_intelligence_pp[1].pptx notes in psychology

These are notes for intelligence in psychology

1. TOPIC: INTELLIGENCE BY: S. KATHUMBA KATHUMBA 1 PSYCHOLOGY IN NURSING

2. INTRODUCTION KATHUMBA 2 In this unit, we are going to define intelligence and how to measure intelligence. We shall further proceed to look at the extremes of intelligence and the determinants of intelligence.

3. GENERAL OBJECTIVE KATHUMBA 3 At the end of the lesson the first year registered nursing students should be able to show an understanding of intelligence.

4. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES KATHUMBA 4 At the end of the lesson first year registered nursing students should be able to; Define intelligence Describe how intelligence can be measured.

5. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES CONT... KATHUMBA 5 State the extremes of intelligence Explain the determinants of intelligence

6. DEFINITION KATHUMBA 6 Intelligence is the capacity to understand the world, think rationally and use resources effectively when faced with challenges (Feldman, 1996).

7. Howard Gardner's proposal that people have eight intelligences Musical: Children with musical intelligence are always singing or tapping out a beat. Linguistic: Children with linguistic intelligence excel at reading, writing, telling stories and doing crossword or other word puzzles INTELLECTUAL ABILITIES

8. Logical-Mathematical: Children with this type of intelligence are interested in patterns, categories, calculations and relationships. They are good at mathematic problems, science, strategy games, and experiments. Bodily-Kinesthetic : These children process knowledge through their senses. They usually excel at athletics and sports , dance, and crafts. INTELLECTUAL ABILITIES

9. Interpersonal: This type of intelligence fosters children who are leaders among their peers, are good communicators, and understand the feelings and motives of others. Intrapersonal: These children are shy , very aware of their own feelings, and are self-motivated INTELLECTUAL ABILITIES

10. Naturalist : This type of intelligence allows children to distinguish among, classify, and use features of the environment . These children are likely to make good farmers, gardeners, botanists, geologists, florists, and archaeologists INTELLECTUAL ABILITIES

11. Intelligence quotient (IQ) A measure of somebody's intelligence, obtained through a series of aptitude tests concentrating on different aspects of intellectual functioning. MEASURING INTELLIGENCE

12. MEASURING INTELLIGENCE . KATHUMBA 12 Intelligent tests do not measure intellectual capacities directly ; they measure on the other hand measures manifestation of intellectual capacity in action or behavior . It is believed that every human action has some intelligence behind it even for that of the lowest idiot. The form of intelligence corresponds to the type of behavior.

13. CONT… KATHUMBA 13 The level of intelligence of an individual is measured by: The difficult of a task he/she can perform The range or worthy of the action he/she can perform The speed with which he/she can do or perform an activity

14. CONT… KATHUMBA 14 The harder the task a person can perform the greater is his/her intelligence and the more tasks an individual can do the more they do it the more the intelligence. A psychologist by the name of Alfred Binet was entrusted with a charge of finding out the reasons of backwardness in children at a monispor school in German.

15. Cont… 03/15/2023 MR. MWEEMBA. N. K. M 15 He came to a conclusion that the intelligence of a normal child develops without school education. He prepared a number of tests meant for measuring intelligence of children at each leverage and applied this to them. Some may only pass tests for their age whilst others may pass even tests of a higher age. These children are referred to be the above average children.

16. CONT… KATHUMBA 16 Still others may fail tests for their age range, they are below average. Binet used the intelligence Quotient(IQ) to measure intelligence. The intelligence Quotient is the ratio formed by dividing mental age, by chronological age and X by 100.

17. CONT… KATHUMBA 17 IQ = Mental age x100 Chronological age A child with a mental age of 6 and chronological age of 5 will have an IQ of 120. IQ = Mental Age Chronological = 6/5 x 100 =120

18. CONT… KATHUMBA 18 A child with mental age of 5 and chronological age of 10 will have an IQ of IQ= Mental age x 100 Chronological age =5/10 x100 =50

19. CURRENT POSSIBLE IQ 03/15/2023 MR. MWEEMBA. N. K. M 19

20. The highest IQ score ever recorded KATHUMBA 20 Ainan Celeste Cawley (IQ score: 263) William James Sidis (IQ score: 250-300) Terence Tao (IQ score: 225-230) Marilyn Vos Savant (IQ score: 228) Christopher Hirata (IQ score: 225) Kim Ung-Yong (IQ score: 210)

21. The highest IQ score ever recorded cont... KATHUMBA 21 Edith Stern (IQ score: 200+) Christopher Michael Langan (IQ score: 190 – 210) Garry Kasparov (IQ score: 194) Philip Emeagwali (IQ score: 190) Judit Polgar (IQ score: 170) Albert Einstein (IQ score: 160 – 190) Stephen Hawking (IQ score: 160)

22. EXTREMES OF INTELLIGENCE KATHUMBA 22 Mental retardation: is also known as learning/intellectual disability. It is defined as a state of arrest or incomplete development of the intellectual faculties evident from childhood. Mental retardation is also defined as an intelligence quotient of 70 percentile or less.

