Internet and its applications

Internet and its Applications.

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1. Unit VI I nt ern et and Its Appli c a tions

2. Unit VI I n t ern e t and its Appli c a tions I n t r oduction – Hi st ory of t h e I n t erne t – Unde r s t anding WWW – W e b B r o w se r s – F a v our i t e s and Bookmar k s – Kinds of I n f orm a tion a v ailable – P ar t s of I n t erne t – Sea r chin g t h e n e t, R esea r chin g on the n et

3. I n t ernet i s a s y st em c o n nec t i ng c omp u t e r s a r o u n d t h e w or l d u s i n g T C P /I P , whic h s t ands f or T r ansmission Co n t r ol P r o t o col/I n t ern e t P r o t o col, a s et of s t anda r ds f or t r ansmi t ting and r e c eivin g digi t al d a t a.

4. Th e I n t er n e t c ons i s ts p r i m a ril y o f the c o ll ecti o n o f b ill i on s o f i n t e r c on n ec t ed w e b pa g e s th a t a r e t r a n s f er r ed us i n g H T T P ( Hype r t e x t T r an s f e r P r o t ocol), and is c oll e c t i v ely known as the W orld Wide W eb . Th e I n t ern e t also uses FTP ( File T r an s f e r P r o t ocol) t o t r an s f e r file s , and SMTP ( Simp l e Mai l T r an s f e r P r o t ocol) t o t r an s f e r e - mail.

5. Whene v e r y ou w a n t t o su r f a pa r ti c ular s i t e y ou nee d t o type a t the URL bar beginning w i th. h t tp:// w w w , i.e. h t tp:// ww w .apdip. n e t wh e r e h t tp:// ww w .a r e s t anda r d r ules and r emain i ng part is a spe c if i c desi r e d type of i n f orm a tion. F or E x ample h t tp:// ww w .apdip. n e t/pub l ic a tion s /ies ppr ime r s / ep r ime r - edu.pdf

6. Th e I n t erne t thus is the i n t e r c onnec t e d n e t w ork of the w e b pa g e s whic h c ould be sur f ed th r ough dif f e r e n t sea r c h engines l i k e , Googl e , Y aho o , Hotmail e t c. Th e y a r e calle d Sea r c h Engin e s.

7. Hi s t ori c al Backg r ound of t he INTE R NET Th e U S departme n t o f D e f e n ce d ev e l op e d the f i r s t v e r s i o n o f I n t ern e t du r i ng 1970s t o al lo w qu i ck c o m mun i c a ti o n among r esea r che r s w or k i ng o n the departme n t p r o j ects in a bou t 30 l o ca ti on s . Th e d e part m e n t al s o s a w as a w a y t o c o n ti nue c o m mun i c a ti on s a m on g these i m p o r t a n t d e f ence si t e s in t h e ev e n t o f a w or l dw i de c at a s t r o p he su c h as nuc l ear a t t ac k . S i nc e th e s e p r oject s w e r e fund e d b y the d e p artme n t ‘ s Ad v anced R es e a r ch P r o j ects A g ency(AR P A ) , the N e t w or k w as or igi na ll y c all ed AR P A n e t .

8. In the 1980 ‘ s ju s t as De s k t op c o mpu t e r s w e r e be c o m i n g c o m m o n , t h e N a ti o n a l Science F ound a tion fund e d a h igh spee d c onnect i on am o n g Un i v e r sity ce n t r e s base d o n t h e AR P An e t s t r uc t u r e . B y c onnec t i n g thei r i nd ivi dua l n e t w or k, Un i v e r s iti es c ou ld c o m mun i c a t e and e x cha n g e i n f orm a ti o n in the sam e w a y . Ho w e v e r , th e se n e w c onnec t i on s ha d a n a dd iti ona l , un e xpec t ed ben e f it. A pe r s o n a c c ess in g a un i v e r s i ty n e t w or k f r om hom e o r s chool c ou ld al s o g e t ac c ess t o a n y s i t e c onnec t ed t o th a t n e t w or k . Th is is ho w t h e I n t ern e t w as born . It i s al s o c all ed a s i n f orm a ti o n super hig h w a y or cybe r spac e .

