Internalized Misogyny Complete

WGST112

1. WGST 112 Aidan Cruthers – Gillis Angela Lewis Jonah Murray Sara Pilon Faith Stang

2. Bearman et al. (2009) defines sexism as the systemic inequitable treatment of girls and women by men and by the society as a whole.  Dehlin and Galliher (2019) define sexism as “a belief, practice, or system that supports the notion that men are intrinsically superior to women” and is often theorized to be divided between hostile sexism, and benevolent sexism. What is Internalized Misogyny? How is it Different Than Sexism?   Hostile sexism is the propagation of negative evaluations of women who do not adhere to traditional gender roles and often “aims to validate…..men’s exploitation of women as sexual objects through derogatory characterizations of women” ( Dehlin and Galliher , 2019).    Benevolent sexism propagates positive evaluations of woman who adhere to traditional gender roles, and “relies on kinder and gentler justifications of male dominance and prescribed gender roles; it recognizes men’s dependence on women and takes a romanticized view of heterosexual relationships” ( Dehlin and Galliher , 2019).

3. Sexism often consists not only of the most prominent incidents, such as job discrimination and sexual harassment, but also of more mundane practices, such that “sexism is often unintentional; both the agents and the targets of sexism are often unaware of the sexism in their interactions” (Bearman et al., 2009). Misogyny is therefore more of a moral manifestation of sexism than a direct parallel. The Oxford English Dictionary defines misogyny as the dislike of, contempt for, or ingrained prejudice against women. By this definition, we can assume that sexism is separate from misogyny, as while a person could like women, they may still be happy to support systematic discrimination against them. What is Internalized Misogyny? How is it Different Than Sexism?

4. So, What is Internalized Misogyny? Internalized misogyny is “when women subconsciously project sexist ideas onto other women and even onto themselves” (Cherry, 2018) and, according to Dehlin and Galliher (2019), is made up of self-objectification and passive acceptance of gender roles. A key component of internalized misogyny is “the circulation of [sexist] practices among women, even in the absence of men” (Bearman et al., 2019). Internalized misogyny is often expressed by women through the minimizing of values of other women, believing in gendered biases in favour of men, and the demeaning of value of women and their skills. Due to the nature of the references cited which used the terms internalized sexism and internalized misogyny interchangeably, we will also be doing this in our project. “It can be difficult to identify internalized misogyny. As independent as we think we may be, we have many preconceived notions about how a woman should exist that stem from societal expectations and gender norms. It is important to be conscious of this, and to be conscious of your thoughts and ideas not only about other women but also in regards to yourself. Remember – empowered women empower women!” (Cherry, 2018).

5. How is Internalized Misogyny Spread? Women are not only degraded openly, but also subtly throughout our daily lives. Women in patriarchal cultures (of which Canada is included) are exposed to these subtler forms of sexism through religious institutions, places of work, political and legal systems, familial and peer relationships, and in the media, which has a particularly strong influence on the propagation of sexist ideals by creating hidden misogynistic narratives that women can identify with. In fact, a study by Spengler and van Ligten (2014) implicated that misogyny “trickles down through culture, into the family unit, and then gets internalized by women through the process of identification.” Because of how well sexist and misogynistic ideology is hidden in our culture, it is exceedingly difficult to recognize misogynistic behaviours manifesting in oneself and the tearing down of women that often follows. Lily Soper discusses how internalized misogyny is engrained in the minds of young females and uses the popular movie “The Kissing Booth” as an example of the “I’m not like other girls” stereotype being perpetuated in the media. Soper writes, “ Aside from the protagonist, every female character is vapid, nasty, and has the audacity to take pride in their appearance. Not Elle though. She’s hot, but only in an accidental way, and her best friend is a guy. Girls are just too much drama, am I right?” (Soper, L. 2019). “The Kissing Booth” is one of many examples of internalized misogyny in the media.

6. Why Should We Be Concerned About Internalized Misogyny? Other than the negative societal and social outcomes that may manifest, internalized misogyny can also be detrimental to mental health. Internalized misogyny is linked to many negative outcomes that include psychological distress, eating disorders, and mental illness.  The research done by Dehlin and Galliher (2019) found that Internalized misogyny was directly associated with, and often intensified, psychological distress , while Szymanski et al. (2009) found that internalized misogyny heightened the relationship between external sexism and psychological distress. In addition, Dehlin and Galliher (2019) also found a correlation between internalized sexism and increased levels of PTSD, depression, and anxiety.

