INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) environmentally friendly and sustainable approach.pptx

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach to manage pests by combining multiple control methods to reduce pest population levels while minimizing risks to humans, beneficial organisms, and the environment.

IPM focuses on prevention first, using chemicals only when necessary and in a targeted, safe manner.

1. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)

2. What is pest? “Pests are organisms that can damage or interfere with desirable plants in our fields, orchards and landscapes.” “A pests is any organisms that spreads disease, cause destruction or is otherwise a nuisance.” ex. Birds, rodents, ants, bugs, flies, hoppers etc.

3. Integrated Pest Management Integrated Pest Management is a sustainable approach to crop protection that combines biological, cultural, physical, mechanical, and chemical methods. The goal is to keep pest populations below economic injury level (EIL) while minimizing harm to humans, beneficial organisms, and the environment. IPM never tries to eradicate pests completely. Instead, it teaches crops to coexist with occasional rude guests without letting them eat the house.

4. Key Principles of IPM Prevention Monitoring and Identification Setting Action Thresholds Use of Multiple Control Methods Evaluation

5. 1.Prevention — stop the pest party before it begins What it is: proactive measures taken before pests reach damaging levels. Focuses on making the crop environment unfavorable for pests and increasing crop resilience. Why it matters: the cheapest and safest control is prevention. Fewer interventions later → lower cost, less pesticide use, and less disruption of beneficials. How to be done practical measures *Crop rotation *Resistant/tolerant varieties *Sanitation *Seed and transplant health *Field hygiene & quarantine *Cultural timing *Soil management *Habitat management / push–pull

6. 2. Monitoring and Identification- know your villain it is systematic observation to detect pests, beneficials, and damage early — and accurate identification so you target controls correctly. Why it matters: misidentification leads to wrong control (wasteful, harmful). Monitoring determines whether action is needed and which method will work best. How to be done practical measures *Scouting (visual inspection) *Traps (Pheromone traps, Sticky traps) *Soil sampling *Diagnostic tools *Light traps *Recordkeeping

7. 3. Setting Action Thresholds (don’t spray at the first sighting) Decision making is done based on the results of the monitoring on threshold-based intervention, pest density or population level. Should also be aware that specific crops, pest life cycle, climatic condition etc. which control action should be taken to prevent reaching the Economic Injury Level (EIL). Why it matters: prevents unnecessary interventions, conserves beneficials, reduces cost and resistance pressure. Economic Injury Level (EIL): the pest density causing economic loss equal to the cost of control. When pest density > EIL, yield loss cost > cost of control. Action Threshold (AT) or Economic Threshold (ET): a precautionary level below EIL where action is taken to prevent reaching EIL (accounts for lag between action and effect).

8. 4.Use of Multiple Control Methods (T he IPM toolbox) The combination of cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical measures in a planned sequence to manage pests sustainably. Why it matters: combining methods reduces dependency on any single approach (especially chemicals), lowers selection pressure for resistance, and is often more effective. How to be done practical measures Start with prevention and cultural tools (crop rotation, sanitation). Conserve and expand biological control (avoid broad-spectrum insecticides; release natural enemies when necessary--(e.g., Trichogramma for lepidopteran egg control). Mechanical controls such as netting, hand-picking, or barriers used where feasible. Biopesticides and botanical insecticides Selective chemical use

9. 5. Evaluation—did it work? ( Repeat and improve) Measuring the effectiveness, economic return, and non-target impacts of actions taken; feeding results back into the IPM plan. Why it matters: IPM is adaptive management; without evaluation, you can’t learn or improve decisions. How to evaluate: Short-term checks: after control action (e.g., 3–7 days for insect pests depending on life cycle) Yield and quality assessment: compare expected yield to realized yield; did the control action preserve marketable produce? Non-target impact check: monitor beneficial organisms did predator/parasitoid numbers drop after treatment? Record cost–benefit: log cost of control (materials + labor) and estimate avoided yield loss Resistance/efficacy record: note any reduced efficacy over time that may indicate resistance. Adjust the plan: change monitoring frequency, thresholds, or preferred controls based on results.

10. Four Major Components of IPM Cultural Practices:- Cultural methods of pest control consist of regular farm operations in such a way which either destroy the pests or prevent them from causing economic loss Preparation of nurseries or main fields free form pest infestation by removing plant parts, soil treatment. Selection of clean and certified seeds and treating seeds with bio- pesticides before sowing. Selection of pest resistant/tolerant varieties.  Adjustment of time of sowing or harvesting to escape the peak season of pest attack.

