Interior Design principles and elements

Explain the vocabulary of Interior Design
in terms of principles and elements .

1. INTERIORDESIGN
ASSIGNMENT1
ExplainthevocabularyofInteriorDesign
intermsofprinciplesandelements.
BY,
S.DIVYA

2. PRINCIPLESOFINTERIORDESIGN
DesignersusethesePrinciplesofinteriordesign
TocreategoodCompositions(decoration/arragements).
Arewaysofarrangingororganisingdesignelements.
Evaluateeachelementinadesign
Arearrangedtocreateafeelingofstabilityinawork.
UNITY
BALANCE
RHYTHM
EMPHASIS
CONTRAST
SCALEAND
PROPORTION

3. PRINCIPLESOFINTERIORDESIGN
UNITY
 Achievedwhenallofthedifferentelementsina
designworktogethertocreateaunifiedwhole.
 Tomakeelementsinacompositionappearto
belongtogether.Wheneachelementshasaclear
visualrelationshiptooneormoreotherelements,the
compositionisunified.
 Everysingleitemshouldcontributetotheoverall
interiordesignconcept.
 Unitycanbecomparedtoharmony,integrityor
wholeness.
 Someofthewaystoachieveunityinclude:
→Alignment-arrangingelementssothat
theiredgesarelinedup.
→Similarity-Repeatingcolors,shapes,
values,textures,orlinescreatesavisual
relationshipbetweenelements,called
correspondence.
→Proximity-groupingbycloseness;thecloserelementsaretoeach
other.
→Repetition-groupingbysimilarity;
elementsthataresimilarvisuallyare
perceivedtoberelated.Any
elementcanberepeated-line,
shape,color,valueortexture-as
wellotherthingssuchasdirection,
angleorsize.
→Continuation-something(aline,
anedge,acurve,adirection)
continuesfromoneelementto
another.Theviewer’seyewill
followthecontinuinglineoredgesmoothly.
→Overlapping-creatingarelationshipbetweenseparateelements.

4. BALANCE
 Properdistributionofobjectsinaroomto
createvisualbalance.
 Distributionofvisualweightwithina
composition.
 Lackofbalancedisturbstheharmonyofa
compositionandcreatestension.
 Createdwhenthereisanequilibriumof
elementsthatneedeachotherandtogetherthey
createUnity.
 VisualBalanceareof3Types
→ Symmetrical(formal)-objectsarerepeatedormirroredalongacentral
axis.Symmetrycancreateorder,formality,calmnessandstillness.
SymmetryMakesDesignSimple.
→ Asymmetrical(informal)-relatedwith
anoddnumberofdisparateelements.Lines,
colours,formsandtexturesarebalancedin
aspacewithoutduplication.lookinformal,
naturalandenergetic.moredynamicandless
rigid.
→ Radial-acentralfocalpointwithother
elementsradiatingfromitoraroundit.
RHYTHM
 Suggestsconnectedmovementbetweendifferentparts
ofadesignbyusingcolors,lines,forms,ortextures;also
referredtoascontinuity.
 Rhythmisvisualflow:theeyeshouldbeableto‘flow’
smoothlyacrosstheroom.
 Patternshaverhythm,tocreateasenseofmovement
in,throughoraroundadesign.Repeatedelementsand
thespacesbetweenthemmakepatterns.
 Rhythmcanbeaccomplishedthroughthefollowingmeans:
→ Repetitionachievedbyrepeatinganyoftheelements
ofdesign(line,colour,textureandpattern,light,and
scaleandproportion)orotherdesignconceptsinan
organizedandregularway.
→ Alternationalternatingtwoor
moreelementsinaregularpattern.Thepatternmaybe
ABCABCorABBABB,butalwaysrepeatinginthesame
order.
→ Progression Repetitionelementsplacedaccordingtosizefrom
smallerto biggerones,orperhapsaccordingtothegradientoftheir
colours.