7. The following comic strip gives a brief creative overview of internalized misogyny.

8. This comic strip and perspective piece was created by Maggie Spear and shared through the Washington Post on April 10 th , 2019.

9. Internalized Misogyny & The Female Body

10. Stereotypes and societal expectations of women are created by the patriarchy. They exist to maintain the patriarchy’s position of power and dominance in society. As bell hooks said in Feminism Is for Everybody , “We all knew firsthand that we had been socialized as females by patriarchal thinking to see ourselves as inferior to men, to see ourselves as always and only in competition with one another for patriarchal approval, to look upon each other with jealousy, fear, and hatred” (hooks, 14).  Patriarchal beauty standards are socially constructed, meaning they change frequently with society; however, these beauty ideals are relevant in our contemporary context. Women are expected to be thin yet curvaceous. They should be tall and elegant - but not too tall. Their hair should be long and flowing, but the only hair acceptable is from the neck up. A woman’s skin should be free of stretch marks, acne, scars, and essentially any other feature that differentiates her from a realistic sex doll. 

11. The media is one system in our society that perpetuates internalized misogyny and patriarchal beauty standards. Dr. Harry Brandt is the director of The Center for Eating Disorders at Sheppard Pratt, a Psychiatric hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. In 2012 they conducted a survey on Facebook usage as a negative influence on body image. Dr. Brandt said, “Facebook is making it easier for people to spend more time and energy criticizing their own bodies and wishing they looked like someone else … In this age of modern technology and constant access to Smart Phones and the internet, it's becoming increasingly difficult for people to remove themselves from images and other triggers that promote negative body image, low self-esteem and may ultimately contribute to eating disorders” ( Center for Eating Disorders at Sheppard Pratt Survey, 2012). Social media influencers and advertisers promote unrealistic beauty standards and misrepresent the female body, and corporations' profit from the insecurities created from these unattainable standards. Social media fosters envy and competition between women – a part of internal misogyny in which women externalize this deep seeded hatred and insecurity by tearing one another down. The Ryerson Social Media Lab in Toronto, Ontario performs annual surveys on social media adoption and usage in Canada. Their report, “The State of Social Media in Canada 2020” highlighted the following: 94% of Canadian adults surveyed have at least one social media account. Social media use is highest amongst women. Young adults aged 18-24 are the largest adopters of social media (except for Facebook and LinkedIn). Facebook is the most popular platform in Canada and has the highest percentage of daily users at 76%.

12. Internalized misogyny and the influence of the media on female bodies and beauty standards impact our lives in different ways, through: Development of negative self-esteem. Psychological distress. Body shaming. Diet culture. Try as we might, it is difficult not to internalize misogynistic messages. They have been established and enforced in our lives beginning in infancy, when we were wrapped in either a pink or a blue swaddling blanket. Women not only incorporate these misogynistic messages into their daily lives, but they also perpetuate them amongst themselves. In Amy Palder’s “ So, Who Feels Pretty? : Negotiating The Meaning of Femininity In A Nonheterosexual Community”, she discusses how women act as gatekeepers “in that they reinforce appropriate feminine appearance and behavior by ‘othering’ those who did not comply” ( Palder , 103). This happens through body shaming other women, judging their appearance and putting them down.

13. Internalized Misogyny’s Impact on Female Relationships Internalized misogyny can present itself and fester in many forms. One of which that is very prevalent today and has been for many years is its connection to what is deemed acceptable and unacceptable female behaviour.  The friendships and interactions between women are drowned in constant competition.  Women try to put themselves on a pedestal using the common phrase “I’m not like other girls…”.  “The ‘I’m not like other girls’ mentality can manifest itself in different forms. Sometimes it’s ‘I only have guy friends because girls are just so dramatic’ or ‘I love and support all women, but …’”( Siow , 2018).  This mentality creates a very negative and toxic environment where many women feel judged, insecure and hated for no other reason than being themselves.

