Integrated Science M2 Voluntary and Involuntry Actions

Voluntary and Involuntary Actions

1. Module 2  Unit 6  Lesson 3
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Organization of the
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INTRODUCTION
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In this slide presentation, you will take another look at the
human Nervous System to see how responses to stimuli are
effected. The presentation relates to:
Module 2 Unit 6 Lesson 3
Voluntary and Involuntary Actions
You can access various subtopics in the Menu on the LEFT
of each slide.
2
NOTE: For some activities in this slide show, you will be
asked to type your responses in boxes. To do so, you must be in
Slide Show View. You can insert and delete text in the box in
Slide Show View.

3. OBJECTIVESemHmseisiH yi
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Organization of the
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What is a Reflex
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Voluntary
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Injury and
Malfunction,h-ieti&%i
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QUIZ and REVIEW
ACTIVITIES!&.h!
INTRODUCTION
XX
On completing this slide presentation, you should be able to:
find out key information from using the Internet.
recall the types of neurones and their specific functions.
explain how neurones are involved in the process of producing
response to stimuli.
describe and distinguish between voluntary and involuntary
actions.
draw and label a reflex arc.
discuss some of the results of injury and malfunctioning of the
nervous system.
3

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Organization of the
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What is a Reflex
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Injury and
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INTRODUCTION
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•The nervous system is organized into the Central Nervous
System /CNS (brain and spinal cord) and the Peripheral
Nervous System /PNS (neurones, nerves, sense organs).
•The brain and the spinal cord act as coordinators,
interpreting the nerve impulses they receive from receptors
and generating other nerve impulses to trigger effectors
(muscles and glands) to produce changes called
responses. So, together, they enable us to receive and
respond to stimuli for homeostasis.
•In addition, the CNS allows us to make specific types of
response actions. Hundreds occur without us having to think
about them, e.g., the beating of our heart. But, there are also
numerous actions that we perform only after we have thought
about them and our brain allows us to consciously decide to
do these actions.
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Organization of the
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Injury and
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QUIZ and REVIEW
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a)Name and illustrate the three types of neurones, based
on their function.
b)Briefly describe the function of each. Write your answer in
your notebook, then share and compare within your
group.
5
Check this website for answers and diagrams >
http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nervoussystemintro.htm
Read down to the end of ‘Check Point - Humans have
three types of neurones’.
CHECK

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Read the section on ‘Nervous System’’.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/n/nervous_system.htm and
also look at/read the flow chart at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NSdiagram.png
These functional and structural divisions do not work
alone – they overlap, i.e. the voluntary and autonomic
nervous systems both use portions of the CNS & PNS.
Note that the division of the PNS called the Autonomic
Nervous System controls autonomic effectors such as:
smooth muscles e.g. in the eyes, digestive tract, bladder;
cardiac muscle and various glands. They are responsible
for "visceral" reflexes.
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Organization of the
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Injury and
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QUIZ and REVIEW
ACTIVITIES!&.h!
INTRODUCTION
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Look at the path that a nerve impulse travels from the time
a stimulus is detected to when the response occurs. Click
and do the animation at:
http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/1135/Links/Animations/Flash/0016-swf_reflex_arc.swf
Repeat the animation! Pay attention to the types of
neurones that are involved, and the sequence of their
involvement. The red arrow represents a nerve impulse
from detection of stimulus to response.
That animation shows how a reflex action occurs. It is a
rapid, involuntary response.
The pathway followed is called a reflex arc.
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8. OBJECTIVESemHmseisiH yi
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Organization of the
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What is a Reflex
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Injury and
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INTRODUCTION
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Click open the website below again. Read ‘The Reflex Arc’ and
discuss the text and diagram with your teacher.
http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nervoussystemintro.htm

Note (a) the direction in which the nerve impulse (arrows) travel
and (b) the neurones involved.
Make sure you understand the sequence in the flow chart and can
relate the steps to the reflex arc.
Note also that the spinal cord is the coordinator for the reflex
action!
Spend about 10 minutes practising to draw and label a reflex arc
like the one shown at this website >
http://apbrwww5.apsu.edu/thompsonj/anatomy%20&%20physiology/2010/2010%20exam%20reviews/exam%204%20review/reflex%20arc%20diagram-a.bmp
Show your teacher.
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9. OBJECTIVESemHmseisiH yi
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Organization of the
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Injury and
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QUIZ and REVIEW
ACTIVITIES!&.h!
INTRODUCTION
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If you accidentally touch something hot, instantly you
withdraw your hand from the hot iron and, at the same time,
you feel the pain. Watch this:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5nj3ZfeYDQ
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How? Why?