9. I n t ern e t in E du c a ti o n In s tru c ti on a l m at eri als c an b e m ade a v ailabl e t o s tude n ts on li n e . W ri t t en m a t er i al , V ari ous p r ese n t a ti ons , as s ignme n ts c an b e gi v en t o s tude n t s . E v en the i n s tru c ti on s t o o c an be c o n v e y ed t o s tude n ts via i n t ern e t. Th e l earner g e ts the s c op e o f learn i n g des i r ed c ou r s e a n y whe r e, a n y time t he r e b y m aki ng learn in g m o r e fl e xibl e , i n t e r e s ting and meaningful . I nt ern e t al s o he l p s in r em o v i ng the a g e r e s triction s . T he l e arn er r angi n g f r o m y oun g l ots t o the adu l ts c an enhance thei r l earn in g as per thei r needs.

10. Onlin e co n f e r en c e s c an b e o r g ani s e d on l i n e f or the l e arne r s f r o m d i s t a n t p l aces h a vi n g c o m m o n i n t e r e s t. T h e learn in g th a t r equ i r es pr i or p r epa r a ti on s a l s o c an b e p r ov i d e d th r ou g h i n t ern e t with the l oad s o f i n s truc t i ona l m a t er i al a v ailabl e on l i ne. R e s ea r c h w ork al s o c an b e c arr ied ou t b y both the l e arne r s as w ell a s t eache r s with the he lp of e -l i b r a r y , t op i c al d a t a base s o n W or ld W i d e W e b . Individua l ised as w el l as g r o u p m e thods c an be app l i ed on li n e with the he lp o f v ari ed i n t ern e t t o o ls li k e e - mail , d i scuss i o n f orum , Ch a t r oom s , W W W e t c. wh i ch a r e d i scus s ed in d e t ail in the n e x t se g me n t o f this un it.

11. Appl i c a tio n s of I n t ern et C o m m u n i c a tion Y ahoo m ai l. com, Ho t ma il. com, R ediff m ai l. c om Job sea r ches Naukri. c om, mon s t e r . c om, Summerjob . Co m , r ecu r itm e n ti n d ia.com Fi n d i ng b oo k s a nd s tud y m a t er i al L a t e s t enc y clopaedias Health a n d m ed i ci n e

12. T r a v els In d i a t r a v ellog. c om, r ajt r a v el. c om, ma k e m y t r i p.com E nt er t a i nme n t Cric i n f o.com, mo v ies.com, espn.com Shopping S t o c k mar k e t u p d a t es Ndtvp r ofit.com, mon e y p o r e. c om R esea r ch Bu s iness use of i n t ern e t

13. W orld Wid e W eb Ope n s o u r c e i n f orm a t i on space W e b r es o u r ce s – URLs, i n t erlin k e d b y h yper t e x t l i n k s Col l ect i on of i n t ern e t r es o u r ces I n v e nt e d b y Engl i sh Sc i e n t i s t Ti m Berne r s – Lee in 1989 F i r s t w e b b r o w ser – 1990 W e b pa g e s – HT M L

14. W e b – gl o bal s e t – docume n ts, ima g e s and o t he r s r es o u r ces ww w b r o w ser s o ft w a r e – Mic r o s of t ’ s I nt ern e t E xpl o r e r , M o zi l la Fi re fo x , Ope r a, Apple ’ s Sa f ari and Go o g l e Ch r ome Do c ume n ts – Combin a ti o n of compu t e r d a t a – multimed ia and i n t e r act i v e co nt e n t Individua l s a n d La rg e audience Ad v er t i s ing on popul a r w e b pa g es Soft w a r e appli c a t i on f or re t r ie v in g , p r ese n t i ng and t r a v e r s i ng in f o r m a t i on r es o u r ces

15. WE B - B R O W SER Li t e r al meanin g of the t w o t erm s , W eb impl i e s “N e t w ork” and B r o w ser means “ L ook th r ough ” . In this co n t e xt , W eb B r o w ser t o g e ther implies “looking th r ough the n e t w ork of som e thin g ” . Th i s mean i n g , if appl ie d in the con c ept of i n t ern e t, then it r oughly impl i es looking th r ough the n e t w ork of th e i n f orm a tion pa g e s on a v ailable i n t ern e t.

