility levels the plants were taller with more dry matter accumulation/ plant compared with the control at all growth stages except 20 days after planting. Tallest plants were found with the application of recommended dose of fertilizers than remaining fertility levels at all the growth stages except the plant height did not differ between 120 kg N + 10 tonnes farmyard manure + 5 kg zinc / ha and recommended dose of fertilizers. Similarly, the dry matter accumulation plant of recommended dose of fertilizers being equal to the 120 kg N + 10 tonnes farmyard manure + 5 kg zinc / ha 60 and 80 days after planting and at maturity was significantly higher over the remaining fertility levels at all the stages of crop growth. The grain and stover yield were influenced significantly due to varying fertility levels.

47. 48 In a field experiment conducted shows that t the recommended dose of fertilizers, being statistically similar to 120 kg N + 10 tonnes farmyard manure + 5 kg zinc/ha, recorded the highest plant height and dry-matter accumulation plant and grain and stover yields. The N, P and K contents in grain and stover of maize ( Zea mays L.) and their uptakes were found the maximum with the recommended dose of fertilizer.   CONCLUSIONS

48. 49 CASE STUDY - 5

49. 50 50 50 CASE STUDY - 5 50 SOIL PROPERTIES AND NUTRIENTS AVAILABILITY AS AFFECTED BY INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT AFTER RAINFED CROPPINGSEQUENCE - Bhabesh Gogoi

50. It is to study the effect of integrated nutrient management involving inorganic nutrients (NPK), FYM and biofertilizers on different soil properties and availability of nutrients in soil under rainfed rice ( Oryza sativa L .)- niger ( Guizotia abyssinica L .) cropping sequence. The initial soil is of sandy clay in texture with bulk density 1.3 Mg/m 3 , water holding capacity 38.3%, mean weight diameter 0.69 mm, water stable aggregates of 46.34%, pH of 5.01, organic carbon 0.60%, CEC 5.2 cmol (p+)/kg, EC 0.13 dS /m, available N 270 kg/ha, available P 2 O 5 27.6 kg/ha, available K 2 O 140 kg/ha and soil microbial biomass carbon 45.2 mg kg-1.

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52. 53 RESULTS Soil properties : Bulk Density : The lowest bulk density for either cases were recorded from the treatment T 4 of 50% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) + 50% N through FYM, and the bulk density was highest in the control plot . Water Holding Capacity : The highest water holding capacity of soil was recorded in case of T 4 50% of RDF + 50% N FYM for both the sequence. pH : T 4 treatment, i.e. application of 50% RDF in inorganic form and 50% N through FYM indicated slight increase in soil pH after the second sequence of rice- niger crops. Organic Carbon : There was a significant increase in organic carbon content of soil after the rice- niger cropping sequence due to integrated application of inorganic and organic sources of nutrients. The treatment of 50% RDF (inorganic) + 50% N (FYM) i.e. T4 showed maximum 70.5% and 67.4% increase in soil organic C over the control treatment after first and second sequence of riceniger crop, respectively.

53. 54 Nutrient Availability : A significant increase in soil fertility due to different treatments of integrated supply of nutrients was observed after the rice- niger sequence. Available nitrogen content in soil varied from 230 to 326 kg ha-1 after the first cropping sequence and 236 to 332 kg ha-1 after the second cropping sequence of rice- niger . Application of 50% recommended dose of fertilizers along with 50% N through FYM i.e. T4 treatment showed significantly higher availability of phosphorus over recommended dose of fertilizers (T 2 ) and control treatment (T 1 ). The favourable effect of combined application of inorganic and organic source of nutrients in enhancing the P availability may be defined as the reduction in fixation of water soluble P and increase in mineralization that enhanced the availability of P. There were maximum of 38.36% and 35.08% increase in available K 2 0 after the first and second sequence of rice- niger crops, respectively. Whereas, significantly lowest value was observed under control.

54. 55 FINAL CONCLUSION Overall, the results obtained from this work indicated an improvement of various properties and nutrients availability in soil with INM practices over 100% RDF and control treatment under rice- niger cropping sequence. A substitution of RDF to the extent of 50% with organic sources of nutrients using FYM is possible to maintain the soil properties and increased nutrients availability in soil .

55. RESEARCH ON INM IN ANDHRA PRADESH 56

56. RICE 1. Application of FYM with 100% optimum NPK resulted in high accumulation of OC, total N, and total P( Shantaiah , 1980). 2. Combined applications of organic amendments and nitrogenous fertilizers resulted in more dry Matter production and yields in BPT 1235 ( Ramana , 1985). 57

57. SORGHUM 1.Increase in dry matter production of sorghum with application of P and Zn was less compared to that of mycorrhizal inoculation with P and Zn application.( Giridhar , 1989). 2.Highest grain yield of 38.7q/ha was recorded when rabi sorghum was grown after french bean and lowest yield of 24.6q/ha was observed when sorghum was sown after finger millet ( Bheemaiah et al, 1986). 58

58. MAIZE Conjunctive use of NPK @ 120-60-60 Kg/ha and poultry manure at 4.5 t/ha gave maximum yields of maize grown on Alfisol . However, the yields cf maize with NPK applied at 60-30-30 and poultry manure applied at 4.5 t/h were on par with the above and, hence the latter is recomended . ( Madhavi et al., 1995) 59

59. GREEN GRAM Application of N at 20 Kg/ha and inoculation with Rhizobium increased the yields of Pusa Baisakhi compared to PS-16 grown on Alfizols .( Jagannatha Swamy , 1985). 60 BLACK GRAM Inoculation of Blackgram with Rhizobium an application phosphorus significantly increased 1000 seed weight, harvest index, protein content and yield ( Sudhakar et al., 1989) Conjunctive application of organic manures and P increase the yields of LBG-20 black gram grown on a sandy loam soil Biogas digest was found superior to fym . ( Appa Rao et al., 1993)

60. GROUNDNUT Nitrogen application @ 20Kg/ha combined with Rhizobium inoculation increased the yields, protein content of J-11 groundnut variety.( Krishnama Chary, 1982) 61 SESAMUM Combined application of inorganic nitrogen through urea @ 25 Kg N/ha and organic manure through groundnut shells at 5 t/ha resulted in higher yields of sesamum grown on a black soil ( Mahendranatha Reddy et al., 1994)

61. SAFFLOWER 62 Azospirillum inoculation to safflower can be recommend in combination with 20 Kg N/ha as basal application as the yields sustained with this treatment on par with the yields recorded with 40 Kg N/ha. Thus a saving of 20 Kg N/ha was observed by conjunctive use nitrogen and Azospirillum ( Papi Reddy, 1990).

62. SWEET POTATO The tuber yield recorded in treatment where combined application of Azospirillum and 20 Kg. N/ha as urea was on par with treatment where 40 K./ha was applied indicating a saving of 20 Kg. N/ha due to Azospirillum inoculation. 63 ONION Bulb yields of onion (Nasik red) grown on an Alfisols with medium fertility showed increase even upto a level of 25 t/ha FYM ant 200 Kg. K₂0/ha. Since the yields were on with the application of [email protected] t/ha and K 2 0 applied at 200 Kg./ha, this treatment was only recommended ( Geetha , 1995)

63. 64 THANK YOU