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Many reflex responses involve withdrawal movement/s from
painful stimuli to protect the body. This does not require any
thought. Often, only two neurones are involved – a sensory and
a motor neurone.
The spinal cord acts as the coordinator/integrator so that there is
swift response.
When the third - interneurone - is involved, it typically sends a
nerve impulse to the part of the brain (e.g. where the pain is
perceived). This occurs at virtually the same instant that you
withdraw from the painful damaging stimulus.
Note that the speed of the impulses minimizes the burn damage
which the high temperatures of the hot iron could cause.

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Click and watch >
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eye_dilate.gif
Have you observed this already? If not, watch a partner turn
towards bright light and see what happens to the pupils of the
eyes. Type your observation in the box below.
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This is the pupillary light reflex. When we shine light onto the
eye, the stimulus of light triggers the iris muscles (coloured)
to respond, causing the pupil (opening in centre of the iris
muscles) to constrict or get smaller. In dim light, the pupil
gets larger.
See the next slide for additional feedback.
CHECK

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This constriction of the pupil in response to light stimulus is
the pupillary light reflex.
How does this really happen?
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Click and scroll down to try an animation for yourself at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/human/thenervoussystemrev3.shtml
circular muscles
contract
bright light
circular muscle contracts
dim light
circular muscle contracts
Parasympathetic nerve
radial muscle relax
pupil constricts
Sympathetic nerve
radial muscles contract
pupil dilates
contraction of
radial muscles

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Recall that: The size of the pupil is controlled by
involuntary contraction and dilation of the muscles of the
iris (coloured part). This regulates the amount and
intensity of light entering the eyes.
 Unlike the knee jerk reflex which involves only the CNS
(coordinated in the spinal cord), this response of
constriction and dilation is controlled by the ANS.
Note, however – the ANS is controlled by the
hypothalamus of the brain.
The next slide provides an explanation of what happens!
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1.Click open and follow the nerve impulse pathway in the
pupillary light reflex at >>
http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/hyperbrain/anim/reflex.html Did you
notice the components involved?
2.Read below; replay and pause the animation as you read.
Light Stimuli  Sensory receptors in retina  Sensory nerve
fibres (Red/Purple) in two Optic nerve tracts  Relay
neurones (Black) in coordinator in midbrain 
Motor/Effector neurones (Blue dots) in Oculomotor nerve and
Ciliary ganglion  Effector = Constrictor muscles of iris (red
tips)  Response = constriction
3.This reflex has both similarities to and differences from (e.g.
coordination in midbrain!) the knee jerk or hand withdrawal
reflex actions that you observed earlier!
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The pupillary light reflex, is the reduction of pupil
size in response to light. The stimulus is detected in
the retina. Nerve impulses are sent to the midbrain
via the Optic nerve.
Integration and coordination occurs in the midbrain.
Outgoing nerve impulses travel via an effector nerve
and also involves parasympathetic root of the ciliary
ganglion.
This nerve impulse triggers response in the iris
circular sphincter muscles and constriction of the
pupil occurs.
The pupillary constriction is a reflex action!
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All healthy babies show a range
of reflex actions.
Click link to see some!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=rjnQhno3LA4&NR=1&feature=endscreen (Baby’s reflexes)
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 All of the responses we make are usually quite fast but
when the brain has to interpret and integrate the
information it receives then coordinate a response …
such responses will be relatively slower than a reflex
action that is coordinated in the spinal cord!
Responses that are coordinated by the brain are
called voluntary actions.
Examples of a voluntary action would be you responding
to a question that your teacher asked, or texting on your
cell phone.
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Learned Reflexes - are reflex pathways that are “learned”
by performing them correctly over and over again and they
become established reflexes e.g., this is how an athlete
perfects his/her high jump or hurdling technique for
successful performance.
They become difficult to "unlearn“. Think about this --- once
you learn how to ride a bicycle, play a piano or perhaps type,
you know for your entire life!
There are also some rote tasks or other repetitive actions
which, at first we may be clumsy at; but after continuously
doing the action, we become more efficient at it. These
actions may eventually become learned reflexes.
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Read the letter at the website
http://www.yourbrainattack.com/living-with-disability.htm
Reflect on how you could improve the way you react to
anyone you know or have seen with a disability
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The nervous system of an animal coordinates the activity
of the muscles, monitors the organs, constructs and also
stops input from the senses and initiates actions.
All of the above are either voluntary or involuntary
response actions to stimulus received.
Involuntary actions are swift because they are coordinated
by the spinal cord. Voluntary actions involve the brain.
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Are you ready to test yourself?
There are three multiple choice (M.C.) items that you are
required to do.
For each item, click on the letter of the correct response
and then click the button ‘NEXT QUESTION’ to continue.
Click the BEGIN QUIZ button to proceed.
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BEGIN QUIZ!