5. EMPHASIS
 Accent,stress,orimportanceplacedonapartofapieceofartwork.
 Focusisusedtocentreattentiontocreatedbycontrastingelements.
 elementslikecolor,textureandformareusedtoaddemphasistoa
focalpoint.
CONTRAST
Contrastreferstothedifferenceintheluminance
(brightness)orcolorofobjectsthatdifferentiatesthemfromoneanother.
Ininteriordesign,contrastcanbeachievedbyfourelementsnamelycolor,
form,textureandspace.
Contrastcanalsobeachievedbycombiningtwoormoreforms;organizeyour
designandestablishahierarchy.
achievedbymeansof:Colour/Texture/Shape
SCALEANDPROPORTION
Proportionistheratiobetweenthesizeofonepart
toanother.
hugeimpactonthefunctionalityofaspace.
generalsizeofobjectsandcanchangetheentire
lookandfeelofaroom.
Color,Space,andStyleshowsyouhowtoget
proportionsrighteverytime.
Scalereferstotherelationshipbetweentwoor
moreobjects,onethathasacommonlyknown
size.
sizeofobjectsiscomparedtohumanscale.
Itcanbeseenanddividedinthreecategories:
→ Humanscale
→ Monumentalscale
→ Miniaturescale

6. ELEMENTSOFINTERIORDESIGN
LINE
SPACE
FORMS
LIGHT
COLOR

7. LINE
 Definesasubjectʼsformorshapeonaflat,two-dimensional
surface.
 Linescanbethickorthin,smoothorjagged,rigidand
mechanicalororganicandhanddrawn.
 Ininteriordesign,linescreatefurnishingsandarchitecture
ofaroom.
 Linesetsformandshape.
 Lineisresponsibleforharmony,contrastandunityin
interiordesign.
 Linecanbeusedtoshowmovementandguidestheeye
throughoutaroom.
 Linecanbeusedtoshowmood.
 Linescanbeusedtoconveyasenseofstrength,serenity,
gracefulness,oraction.
 Combininglinesandplacingtheminadesignincertain
wayscancreatespecificeffectsandfeelings.
 Differenttypesoflineshavedifferenteffectsondesign.
 Characteristicsoflineinclude:Width-thick,thin,
tapering,unevenLength-long,short,continuous,broken
Direction-horizontal,vertical,diagonal,curving,
perpendicular,oblique,parallel,radial,zig-zagFocus-sharp,
blurry,fuzzy,choppyFeeling-sharp,jagged,graceful,
smooth...canyouthinkofothers?
 Thedifferenceinlinequalityhavecreatedworkswithvery
differentimpact.Howyouuselineisveryimportantwhile
creatingsomeartwork.
1.Verticallinesleadtheeyeup,addingheightformality
growthspiritualitygrandeurstrengthtoadesign.
Canbeseenin:TallfurnitureColumnsPillarsStriped
wallpaperLongnarrowdraperies
2.Horizontallinesleadtheeyeto
theleftorright,suggestinginformalitycalm
peacegentlenessgravityrestfulness.
Canbeseenin:Long,lowroofsLong,low
furniturepiecessuchassofasandchests
3.Diagonallinessuggestaction,activity,
movementexcitementCreatesasense
ofspeedCanbeseenin:StaircasesCathedral
ceilingsGableRoofs
4.CurvedlinesToomanycurvedlinescreateabusylookRepresent
freedomNaturalFlowAppearanceofsoftnessAsoothingfeeling.
Canbeseenin:DoorwayarchesRuffledcurtainsCurvedfurniture
RoundedaccessoriesStaircases
▪ 5.Directional/jaggedlinesCanbeperceivedasforceful
chaoticsharpthreatening
▪ 6ˆ.ThinlinesCanbeexperiencedbyUnstable
weak
▪ 7.ThicklinesCanbeexperiencedbyRigid
Dependentdominating

