International Relations and Globalization.pptx

International Relations

1. 1 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives

2. 2 Globalization: Theories and Perspective I. Objectives It introduces new approaches in understanding the complex world of globalization It aims to understand the different perspectives, theories and debates on globalization It unpacks the dynamics of globalization and its impact to states and democracy

3. 3 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives II. Problematique What is Globalization? What are the theories and debates that would explain this phenomenon? How does globalization impacted on nation – state? What are the challenges it posted on Democracy? Does globalization formulate a new role to International Organizations?

4. 4 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives III. Framework of understanding globalization A. Philosophy of Social Science Ontology – is literary, the science of philosophy of being. It refers to the claims or assumption that a particular approach to social (or, by extension, political) enquiry (What is out there to know about?)

5. 5 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives B. Epistemology – defined literally, is the science or philosophy of knowledge. In Blaike’s terms, it refers to the claims or assumptions made about the ways it is possible to gain knowledge of reality. In short, if the ontologist asks ‘what exists to be known?’ (What can we (hope to) know about it?)

6. 6 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives C. Methodology – relates to the choice of analytical strategy and research design which underpins substantive research. As Blaike again helpfully explains, ‘methodology is the analysis of how research should or does proceed’. (How can we go about acquiring that knowledge)

7. 7 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives IV . Starting Premises for Definition First, definition serves, or should serve – to advance knowledge Second, no conceptualization is normatively and politically neutral Third, every definition is relative to context Fourth, no definition is definitive Fifth, the variability of definition means that each formulation should be as clear, precise, concise, explicit, consistent and cogent

8. 8 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives V. Globalization an Introduction ‘Globalization refers to all those processes by which the peoples of the world are incorporated into a single world society, global society’. (Martin Albrow , 2000) Globalization can be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events many miles away and vice versa. (Anthony Giddens 2001)

9. 9 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives Manifestation of Globalization Liberalization – opening up of our domestic economy through abolition of tariffs and quotas, e.g. the rise of apple vs. mangga , dalandan or citrus vs. oranges, the prevalent of ukay-ukay markets. Deregulation – freeing of government control and regulation of the different industries, e.g. the deregulation of oil industry, banks and airlines industry Privatization – abandoning the propriety function of government by selling government owned and controlled corporations, e.g. MWSS, NAPOCOR, National Steel Corporation

10. 10 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives What are the facilitators of globalization? A. Information Technology Internet Cellular phones Fax B. Satellite Communication and Transportation Luxury liners Bullet Trains Cable World

11. 11 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives C. Creation of different “Trading Blocs” GATT and WTO APEC D. New form of investments Financial investment Stocks/ Money Market E. Global Media HOLLYWOODization NBAziation

12. 12 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives What is the impact of globalization to different political issues in our world today? A . Poverty remains the core issue; as the continuing gap between the rich and poor became very prevalent as according to UNDP 2000a below are the empirical data; In 1820, 3:1, 1950, 35:1, 1973, 44:1, 1992, 72:1. 2000, 98:1 B. Unemployment , the more technology advances less people are being employed. 180 million workers in the world are officially unemployed, in the next four years it will increased by 20 million people (ILO, 2000) C. Low GDP and GNP rate – the failure of nation states to provide a sustainable growth and development. What globalization produced is 1 st world in the 3 rd world, and 3 rd World in the 1 st world (Sen, 2001)

13. 13 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives D. Environmental degradation – the logic of economic globalization is to push the limits of our environment in order to produce massive goods. However, the consequences or the result of this is environmental insecurity and worst destruction of our society. As according to UNRISD: 2000, a destroyed ozone layer have been found as a size of Europe. E. Gender inequality – the vulnerability of women in this era continue to soar high particularly the “feminization of poverty” F. Internationalism of Terrorism – Terrorists are more than ever become a powerful actor such as, Al Queda , Jamiyah Islamiyah, etc.

14. 14 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives VII. Key Debates and Theories Pervasive – ‘borderless world’ (Ohmae, 1995) or the World is Flat (Friedman, 2005) One world, shaped by highly extensive, intensive and rapid flows movements and networks Erosion of state sovereignty, autonomy and legitimacy Decline of the nation state Emergence of global popular culture

15. 15 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives Global informational capitalism A new global division of labor Growing inequality within and across societies Multilayered global governance – rise of power vertically and horizontally Global civil society – global public space, shaping political agenda, etc.

16. 16 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives (b) Backlash – ‘necessary myth’ (Hirst and Thompson, 2003; The World is not Flat, 2007) Internationalization (practice) not globalization (process) Regionalization The nation state rules Resurgence of nationalism and national identity

17. 17 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives Development of regional blocs New imperialism Growing North – South divide Irreconcilable conflicts of interest International society of states Political conflict between states inevitably persists

18. 18 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives Qualification of Globalization (Scholte, 2004) Globalization does not happen in equal terms. Globalization is not a straight forward process. Globalization has not eliminated the significance of place, distance and territorial borders. Globalization cannot be understood in terms of single driving force. Globalization is not panacea.

19. 19 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives X. Conclusion Triumph of liberal capitalism among other ideologies The focus of clashes will be no longer the class but rather civilizations Democratic Deficit ("To allow the market mechanism to be sole director of the fate of human beings and their natural environment...would result in the demolition of society“,

20. 20 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives References: Altvater, E. (2001) ‘The Growth Obsession’, in L. Panitch and C. Leys (eds) Socialist Register 2002: A World of Contradictions , London, Merlin Press, pp. 73-92. Bello, W., N. Bullard and K. Malhotra (eds) (2000) Global Finance: New Thinking on Regulating Speculative Capital Markets , London, Zed Books.

21. 21 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives Cammack, P. (2003) ‘The Governance of Global Capitalism: A New Materialist Perspective’ in Historical Materialism , 11(2), pp. 37–59. Cox, R.W. (1996) ‘A Perspective on Globalization’, in J.H. Mittelman (ed) Globalization: Critical Reflections , Boulder, London, Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 21-32.

22. 22 Globalization: Theories and Perspectives Panitch, L. (1996) ‘Rethinking the role of the state’, in J. Mittelman (ed) Globalization: Critical Reflections , Boulder, CO, Lynne Riener. Scholte,J.(2005) ‘Globalization a critical introduction’, Palgrave, Macmillan Shirato, T and Webb, J (2003) ‘Understanding Globalization’, Sage