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After a serious car accident, a patient was diagnosed to be a
'vegetable'. He has reflex actions, normal heart beat and
breathing, but shows no voluntary responses. Which part of
the nervous system is probably damaged?
24 3#woH!e%
A. spinal cord n34eHwoW
B. brain stema3!e4
C. cerebellum*3!e4e
D. cerebrum i n n s t a l y
FEEDBACK

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QUESTION
After a serious car accident, a patient was diagnosed to be a
'vegetable'. He has reflex actions, normal heart beat and
breathing, but shows no voluntary responses. Which part of
the nervous system is probably damaged?
FEEDBACK
The correct answer is D. The cerebrum produces
voluntary response, therefore if it is damaged, the
person will not be able to perform these actions.
25 n h e m
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Which of the following are examples of simple reflex actions?
1. moving one's hand away from a hot object
2. shedding tears when one hears a sad story
3. shutting one's eyes as a fly approaches the face
26i n n s t a l y
FEEDBACK*3<-=8</=Ho%<1=
D. (1), (2) and (3)a3</=Ho%<1=o
C. (2) and (3) only n3<-=Ho%<1=o
B. (1) and (3) only 3<-=Ho%</=o
A. (1) and (2) only

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Which of the following are examples of simple reflex actions?
1) moving one's hand away from a hot object
2) shedding tears when one hears a sad story
3) shutting one's eyes as a fly approaches the face.
B is the correct answer because …
[1] a product of unconscious spinal cord assessment and
[3] is a product of unconscious cerebral assessment. Both
are reflex actions.
[2] is a product of conscious cerebral assessment.
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Which of the following responses is controlled by the
cerebellum of the brain?
28 .yo!eHwoHeWeHW/ ooweoowom.
A. Increase in heart rate when one is running. *. wW%eH/ womWHo%0w!1eHW
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D. Withdrawing the hand quickly from a hot
object on touching itn.3w!1womWme/ He%/ oW1ow
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B. Kicking the leg forward when the knee is
hit. a.w%womH2w!!.
C. Riding a bicycle.i n n s t a l y
i n n s t a l y
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Feedback to M.C. Question 3: Which of the following
responses is controlled by the cerebellum of the brain?
C is the answer as the cerebellum is the part of the brain
which instructs muscles of the body to achieve balance
and coordinates movement while riding.
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Now, click open this website
http://
www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP11704
and try the activities there:
a)Labeling the X. S. of the Spinal Cord
b)Two-neurone Knee jerk reflex
c)Completion/Matching
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How does the stimulus-response cycle for each of these two
pictures differ? Type your response in the box below.
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Flow Diagram: http://www.illuminatedmind.net/2008/04/09/6-keys-to-develop-the-action-habit/
A
Bi n n s t a l y
i n n s t a l y
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Remember that: The CNS – brain and spinal cord act as
coordinating/interpretation centres, to assess the nerve impulses
received from receptors and determine the best response for
maintenance of homeostasis and our survival. Response triggered by
the brain usually comes after conscious thought and takes longer
than if triggered as a reflex action from the spinal cord.
Conscious thought by the cerebrum (the brain) is used by the
students in Picture A to effectively think about and answer their
exam questions and writing is a voluntary act by them.
In Picture B, the individual responded very rapidly and
unconsciously, dropping the hot pot, before s/he could even think
about it! Only the spinal cord was involved as the interpretation
centre. This action is rapid and reflex compared to A.
The response actions also differ in both timing and the level of
thought used to instruct the response, which also means a difference
in the interpretation centres.
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QUESTIONQUESTION