16. A b ro w ser is an appli c a tion th a t p r o vid e s a w a y t o look a t and i n t e r act w i th all the i n f orm a tion on the W orld Wid e W e b . T e c hnical l y , a we b b r o w ser u s e s H T TP (Hyper t e x t T r an s f e r P r o t ocol) t o ma k e r eque s ts of we b s e r v e r s th r oughout the I n t e r n e t on beha l f of the b r o w ser u s e r . In other w o r ds, a w e b b r o w ser i s a soft w a r e applic a tion th a t allo w s one t o vie w pa g e s on the W orld W ide W eb.

17. It i s a p r og r am i n s t alle d on the pe r sonal compu t e r s ( PC ) lo c ally (e . g . fi re f o x , s a f ari, I n t ern e t e xplo r e r e t c. ) th a t is used t o ac c es s the I n t e r n e t, t o v ie w = wh a t the r e is, as it w e r e. A sea r c h engin e is a p r og r am th a t in v a r ying w a y s a gg r e g a t e s r e f e r en c e d a t a so th a t whe n y ou type in a ph r ase i t c a n poi n t y ou in the d i r e c tion of a we bs i t e th a t r el a t e s t o the w o r ds y ou type in.

18. Th e b r o w se r is use d t o g e t t o a sea r ch en g ine ( Whic h i s de s cribed l a t er ) such as typi n g ww w . g oogle. c om th a t t a k e s the use r t o the g oogle w e b pa g e which allo w s t o e n t e r i n f orm a tion d e si r e d . It all o w s the r eade r t o r ead e n c oded docu me n t in the f orm sui t able f or dis p l a y on the w orld Wi d e w e b .

19. A w e b b r o w se r such as Mic r osoft I n t er n e t Explo r e r , M o zilla Fi r e f o x, App le S a f ari, N e ts c ape, and Ope r a is a soft w a r e appl i c a tion th a t e nables a u s e r t o disp l a y and i n t e r act with t e xt , ima g e s, and other i n f orm a tion typi c ally lo c a t e d on a w e b p a g e a t a w e b si t e on the W orld Wid e W e b or a lo c al a r e a ne t w ork.

20. W e b b r o w se r s a l low a u ser t o qui c kly and ea s i ly a c ce s s in f o r m a t i on p r ovided on w eb pa g e s a t w e b s i t e s b y t r a v e r s i ng these l i n k s. Th e hi st o r y of the w e b b r o w ser c an b e t r aced back t o 1991 , whe n a c ompu t e r gur u named Ti m Berne r s - Lee i n v e nt e d the v er y fi r s t w eb b r o w s e r . It p r emie r e d on F ebr u a r y 26, 19 9 1 , and r an on Ne X S T E P . It w as c alled W orld W i de W e b , but w as l a t e r r ename d N e x us in an e f f o r t t o a v o i d co n fus i on w i th the W o r ld W i de W eb.

21. Th e r e a r e dif f e r e n t w e b b r o w se r s th a t a r e a v ailab le and in use t od a y and th e y all com e wit h a v ar i e ty of f e a tu r es. Some of the a v ailab le w e b b r o w se r s in c lude iCa b , I nt ern e t Explo r e r , I n t ern e t Explo r e r f or Mac , L y n x , M a xtho n, Mosai c , M o zi l la, M o zi l la F i re f o x, N e tsc a pe, S a f ari, Ope r a e t c . Mo s t of the s e we b b r o w se r s a r e f r ee.

