Internet, Intranet and Extranet presentation

Educational Technology

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INTRANET AND INTERNET (EDT 323)
Prof. GAMBARI, Amosa Isiaka
Dean, School of Science & Technology Education
Federal University of Technology, Minna
E-mail: [email protected]

2. COURSE OUTLINE
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WeekTopic Remark
1. ComputerNetwork LecturePresentation
2. Internet LecturePresentation
3. Intranet LecturePresentation
4. Extranet LecturePresentation
5. EducationalResourcesontheInternetLecturePresentation
6. InternetInformationResources LecturePresentation
7. ConnectingtotheInternet Practical
Demonstration
8. ElectronicMails Practical
Demonstration
9. Teleconferences Practical
Demonstration
10.Web3.0Technologies Practical
Demonstration
11 Test&Revision
12-13Examination

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RULES AND REGULATION

4. RULES AND REGULATION
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I.Attendance is mandatory.
II.Lateness will not be tolerated.
III.Participation in the Class activities and discussion
compulsory.
IV.CA = Class Quiz + Presentation = 40%.
V.Examination by E-exam = 60%

5. INTRODUCTION
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Theinterconnectivityamongvariouscomputersisdescribedas
networking.Thisarrangementprovidesscoresofeducational
resourcesforyourteachingandlearningactivities.Thenetworksare
ofthreefolds-LocalAreaNetwork,MetropolitanAreaNetwork,Wide
AreaNetworkandInternationalNetwork(Internet).InthisUnit,youwill
learnabouttheuseofnetworkandInternetintheteachingand
learning.Youwillequallybeexposedtosometerminologiesrelatedto
NetworksandInternet.

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COMPUTER NETWORK

7. COMPUTER NETWORK
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Computernetworkconsistsoftwoormorecomputersthatare
linkedinordertoshareresourcessuchasprintersandCD-ROMs,
exchangefiles,orallowelectroniccommunications.Itmayalsobe
definedasacollectionofresourcesamongthemselves.The
computersonanetworkmaybelinkedthroughcables,telephone
lines,radiowaves,satellites,orinfraredlightbeams.The
computerscanbegeographicallylocatedanywhere.Connection
canthroughacopperwire,fiberoptics,microwaves,infraredor
satellite.

8. COMPUTER NETWORK
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9. ADVANTAGES OF NETWORK
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I.Speed:Networksprovideaveryrapidmethodforsharingand
transferringfiles.Withoutanetwork,filesaresharedbycopying
themtofloppydisksoranyotherstoragemedium,thencopying
thefilestooneormorecomputers.Thismethodoftransferring
filesisverytime-consuming.
II.Cost:Integratedsoftwarethatmaybeusedonanetworkarenow
availableatconsiderablesavingsascomparedtobuying
individuallylicensedcopies.Besidesmonetarysavings,sharinga
programonanetworkallowsforeasieruseofprogramby
multipleuserssimultaneously.
III.Security:Filesandprogramsonanetworkcanbewellsecured..
Also,passwordscanbeestablishedforspecificdirectoriesto
restrictaccesstoauthorizedusers.

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IV.CentralizedSoftwareManagement:Oneofthegreatestbenefits
ofinstallinganetworkisthefactthatallofthesoftwarecanbe
loadedononecomputer(thefileserver).Thiseliminatestheneed
tospendtimeandenergyinstallingupdatesandtrackingfileson
stand-alonecomputersthroughouttheorganization.
V.ResourceSharing:Sharingofresourcesisanotherareainwhicha
networkexceedsstand–alonecomputer.Mostorganization
cannotaffordenoughlaserprinters,faxmachines,modems,
scannersandCD-ROMplayersforeachcomputer.However,if
theseorsimilarperipheralsareaddedtoannetwork,theycanbe
sharedbymanyusers.
VI.ElectronicMail:thepresenceofanetworkprovidesthehardware
necessarytoinstallande-mailsystem.E-mailaidspersonaland
professionalcommunicationanditfacilitatesthedisseminationof
informationwithinanorganization.

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VII.FlexibleAccess:Schoolnetworkforexamplecouldallowstudents
toaccesstheirfilesfromcomputerthroughouttheschool.
Studentscanbeginanassignmentintheirclassrooms,saveapart
ofittoapublicaccessareaofthenetwork,andthengotothe
mediacenterafterschooltofinishtheirwork.Studentscanalso
workcooperativelythroughthenetwork.
VIII.WorkgroupComputing:Itallowsmanyuserstoworkona
documentorprojectconcurrently.Forexample,educatorslocated
atvariousschoolswithinacountrycouldsimultaneously
contributetheirideasaboutnewcurriculumstandardstothe
samedocumentandspreadsheets.