11. Conti….. Rotation of crops with non-host crops. Optimum use of fertilizers, FYM and bio-fertilizers should be preferred. Proper plants pacing which makes less susceptible to pests. Proper weed and water management. Because water and weeds are attractive factors for pests. Growing trap crop and intercropping or multiple cropping should be implemented where as possible

12. 2 . Mechanical Practices:- It include following processes:- Removal and destruction of egg masses, larvae, pupae and diseased plants parts if possible. Installation of bamboo cage cum bird preachers in the field and conservation of natural enemies. Use of light traps and destruction of trapped insects. Installation of bird preachers in field for allowing birds to sit and feed insects their immature stages viz. eggs, larvae etc. Use of pheromones for mating and kill zone creation. Use of pheromones traps for monitoring and suppression of pest population and mass trapping.

13. 3 . Biological Practices: Biological control of insect's pests and disease, through biological measures, is the most important component of IPM. In broad sense , biological control is the use of living organisms to control unwanted living organisms (pests) in our cropping area. In other words, use of predators, parasitoids and pathogens to maintain pest population at level below those causing loss either by introducing a new bio-agent into the environment of pest or by increasing effectiveness of those already present in the fields.

14. Parasitoids:- These are organisms which ley eggs in or on the bodies of their hosts and complete their life cycles on host bodies resulting hosts dies. Predators:- These are free living organisms which prey upon other organisms for their food viz. spiders, dragon flies, ladybird beetles, birds etc. Bio-pesticides:- These are micro-organisms which infests and cause disease in their host as a result as hosts are killed. e.g. Fungi (Beauveria, Metarhizium); viruses (NPV, Granulosis viruses); bacteria (B. thuringiensis, B. popillae ) etc.

15. 4. Chemical Practices:- When all other methods become fails then refers to use of chemical pesticides is the last method to keep the pest population below the economic loss. Relevance of IPM practices are more important in vegetables and fruit crops because of their unique of consumption by human being. So, only approved pesticides should be used against targeted recommended crops. While going for chemical control method , we must keep in our minds that what to spray, when to spray, where to spray, how much and how to do spray. We have to be more careful and be cautions in applying pest control practices in fields crops.

16. IPM in Pakistan – Practical Examples Crop Major Pest IPM Strategy Tomato Whiteflies, Tuta absoluta Yellow sticky traps, resistant hybrids, neem oil sprays, release of parasitoids Citrus Citrus psylla Orchard sanitation, pruning, biological control, selective pesticide if needed Cotton Bollworm Pheromone traps, Bt cotton, predatory bugs, pesticide rotation Wheat Aphids Early sowing, natural enemies, controlled N-fertilization Okra Fruit borer Light traps, pheromone traps, weekly scouting, safe bio-pesticides

17. Challenges in IPM Financial constraints in the initial stage of IPM. Lack of involvement of the expertise. Inadequate research on insects' pests. Lack of supportive government and their policies. In the developing countries e.g. Pakistan; where traditional farming still practicing, farmers are unknown to the concept of IPM because IPM seems difficult to practice

18. Advantages of IPM Lower cost intervention:- Traditionally, the use of the pesticides to control the pest would become costly. Wherever, the application of different IPM techniques would less financially burden and more sustainable with long lasting effects. 2. Benefits to environment:- Use of pesticides are linked with the degradation of the environment resulting problems. While IPM is an eco-friendly approach and maintain ecological cycles. Minimizes residues of pesticides:- It is obvious that in an IPM schedule the use of pesticides will be reduced, hence the pesticides residue will also get automatically minimized. 

19. 4.  Anti-resistance:- It is proven that due to use of chemical pesticides, pests develops resistance to them, while IPM is model itself that it is anti-resistance to pest. 5. Useful and best intervention to the general public:- The use of IPM techniques, It is safe for use and affordable for the general public as well. It has no bad effects on the crops.

20. Disadvantages of IPM More involvement in the tactics of the method:- IPM needs to be planned. IPM demands more attention, dedication and requires expertise of various field. All those involved in the IPM needs to be educated and trained which often requires much time. Time and Energy consuming:- Application of IPM and expected results of intervention may take long time to be achieved. As IPM strategies differs from the region to region, a separate plan is required for each region. So, it takes to much time and energy consuming.

21. Worldwide impacts of IPM Crop yield increased from 6.72% to 40.14% in rice and 22.7% to 26.63% in cotton in IPM fields compared to non-IPM fields. Chemical pesticides sprays were reduced to the extent of 50- 100% in rice and 29.96% to 50.6% in cotton. Use of bio-pesticides/neem-based pesticides increased from 123 MT during 1994-95 to 1262 MT during 2009-10. Overall consumption of chemical pesticide in the country reduced from 75033 MT during 1990-91 to 41822 MT during 2009-10.