22. HT M L Use d t o design or Mark up w e b pa g es In c lude te x t , lin k s, r e f e r en c e s t o i ma g e s and other i t ems , su c h a s c a scad i ng s tyle s he e ts a n d J a v aScri p t func t i o ns Fi r s t W e b B r o w s e r – G r a p hi c al u ser i nt er f ace – Mo s aic – 1993 N e t s c a pe N a vi g a t or I n t e r n e t Explo r er Fi r e f o x – d e v elped b y M o z il l a Flock – b a sed on Fi r e f o x S a f ari – A p p l e Co m pu t e r s L y n x – UNIX shell a n d V M S u se r s Ope r a – f a s t a nd s t a b le b r o w ser

23. F e a tu r es Some comm o n f e a tu r e s a r e spell che c k e r s, sea r c h engin e t o o lba r s, d o wnloa d manag i n g , pass w o r d mana g in g , bo o kmark mana g in g , as w el l as f o r m mana g in g . Ac c es s ibility f e a tu r e s include pa g e z oomin g , ad fi l t er i n g , po p -up blockin g , t abb e d b r o w s i n g , in c r eme n t al findin g , HTML a c c ess k ey s, v o i c e co n t r o l s, mou s e g e s tu r es , sp a t i al n a vi g a tion, t e x t t o s peech, and c a r e t n a vi g a tion.

24. A w e b b r o w ser is a po w erfu l t o o l, used f or pe r s o nal comp u t e r s . T od a y such w eb b r o w se r s th a t c an be used on mobi l e phones, handheld g ame s yst ems , as w el l as po c k e t PC. W e b b r o w se r s c an al s o be pe r s o nali z e d t o an individuals nee d s b y u t i l i zin g w e b b r o w ser a c ce s s o rie s th a t a r e not inc l uded w i th the in i t i al b r o w ser s o ft w a r e . E . g . A dobe A c r ob a t R eade r wh i c h allo w s ac c es s t o PD F file s on the W o r ld W i de W eb.

25. Bookmar k s and F a v ori t es R e turn them quickly Sim i l a r p r o c edu r e f or all w e b b r o w se r s Ct r l + D – quick w a y t o bookmark a p a g e I nt ern e t E xpl o r er Go o g l e Ch r ome F i r e fo x a nd N e t s c ape S a f ari Ope r a

26. Use of B o okmar k s or F a v ouri t es Enable t o s t o r e the URLs o f we b si t es F olde r s – e . g . Sports f olde r s Chan g e the title T o r e tu r n t o a p r eviousl y bookmar k ed w e b s i t e – se l e c ting F a v ouri t e s – c l i c king the l ink t o the s i t es

27. Kinds of i n f orm a tion A v ail a ble Bus i ness I n f orm a tion Lib r ar i e s and Do c ume n t a t i on Ce n t r es Pr i v a t e P e r s o ns I nt ern a t i o n al O r g ani z a tions Go v ernme n t I n f o r m a tion Publ i she r s Uni v e r s i t i es So c i e t i es , A c t i on g r ou p s and A s soci a t i ons

28. P ar t s of a n I n t ern e t Add r ess U RL a d d r es s – e . g . h t tp: / / w w w .oit.e d u/ lib r aries h t tp: / / - type of p r o t o col – need t o vi sit – t w o s y s t em s c ommuni c a t e E . g . ftp or t eln e t WWW – ho s t - w e b pa g e is s t o r ed Do m ain n ame – oit. e du - O r e g on In s titu t e of T echnolo g y – Lib r ari e s – O r e g on T ec h L i b r a r y T op l e v e l do m ain - . edu . ed u – E du c a tional In s titut i on . c om – Comme r cia l E n tity .o r g - O r g ani z a ti o n .n e t – N e t w ork P r o vi de r , e t c . g o v - G o v ernme n t

29. P arts of I n t ernet URL – Un i v e r sal R esou r c e L o c at or – W e b si t e Domai n – Ide n tity particu l ar w e b pa g es E . g . - . go v , .n e t, .o r g W e b B r o w s e r E . g . – I n t ern e t Exp l o r e r , Fi r e f o x , S a f ari Sea r c h Engine E . g . – G o ogle, Bi n g , Y a h oo Hype r link Highlig h t e d or un d erline d w o r ds or g r aph i c s – blue WW W – W or l d Wid e W eb