12. DISADVANTAGES OF NETWORK
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i.Expensivetoinstall:althoughanetworkwillgenerallysavemoneyover
time,theinitialcostsofinstallationcanbeprohibitive.Cables,network
cards,andsoftwareareexpensive,andtheinstallationmayrequirethe
servicesofatechnician.
ii.RequireAdministrativeTime:Propermaintenanceofanetworkrequires
considerabletimeandexpertise.Manyorganizationshaveinstalleda
network,onlytofindthattheydidnotbudgetforthenecessary
administrativesupport.
iii.ServerBreakdown:Although,aserverisnomoresusceptibletofailure
thananyothercomputer,whentheservergoesdown,theentirenetwork
maygrindtoahalt.Whenthishappens,theentireorganizationmaylose
accesstonecessaryprogramsanddata.
iv.CablesMayBreak:Thereisthepossibilityofnetworkcablebeing
tamperedwith.Somenetworkconfigurationsaredesignedtominimize
theinconvenienceofabrokencable;withotherconfigurations,one
brokencablecanaffecttheentirenetwork.

13. APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER
NETWORKS
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The following are the applications of Computer networks:
a.Resource sharing:
i.Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
ii.Software (application software)
b.Information Sharing:
i.Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases).
ii.Search Capability (WWW)
c.Communication:
i.Email.
ii.Message broadcast
d.Remote computing

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COMPUTER NETWORK HARDWARE
COMPONENTS

15. COMPUTER NETWORK
HARDWARE COMPONENTS
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Networkinghardwareincludesallcomputers–serversand
workstations,peripherals,interfacecardsandotherequipment
neededtoperformdata–processingandcommunicationssuchas
switches,repeaters,bridgesandrouters.
Theworkstationscanbeoflesscapacitythanthefileserver,andthey
mayhaveadditionalsoftwareontheirharddisks.Onmostnetworks,
cablesareusedtoconnectthecomputers.

16. CONT…
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AFileServer:Inatypical
networkenvironment,one
computerisdesignatedasthe
fileserver.Afileserverstands
attheheartofmostnetworks.It
storesallthesoftwarethat
controlthenetwork,aswellas
thesoftwarethatcanbeshared
bythecomputersonthe
network.Computersconnected
tothefileserverarecalled
workstations.Itcontrolsthe
communicationofinformation
betweentheworkstationsona
network.

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Workstations:Alloftheusercomputersconnectedtoanetwork
arecalledworkstationsorclients.Atypicalworkstationisa
computerthatisconfiguredwithanetworkinterfacecard,
networkingsoftwareandtheappropriatecables.Workstationsdo
notnecessarilyneedfloppydiskdrivesbecausefilescanbesaved
onthefileserver.Almostanycomputercanserveasanetwork
workstation.

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Network Interface Card:It provides the physical connection
between the network and the computer workstation. Network
interface cards are a major factor in determining the speed and
performance of a network. The three most common network
interface connections are Ethernet cards, Local talk connectors,
Token ring cards.
Hubs: When connecting the computers together on a network, they
are not plugged into each, instead each computer plugs into a
separate device called a hub.
Switches: A switch is simply a more sophisticated type of hub.
Switches are more efficient and faster than hub.
Repeaters: A signal loses strength as it passes along a cable over
long distances. Repeaters help to overcome this problem. A good
example of repeaters is step -up transformer used to solve voltage
drop problem.

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Bridges: A bridge is a device that allows you to segment a large
network into two smaller, more efficient networks. The bridge
manages the traffic on both sides of the network in order to
maintain optimum performance.
A Router: A router translates information from one network to
another; it is similar to a super intelligent bridge. It selects the best
path to route a message to prevent head-on collisions.

20. TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK
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The three basic types of networks include: Local Area Network
(LAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) and Wide Area
Network (WAN).

