interleukins

Interleukins are a group of cytokines

1. INTERLEUKINS & THEIR ROLE VIPIN MOHAN 2011-09-112 College of Agriculture Vellayani , TVM

2. Interleukins  are a group of  cytokines  (secreted  proteins   and signaling molecules ) that were first seen to be expressed by  white blood cells  ( leukocytes ).

3. the term was coined by Dr Vern Paetkau ,  University of Victoria in 1979 The term  interleukin  derives from ( inter- ) "as a means of communication", and ( - leukin ) "deriving from the fact that many of these proteins are produced by leukocytes and act on leukocytes".

4. The function of the  immune system  depends in a large part on interleukins .   rare  deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring  autoimmune diseases  or  immune deficiency . The majority of interleukins are synthesized by helperCD4  T lymphocytes , as well as through  monocytes ,  macrophages , and endothelial  cells. They promote the development and differentiation of T and  B lymphocytes ,and   hematopoietic  cells.

5. Common families of interleukins  Interleukin 1  Interleukin 2  Interleukin 3  Interleukin 4  Interleukin 5  Interleukin 6 Interleukins 7 and 9  Interleukin 8  Interleukin 10  Interleukin 11  Interleukin 12  Interleukin 13  Interleukin 15  Interleukin 17   Interleukin 18   Interleukin 23

6. Interleukin 1 alpha and interleukin 1 beta ( IL-1 alpha  and  IL-1 beta ) are cytokines that participate in the regulation of immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and hematopoiesis Interleukin 1 also plays a role in the  Central Nervous System . Interleukin 1

7. Produced by activated  Macrophages ,   Endothelia Cells ,  B-Cells , and Fibroblast Cells . L-1 also augments  CorticoSteroid  release, induces fever and shivering - useful responses, because elevated body temperature reduces Bacterial growth.

8. Interleukin 2 T Lymphocytes regulate the growth and differentiation of T cells and certain B cells through the release of secreted protein factors. These factors, which include interleukin 2  (IL2), are secreted by lectin - or antigen-stimulated T cells, and have various physiological effects. IL2 is a lymphokine that induces the proliferation of responsive T cells. In addition, it acts on some B cells, via receptor-specific binding, as a growth factor and antibody production stimulant. .

9. Interleukin 3 Interleukin 3  (IL3) is a cytokine that regulates blood-cell production by controlling the production, differentiation and function of granulocytes and macrophages.  The protein, which exists in vivo as a monomer, is produced in activated T cells and mast cells,and is activated by the cleavage of an N-terminal signal sequence.

10. INTERLEUKIN 4 Interleukin 4  (IL4) is produced by CD4 T cells specialized in providing help to B cells to proliferate and to undergo class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation . Stimulates production of AntiBody -producing  B-Cells , leading to the production of  Ig G & IgE . IL-4 also promotes  CD8 +  Cell growth and promotes  TH2  Cell differention .

11. Interleukin 5 Interleukin 5  (IL5), also known as eosinophil differentiation factor (EDF), is a lineage-specific cytokine for eosinophilpoiesis . It regulates eosinophil growth and activation,and thus plays an important role in diseases associated with increased levels of eosinophils , including asthma.

12. Interleukin 6 Interleukin 6  (IL6), also referred to as B-cell stimulatory factor-2 (BSF-2) and interferon beta-2, is a cytokine involved in a wide variety of biological functions.  It plays an essential role in the final differentiation of B cells into IG-secreting cells, nerve cell differentiation, and, in hepatocytes.

13. Is produced by many cell types, including  T-Cells , Macrophages, B-Cells, Fibroblasts, and  Endothelia Cells . IL-6 stimulates several types of  Leukocytes , and the production of Acute Phase Proteins in the Liver. IL-6 is particularly important in inducing  B-Cells  to differentiate into AntiBody Forming Cells ( Plasma Cells ).

14. Interleukin 7 InterLeukin-7 (IL-7) Is made by Bone Marrow Stroma Cells and acts on Thymocytes . IL-7 is a  T-Cell  growth and activation factor, and a  Macrophage Activation Factor . Interleukin 7  (IL-7) is a cytokine that serves as a growth factor for early lymphoid cells of both B- and T-cell lineages.

15. Interleukin 8 InterLeukin-8 (IL-8) Is produced by most cells of the body, especially Macrophages and Endothelia Cells . IL-8 enhances  Inflammation , by enabling Immune Cells to migrate into tissue, & is a powerful inducer of Chemotaxis  for  Neutrophil Cells .

16. Interleukin 9 InterLeukin-9 (IL-9) Up-regulates  Th1  responses (Enhancing Inflammation) by inhibiting T-Cell  Apoptosis .   Interleukin 9 (IL-9) is a cytokine that supports IL-2 independent and IL-4 independent growth of helper T cells. Interleukin 7 and 9 seems to be evolutionary related.

17. Interleukin 10 Interleukin 10  (IL-10) is a protein that inhibits the synthesis of a number of cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, TNF, and GM-CSF produced by activated macrophages and by helper T cells. TNF-. IL-10 is also very important in  B-Cell  activation

18. Interleukin 11  (IL-11) is a secreted protein that stimulates megakaryocytopoiesis , resulting in increased production of platelets, as well as activating osteoclasts , inhibiting epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis, and inhibiting macrophage mediator production. These functions may be particularly important in mediating the hematopoietic, osseous and mucosal protective effects of interleukin 11.  Family members seem to be restricted to mammals. Interleukin 11

19. Interleukin 12 Interleukin 12  (IL-12) is a disulphide-bonded heterodimer consisting of a 35kDa alpha subunit and a 40kDa beta subunit. It is involved in the stimulation and maintenance of Th1 cellular immune responses, including the normal host defence against various intracellular pathogens, such as Leishmania , Toxoplasma ,  Measles virus , and Human immunodeficiency virus 1  (HIV). IL-12 also has an important role in pathological Th1 responses, such as in inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis.

20. Interleukin 13 Interleukin 13  (IL-13) is a pleiotropic cytokine that may be important in the regulation of the inflammatory and immune responses. It inhibits production of Macrophage Inflamatory Cytokines . with IL-2 in regulating interferon-gamma synthesis.

21. Interleukin 15 Interleukin 15  (IL-15) is a cytokine that possesses a variety of biological functions, including stimulation and maintenance of cellular immune responses. Shares several biological activities with  IL-2  and is produced by both  Epithelial Cells  and  Monocytes . IL-15 also induces  T- Cell proliferation , enhances  NK Cell   CytoToxicity and stimulates  B-Cells  to proliferate and secrete  ImmunoGlobulins .

22. Interleukin 17 Interleukin 17  (IL-17) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated memory T cells.  The IL-17 family is thought to represent a distinct signalling system that appears to have been highly conserved across vertebrate evolution.

23. Interleukin 18 InterLeukin-18  ( IL-18 ) Induces Interferon-gamma ( IFN- ) production.

24. Interleukin 23 InterLeukin-23  ( IL-23 ) One of the essential factors required for the expansion of pathogenic  CD4 +  T-Cells, which is characterized by the production of  IL-17 ,  IL-6 , and  Tumor Necrosis Factor

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