8. SPACE
 Space,intwo-dimensionaldesign,isessentiallyflat.
 Ithasheightandwidth,butnodepth.
 Therearecertainvisualcues,thatcancreatetheillusionof
spaceinthemindoftheviewer.Byusingthosecues,artistsand
designerscancreateimagesthatareinterpretedas
three-dimensional.
 Spaceistheareaprovidedforaparticularpurpose.
Itmayhavetwo
dimensions(lengthand
width)suchasafloor,or
itmayhavethree
dimensions(length,
width,andheight),such
asaroomordwelling.
Itreferstothearea
thatashapeorform
occupies.
 Whenspacechangesgradually,itismorepleasingthanwhenitchangesabruptly.
 Spacecanbedefinedaspositiveornegative.Positivespaceisthefilledspace,theobject(s)or
element(s)inthedesign.Negativespaceistheemptyspace,ortheopenspacebetweendesign
elementsorobjects,suchasabackground.
 FORM
 Formistheoutlinededgesofathree-dimensionalobject.
 Ithaslength,width,anddepth(orheight)aswellasvolume
andmass.
 Canbemeasured,fromtoptobottom(height),sidetoside
(width),andfrombacktofront(depth).
 Formisalsodefinedbylightanddark.
 Itcanbedefinedbythepresenceofshadowsonsurfacesor
facesofanobject.
 Therearetwotypesofform,geometric(man-made)and
natural(organicform).
 Formmaybecreatedbythecombining
oftwoormoreshapes.
 Itmaybeenhancedbytone,textureand
color.
 Itcanbeillustratedorconstructed.
 Ithasvolumeandmass.
→ Organic-natural,livingform.
→ Inorganicorgeometric-man-made,
non-livingforms.
→ Open-forms-formsthatcanbelookedinto.
Closed-forms-self-contained.
→ GeometricShape-circle,square,rectangle,triangle,pentagon,
octagon, otherpolygons.
→ GeometricForm-sphere,cube,pyramid,cone,cylinder.
→ Free-Form-anynon-geometricshape:irregular,amorphic

9.  COLOUR
 Coloristhekeyelementofinteriordesign.
 Itisusedtocreateaestheticallypleasingcombinations
andalsoworksonapsychologicallevel.
 Eachcolorhasthreecharacteristics:hue,value,and
intensity.
 Itemphasistocreateahierarchyandthepieceofart
 ColourSaturationgivesacolorbrightnessordullness,
Colourmayconnoteemotion(excitement,rage,peace)and
stimulatebrainactivity(action,relaxation,concentration).
Lightisadditive–workingtowardswhite.
 Paintorpigmentissubtractive–workingtowardsblack.Mixingredblueandyellow
cancreateanypigmentcolour.
 Tintsaremadewhenwhiteisaddedtoapurehuetomakelightvalues.
 AShadeiswhenblackisaddedtoapurehuetomakedarkvalues.
 Hueisthenameofacolor.Red,greenandblue-violetareexamplesofhues.Acolor
maybelightenedordarkened,brightenedordulled,butthehuewillremainthesame.
 Tint(colourpluswhite)ishigh-valuecolour,whereasshade(colourplusblack)islow
valuecolour
 Primarycolorsarehuesfromwhichallother
colorscanbemade:red,yellow,blue.
 Secondarycolorsaremadefrommixingequal
partsofthePrimarycolors:orange,green,violet.
 TertiarycolorsarethosecolorsbetweenPrimary
andSecondarycolors:yellow-orange,red-orange,
etc.Complementarycolorsarecolorsthatare
oppositeeachotheronthecolorwheel:red-green,
orange-blue,yellow-violet.
 Analogouscolorsarecolorsthatareadjacent
(sidebyside)toeachotheronthecolorwheel.
 Monochromaticcolorsarevariations
invalueofonecolorbyaddingeither
whitetomaketintsorblacktomake
shades.
 Intensityreferstothebrightnessor
dullnessofacolor.Intensityisthe
brightnessordullnessofahue.Adding
someofitscomplimentcanlowerthe
intensityofahue.Thecomplimentofa
hueisthecolordirectlyoppositeitona
standardcolorwheel.

10.  Examplesofhighintensitycolorsincludehot
pinkandfire-enginered.
 Lowintensitycolorsincluderustandsmoky
blue.
 AcolorisTransparentiftheviewercansee
clearlythroughit.
 Acoloristranslucentifitadmitslightbutthe
imageisdiffusedandcannotbeseenclearly.
 Acolorisopaqueifitcan'tbeseenthrough.
 ColorshavedegreesoftransparencyDescriptors:brilliant,medium,dull.
 Valueisthelightnessordarknessofa
hue.
 Thevalueofahuecanbemadelighter
byaddingwhite.Thisproducesatint.
 Ahuecanbemadedarkerbyadding
black.Thisproducesashade.