33. instaly th OBJECTIVESiemHow?HWwoW
ehW
Organization of the
Nervous SystemHWwH
!Wwo"
What is a Reflex
Action? oWHe
#o
Voluntary
Responsesyo$eHo%
&Ho!Wwo
Injury and
Malfunction'(y)Ho%t yt
aly ylyth
QUIZ and REVIEW
ACTIVITIESyli*(alyi
INTRODUCTION
XX
Which types of responses – voluntary or involuntary - are each of
these examples below? Click on the voluntary responses. A change of
colour will indicate that your selection is correct.
33mHnmo
mHnmo
CHECKCHECK
4-Decision-making
13-Your heart beats rapidly when you hear a loud noise in the night
5-Drinking a soda 6-Eating a mango
7-Playing the recorder8-Riding a bicycle
10-Swimming 11-Studying 12-Urinating
14-Watching a television show
9-Swallowing saliva
3-Coughing to avoid choking 1-Blinking2-Breathing

34. instaly th OBJECTIVESiemHow?HWwoW
ehW
Organization of the
Nervous SystemHWwH
!Wwo"
What is a Reflex
Action? oWHe
#o
Voluntary
Responsesyo$eHo%
&Ho!Wwo
Injury and
Malfunction'(y)Ho%t yt
aly ylyth
QUIZ and REVIEW
ACTIVITIESyli*(alyi
INTRODUCTION
XX
Feedback to Question: Which types of responses voluntary
or involuntary - are these examples below?
Voluntary Response - Conscious Brain actions
4. Decision-making 5. Drinking a soda
6. Eating a mango 7. Playing the recorder
8. Riding a bicycle 10.Swimming
11. Studying 12. Urinating
14. Watching a television show
Involuntary Response - Spinal/ cranial reflex
1.Blinking 2. Breathing
3. Coughing to avoid choking 9. Swallowing saliva
13. Your heart beating rapidly when you hear a loud noise in
the night
34

35. instaly th OBJECTIVESiemHow?HWwoW
ehW
Organization of the
Nervous SystemHWwH
!Wwo"
What is a Reflex
Action? oWHe
#o
Voluntary
Responsesyo$eHo%
&Ho!Wwo
Injury and
Malfunction'(y)Ho%t yt
aly ylyth
QUIZ and REVIEW
ACTIVITIESyli*(alyi
INTRODUCTION
XX
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36. instaly th OBJECTIVESiemHow?HWwoW
ehW
Organization of the
Nervous SystemHWwH
!Wwo"
What is a Reflex
Action? oWHe
#o
Voluntary
Responsesyo$eHo%
&Ho!Wwo
Injury and
Malfunction'(y)Ho%t yt
aly ylyth
QUIZ and REVIEW
ACTIVITIESyli*(alyi
INTRODUCTION
XX
https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?
q=tbn:ANd9GcSV2xRcFNOYcqH5ds0mj0FAdtIC6rFBx92rLYHQ
MWtnF26dEE19XA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patellar-knee-reflex.png
http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nervoussystemintro.h
tm
http://www.meritnation.com/discuss/question/721733
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?
ID=AP11704
http://ib-biology2010-12.wikispaces.com/Brain+anatomy,
+neuron+structure+and+function
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