14. These toxic behaviors are learned. Szymanski et al. (2009) explain that women aren’t born hating one another, they’re exposed to misogynistic attitudes in the media, religious institutions, the political and legal system, the workplace, and interpersonal relationships. After experiencing sexist events and hearing such comments you internalize them and become the perpetrator of such acts. Internalized misogyny is cyclical in that sense that you are taught these behaviors and will most likely pass such behaviors onto others. Men and the still commonly held ideas of gender roles from the past are to blame for the belittling and biases towards women, and in turn the bitter relationship many women have with each other and themselves. How Toxicity Develops Within Female Friendships

15. As put by Fionce Siow , “'I’m not like other girls’ was my mantra for the majority of my middle school career. Each utterance was another protective layer against confronting the true source of the problem: my low self-esteem and crippling insecurity. In an effort to elevate my self-worth, I sought to tear other girls down.”  Through many articles and quotes such as this, it’s obvious the problem of female’s relationships with each other is much bigger than just not getting along, its rooted in systematic teachings of insecurity, unrealistic standards and perfectionism. The internalized misogyny forces girls into a constant rat race of who is the most quirky and desirable. It leaves no room for feelings or being considerate of others.

16. The impact of these bitter and sometimes nonexistent relationships between women is far reaching. It can affect many aspects of women’s overall wellbeing including physical, mental, and emotional health. Being bullied for a personality trait or hobby one may cause intense emotional distress and people morph into who they think they should be instead of who they really are. Beyond just overall feelings of unhappiness and lack of female friends, this can turn into more serious conditions such as depression, anxiety, and eating disorders.  The only way to lessen the impact is to make changes at the root of the problem and change people's attitudes at a systematic level. Developing skills that can help conquer the toxic internal attitudes held by many generations is the only way any legitimate change, as said by feminist therapist, Tracey Hurd (2016), “…having to deepen my understanding of what created heart-to-heart connections with others, created in me the interpersonal skills and capacities that made it possible for me to act as a friend toward other women.”

17. A recent TikTok trend depicts the “I’m not like other girls” stereotype and women's experiences with this stereotype/mentality. The “pick me” sound in this video has been used in more than 70 000 videos, which shows how commonly young women experience this form of internalized misogyny in their interpersonal relationships. This trend is meant to call out this behavior and bring awareness to it, but it does so in a negative way that is not useful in the context of making positive changes moving forward. @ julia.schiavone @ sisterbryana

18. FEMINISTS IN THE MEDIA Michelle Obama  Kamala Harris Emma Watson  Laverne Cox Mark Ruffalo  Harry Styles Serena Williams Ashton Kutcher Angelina Jolie Viola Davis Chris Hemsworth Ariana Grande Cardi B Will Smith Jennifer Lawrence Madonna Hillary Clinton Oprah Winfrey Meghan Markle Ian Somerhalder INSTAGRAM @ JameelaJamilOfficial Her podcast i Weigh “ challenges society’s definition of worth through weight” https://podcasts.apple.com/ca/podcast/dr-jen-gunter/id1498855031?i=1000500434304 Phoebe Reilly 08/27/19 TIKTOK @ RiannaKish Rianna is a local influence from Saskatoon who works with mental health organizations and promotes eating disorder recovery. Through her TikTok account she encourages and inspires over 397+ thousand followers with her own experience with eating disorder recovery.  One of her series includes a “What I Eat in a Day in Eating Disorder Recovery” where she encourages other women and people who are recovering from an eating disorder to eat with her. Social media is the central hub where women experience internalized misogyny through glorified gender norms, posts about eating disorders and the never-ending negative comments targeted toward women. Social media perpetuates internalized misogyny sometimes without posters even noticing. However, some influencers have made it their goal to create a safe space online for women with podcasts, through hashtags/movements and spreading their voice through media and their platforms.

19. BEYONCÉ KNOWLES-CARTER Beyoncé has been active in the music industry since 1997 and is not silent about issues involving Black rights, feminism and misogyny.  As well as her music, Beyoncé uses her platform to combat misogyny and feminism through her website and the hashtag she has created: # BeyGood .  On her platform she provides information, essays, posts, petitions, awareness and quotes that support Black Rights, Black History, individual authors, mental health and feminism. As well, she has a section on her website (Black Parade) that directs viewers to a 13-page long list of black-owned businesses. Beyoncé provides many ways in which her followers and supporters can get involved to positively impact the world in small ways and put an end to misogyny through feminist action.  Some of her songs: Pretty Hurts, Run the World (Girls), If I Were a Boy and Flawless. As well, her album Lemonade is a political statement toward justice and Black rights including songs such as Formation and Freedom (feat. Kendrick Lamar) are directed toward what internalized misogyny includes. Black Parade: https://www.beyonce.com/beygood/ https://www.beyonce.com/black-parade-route/?q=&page=13&category=all&nation=all Tyler Mitchell, Vogue , 09/18