23. Classifications of Mental retardation KATHUMBA 23 Mental retardation can be classified as follows: Mild mental retardation (I Q 55 – 70 Moderate mental retardationIQ 40 – 55 Severe mental retardation IQ 25 – 40 Profound mental retardation IQ < 25

24. Causes of Mental retardation KATHUMBA 24 THE FOLLOWING ARE CAUSES OF MENTAL RETARDATION: Fatal alcohol syndrome Down’s syndrome Prenatal maternal illnesses e.g. toxoplasmosis Childhood illnesses e.g. Central nervous infections, brain tumours, head injuries

25. Treatment for mental retardation: KATHUMBA 25 The children can be enrolled in special schools to improve adaptive functioning Treat underlying physical conditions Treat co – morbid psychiatric disorders like depression, anxiety and schizophrenia

26. Intellectual giftedness KATHUMBA 26 Intellectual giftedness may refer to an individual with a very high intelligence quotient. Such individuals develop much faster than their peers. They acquire an advanced language at a tender age. In a number of cases they may find themselves in higher grades than their peers.

27. Intellectual giftedness charecteristics 27 Learn quickly, deeply, broadly than peers Reasoning ability Creativity Curiosity Large vocabulary Excellent memory Master concepts with few repetition

28. DETERMINANTS OF INTELLIGENCE KATHUMBA 28 Heredity: The genes inherited from the parents can determine whether a person will be clever, dull or average. The IQ of people were taken and correlated. The results were as follows:

29. CONT… KATHUMBA 29 Biological parent and child-------------50% Foster parent and child-----------------25% Fraternal twins ---------------------------55% Identical twins raised in same environment----90% Identical twins raised in separate environments----75%

30. Cont… KATHUMBA 30 From this study we can conclude that genetics surely affects the person’s intelligence. We can also deduce that the environment is also just as important because it can facilitate the realization of a person’s full intelligence potential or hinder it. Therefore it is logical to conclude that both the ENVIRONMENT and HEREDITY do play a role in an individual’s IQ

31. Cont… 31 Environment: It is believed that with adequate stimulation, the intelligence quotient can be shifted. For example , the school that one goes to may have a lot to do with how someone exploits his inherited abilities to the maximum.

32. Cont… KATHUMBA 32 Gender differences in intelligence: Girl children out do boys in early life but later boys excel due do societal stereotype which leads to limiting levels of effort, which leads to low development of cognitive abilities. Eg: a stereotype of a woman as a carer. Generally speaking there is no race or sex that is more intelligent than the other.

33. Cont… KATHUMBA 33 Racial differences in intelligence: It is found that white people generally superior in average IQ than the black one especially in those countries where white culture is dominant. It is argued that white people get richer environment than black people.

34. SUMMARY KATHUMBA 34 We have looked at intelligence as the capacity to understand the world, think rationally and use resources effectively when faced with challenges. We have also seen that intelligence can be measured and how to measure intelligence and looked at the extremes of intelligence. We further went on to look at the determinants of intelligence

35. THE END THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION KATHUMBA 35

36. REFERENCE KATHUMBA 36 Altschul. A. and Sinclair, H.C (1981) Psychology for nurses. London: Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. Anastas, A. (1979) Field’s Applied Psychology . New York: McGraw Hill Book Company. Douglas. B. et al (2002) Essentials of Psychology . Boston, Houghton Mifflin. Feldman R. S (2000) Understanding Psychology. 4 th edit.Boston. McGraw-Hill, Inc. GNCZ (2010), Curriculum, Diploma Registered Nursing Programme . 3 rd edit-General Nursing Council of Zambia. Lusaka. Hilgard. E. R et al (1975) Introduction to Psychology. 6 th edit. Harcourt Brace Inc. New York: Jovanovich.