30. Bandw i dth – how mu c h d a t a – measu r e d i n bits per second ht tp – h y p er t e x t t r a n s f e r p r o t o col W e b si t e Home pa g e – m a in p a g e E - m ail W orld wid e w e b – elect r o n ic l ib r ar y – onl ine i n f orm a tion Ch a t r oom Social N et w orking Su b s c ri ption Subje c t Di r e c t ories F r e e W eb

31. Sea r chin g the N e t Sea r c h Engines G e t t i ng S t ar t ed K e y w o r ds Use of Ph r ases Punc t u a tion and Capi t a l i z a tion B o o l ea n Ba s i c s – AN D , OR , AND N O T , BUT N O T , N O T Qui c k Tips

32. Quic k Ti p s Use nouns as que r y k e y w o r ds Ne v e r use articles (a, th e ), p r on o uns (he, it), conjunc t ions (and, or) or p r eposition s ( t o , f r om) in que r ies Use 6 t o 8 k e y w o r ds per que r y Combin e k e y w o r ds i n t o Ph r ases b y u s ing quo t a tion mar ks Spell ca r e fully and conside r al t e r n at e sp ell i ngs A v oid r edunda n t t e r ms H e lp

33. R esea r chin g on the N e t  Don’t r ely e x c l us i v ely on N e t r es o u r ces  Na r r ow y our r esea r c h t op i c b e f o r e lo g g i ng on  K now y our s ubject di r ec t o r ies and se a r ch engines  K ee p a d e t a i led r eco r d of s i t e s y ou vi s it and the s i t e s y ou use  Double - chec k all U R Ls th a t y ou p ut in y our paper

34. Auth o rity Wh o is the autho r ? Is the autho r ’ s n a m e g i v en? A r e her qualif i ca tion spe c if i ed? Is the r e a l i nk t o i n f o r m a t i on ab o ut her and her pos i t i on? Is the r e a w a y t o co n t a c t h e r? H a v e y ou hea r d of her el s e whe r e? Has the author wr i tt e n el s e whe r e on this t op i c?

35. Affil i a tion Wh o is the spon s or of the w e b si t e? Is the a uthor a f fi l i a t e d w i th a r epu t able in s t i tu t ion or o r g ani z a tion? Doe s the in f orm a tion r e flec t the v i e w s of t he o r g ani z a t i on, or only o f the auth o r?

36. Audience L e v el Wh a t audience is the W e b si t e designed f or?

37. Cur r ency Is the W e b s i t e cur r e n t? Is the s i t e d a t ed? Is the d a t e of the m o s t r ece n t u p d a t e g i v e n ? A r e all the lin k s u p - t o-d at e and w orking?

38. Co n t e n t R eliabi l i ty / Acc u r acy Is the m a t er i al on the W e b s i t e r el i able and ac c u r a t e? Is the i n f o r m a tion f a c tua l , not opin i on? Ca n y ou v er if y t he i n f o r m a tion in pr i n t s o u r ce s ? Is the s ou r c e of the i n f o r m a t i on clearly st a t ed? Wh e ther o r i g inal r esea r c h m a t eri a l or seconda r y m a t er i al bor r o w e d f r om el s e whe r e?

39. How v al i d is the r e s ea r c h t h a t is the sou r c e ? Do e s the m a t e r ial as p r e s e n t e d h a v e sub s t ance and depth? Whe r e a r gume n ts a r e gi v en , a r e th e y b ased on s t r ong ev i den c e and g ood logic? Is the autho r ’ s poi n t of view impartial and obje c ti v e? Is the autho r ’ s langua g e f r ee of e motion and bias? Is the si t e f r e e of e r r o r s in sp ell i ng or g r ammar and other si g ns of ca r eles s ness in its p r e s e n t a tion o f the m a t e r ia l ?