20. ALEXANDRIA OCASIO-CORTEZ (AOC) AOC is a congress woman serving the 14th district of New York and the Bronx and Queens. She was sworn into congress in 2019 and since then has advocated for social, racial, economic and environmental justice. She has spoken up and has brought attention to misogynistic behaviours that women experience throughout their lives. AOC also, in her free-time, has made herself available on social media platforms and becoming more known through media by connecting with supporters through the game Among Us where she joined other politicians and media-influencers such as Jagmeet Singh in a positive and low-key environment. Amr Alfiky 02/19 Adrian Wyld 09/15/20 AOC’s response in this video represents how misogyny is an ongoing issue in our world. AOC represents not only women of power but, all women throughout the world who have experienced sexist acts of misogyny. Her power in politics allows for her to make situations such as this known to society through media. AOC represents all women in her speech and as The Guardian states “ Ocasio-Cortez isn’t going anywhere. She represents the future of America: women who refuse to be silenced, refuse to ‘know their place,’ and refuse to apologize for their passion. ”

21. Tarana Burke used the hashtag #MeToo to promote solidarity and support marginalized Black women. Alyssa Milano encouraged female victims of sexual abuse to use the hashtag #MeToo and raise awareness. Within 24 hours, this hashtag flooded Twitter with over half a million women sharing their stories. 2006 2017 Today #MeToo has become a large global movement, encouraging not only women and girls to share their experiences with misogyny, but also, women supporting other women, to fight against misogyny and bring awareness to the ongoing misogyny that women, girls and LGBTQ2+ communities experience to this day. It has been mentioned in TV shows which spreads the message across more screens.  The Social Media Movement that Took Over the Globe #MeToo SUSAN FISCHER (above) : A fictional character from Netflix’s Orange is the New Black who posted a #MeToo statement about her cis gendered, Caucasian, male boss who sexually harassed her at work. Her character is an example of how the #MeToo movement has impacted film media. ( Fischer, 2016).

22. SPECIFIC DATES TO REMEMBER & ACKNOWLEDGE Feb 6: International day of Zero Tolerance of Female Genital Mutilation Feb 12: Sexual and Reproductive Health Awareness Day Feb 28: Pink Shirt Day March: Women’s History Month  April: Sexual Assault Awareness Month  April: Mandatory Pay Gap Reporting (UK) May: Sexual Abuse/Assault Prevention Month May 7-13: Mental Health Week (Canada)  May 14-20: National Women’s Health Week Aug 18: National Women's Equality Day/Anniversary of the 19th Amendment (US) Nov 25-Dec 10: 16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence  MARCH 8 International Women’s Day: A global day to celebrate social, economic, cultural and political achievements of women. https://www.internationalwomensday.com AUGUST 26  Women’s Equality Day: This day calls to action to women’s efforts toward full equality. https://nationalwomenshistoryalliance.org/resources/commemorations/womens-equality-day/ FEBRUARY Black History Month:  Black history has not always been celebrated in Canada so, for the month of February Canadians are encouraged to honour the contributions that Back people fought for and included in Canada’s history and around the world.  https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/campaigns/black-history-month/about.ht JUNE Pride Month:  Acceptance and diversity of LGBTQ+ communities. DECEMBER 6 Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women (Canada) On this day we remember the 14 young women who were murdered in result of an act of misogyny at Ecole Polytechnique in Montreal.

23. How Do We Combat Internalized Misogyny? Internalized Misogyny is a real threat women face in their daily lives since it is an everyday perpetual struggle.  Dr. Szymanski, A psychology professor at the University of Tennessee who has devoted herself to the study of sexism, has concluded that misogynistic behaviors are prevalent in almost all cultures. To combat this behavior Dr. Szymanski has created a few starting points to help women squash misogynistic tendencies within society. Women should begin by increasing their awareness of the biases that surround them as well as the biases of the women around them. Women must hold themselves accountable for their own misogynistic behaviors. Women should increase their knowledge of misogyny, different systems of oppression and, how privilege operates in society. Women need to put what they have learned into action. This information should be used to help women grow personally and combat misogyny in their lives. For example, educating others or challenging a person’s misogynistic behaviors. (Howell, 2020)

24. Awareness is the first step towards combatting internalized misogyny. We must understand what it is, how it impacts our lives, and why it persists. We must become aware of our own biases and the role stereotypes play in our lives. When we hear women slut-shaming, body-shaming, judging, and disrespecting other women we need to understand that this is internalized misogyny – and it is not okay. We need to use our privilege and awareness to stand against hatred of women and educate others. We need to work together as women to move past the negativity and hatred that is directed both inward and outward. We can, and we must, learn from our experiences and grow as individuals. Awareness

25. Accountability Do I feel pressured to subscribe to societal gender norms? Do I hide my true self, my passions, and my interests so that I “fit in”? Do I trust male authority figures more than female authority figures? Do I feel the need to compete against other women for attention, recognition, or respect from males, authority figures, etc.? Do I body-shame, slut-shame, or put other women down? Do I feel negatively about my own body, appearance, or sexuality? Do I narrowly define womanhood and act as a gatekeeper, pressuring other women to define themselves within this context? (Keyes, 2015) If you answered “yes” to any of the previous questions you may be entitled to compensation. Call 1-800-make-the-patriarchy-pay Ask yourself, “How does internalized misogyny manifest in my life?”

26. Empower The Positive Neglect The Negative As women we must recognize our own internalized misogyny and treat other women, as well as ourselves, with respect, kindness, and dignity. We should encourage and empower the positive - supporting other women, refraining from passing unfair judgement, and educating ourselves and one another. We must also neglect the negative – do not encourage or participate in the belittling of other women and neglect negative and intrusive thoughts about yourself and other women. We should encourage women supporting other women, lifting each other up, and celebrating one another's accomplishments. Empowering the positive allows us to grow as individuals and repair our relationships with other women. When we focus on the positive it helps us develop new, more positive mindsets.

27. SPEAK UP! Make Yourself Heard Too often as women we are silenced, and we silence the voices of other women. Power belongs to the individuals who can speak up, speak against figures of power and authority, and share their experiences and perspectives. Powerful individuals hold onto their power because they rely on the silence of the less powerful. We must speak against oppression and make ourselves be heard. Internalized misogyny is very present in social media and our online environment; however, so is activism. Social media is a powerful tool that individuals must wield to reclaim their voice and their power. Through social media we can inspire and educate one another. Contribute to the movement to end internalized misogyny. Increase your awareness, hold yourself accountable, focus on the positive moving forward, and speak up for change.

28. Challenging Internalized Misogyny Cultural Bridges to Justice is an organization in the United States that works to train and provide communities with different resources focusing on sexism, racism, and other forms of oppression. One of the workshops they have for internalized sexism/internalized misogyny is called: “When I Doubt Myself and Other Women – Challenging Internalized Sexism/Internalized Misogyny”. The objectives of this workshop are as follows: Providing a framework and common language about sexism and internalized sexism. Identifying internalized misogyny/sexism in the lives of girls and women and within larger institutions and structures. Developing tools for interrupting sexism/misogyny. This program offers participants opportunities to deepen their own awareness and understanding of internalized misogyny and sexism. “The ‘When I Doubt Myself and Other Women’ workshop offers women an intense, personal and interactive experience with opportunities to examine, question and challenge the harmful impact of a lifetime of sexist, misogynist messages on their own self image and their attitudes toward other women. Exercises and skills are offered to affirm women, women’s skills and to confront internalized sexism” (Cultural Bridges to Justice, n.d. ). “Internalized sexism is defined, at its most basic level, as ‘the involuntary belief by women and girls that the sexist lies, stereotypes and myths about them are true.’ Some of the results of this involuntary internalization process are self-doubt, self-hate, self-censorship, plus doubt or mistrust of and competition with other women. Internalized sexism results in women’s collusion with sexism and male supremacy” (Cultural Bridges to Justice, n.d. ). “Women’s organizations, in particular, must take conscious action to recognize, acknowledge and interrupt internalized sexism / internalized misogyny as it affects individual women and the organization as a whole” (Cultural Bridges to Justice, n.d. ). Cultural Bridges to Justice https://culturalbridgestojustice.org/internalized-sexism-internalized-misogyny/

29. Unsplash https://unsplash.com Image Credits @Nathan Dumlao @Jakob Owens @Heather Ford @Priscilla Du Preez @Benjamin Child @Austin Distel @Nagesh Badu @Viveka Feminism India @Jason Leung @Jakob Owens @Pascal Bernardon The photographs used in this presentation are labelled for re-use and have been cited to give proper creative credit to the artists/designers. Images uncredited are graphics and stock images with no known/identified creator. @Clay Banks

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