21. A.LOCAL AREA NETWORK
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LocalAreaNetworkisthatisconfinedtoarelativelysmallarea.Itis
generallylimitedtogeographicareasuchasanofficeorofficeswithin
abuilding.RarelyareLANcomputermorethanamileapart(100
metersto3kilometers).Sinceitisrestrictedinsize,thatmeanstheir
datatransmissiontimecanbeknowninadvance,andthenetwork
managementwouldbeeasier.LANprovide:Costreductionsthrough
sharingofinformationanddatabases,resourcesandnetworkservices;
Increasedinformationexchangebetweendifferentdepartmentsinan
organization,orbetweenindividuals;Improvethecommunity
security;Increasingnumberandvarietyofintelligentdataterminals,
PCsandworkstations.

22. CHARACTERISTICS OF LAN
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I.A Local Area Network (LAN) is a collection of networking
equipment located geographically close together. E.g. Single room,
Campus etc.
II.Data transferred in high speed which ranges from 100 Mbps to
gigabit for system development and have a low implementation
cost.
III.Upper limit: 10 km; Lower limit: 1 km.
IV.Twisted pair cable or Co-axial cable connects the plug in cards to
form a network.
V.Designed to share resources between PCs and workstation such as
hardware or data.

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Wireless LANs
Not all networks are connected with cabling; some networks are
wireless. Wireless LANs use high frequency radio signals, infrared
light beams, or lasers to communicate between the workstations and
the file servers or bubs.

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Usage of LAN
Aworktointernetconnectionswouldmostlikelyrequirebroadcast
network(LAN)withaconnectiontotheinternet(Packetswitched
network).

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26. MERITS OF LAN
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ThefollowingarethemeritsofLocalAreanetwork:
I.ResourceSharing:Computerresourceslikeprinters,modems,
DVD-Romdrivesandharddiskscanbesharedwiththehelpof
localareanetworks.Thiswillreducecostofhardwarepurchases.
II.SoftwareApplicationsSharing:Itischeapertousesamesoftware
overnetworkinsteadofpurchasingseparatelicensedsoftwarefor
eachclientinanetwork.
III.EasyandCheapCommunication:Dataandmessagescaneasily
betransferredovernetworkedcomputers.
IV.CentralizedData:Thedataofallnetworkuserscanbesavedon
harddiskoftheservercomputer.Thiswillhelpuserstouseany
workstationinanetworktoaccesstheirdata.Becausedataisnot
storedonworkstationslocally.

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V.Data Security: Since, data is stored on server computer centrally, it
will be easy to manage data at only one place and the data will be
more secure too.
VI.Internet Sharing: Local Area Network provides the facility to share
a single internet connection among all the LAN users. In Net
Cafes, single internet connection sharing system keeps the internet
expenses cheaper.

28. DEMERITS OF LAN..
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I.HighSetupCost:AlthoughtheLANwillsavecostovertimedue
tosharedcomputerresourcesbuttheinitialsetupcostsof
installingLocalAreaNetworksishigh.
II.PrivacyViolations:TheLANadministratorhastherightstocheck
personaldatafilesofeachandeveryLANuser.Moreoverhecan
checktheinternethistoryandcomputerusehistoryoftheLAN
users.
III.DataSecurityThreat:Unauthorizeduserscanaccessimportant
dataofanorganizationifcentralizeddatarepositoryisnot
securedproperlybytheLANadministrator.

29. DEMERITS OF LAN..
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IV.LANMaintenanceJob:LocalAreaNetworkrequiresaLAN
Administrator.Because,thereareproblemsofsoftware
installationsorhardwarefailuresorcabledisturbancesinLocal
AreaNetwork.ALANAdministratorisneededatthisfulltime
job.
V.CoversLimitedArea:LocalAreaNetworkcoversasmallarealike
oneoffice,onebuildingoragroupofnearbybuildings.
VI.Ifthefileserverdevelopsaseriousfault,alltheusersareaffected,
ratherthanjustoneuserinthecaseofastandalonemachine

30. LAN TOPOLOGIES
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Topologyreferstothephysicalarrangementofnetwork
components(cables,computers&otherperipherals)andmediawithin
anetworkstructure.TherearefourprimarykindsofLANtopologies:
linearbus,tree,star,andring.

31. (I) Linear Bus Topology
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Alinearbustopologyconsistsofamainrunofcablewitha
terminatorateachend.Allnodes(fileserver,workstations,and
peripherals)andconnectedtothelinearcable.Allnodesareconnected
toasinglecommunicationlinethatcarriesmessagesinbothdirections.
EthernetandlocalTalknetworksusealinearbustopology.Abus
technologycalledEthernethasbecometheindustrystandardforlocal-
areanetworks.

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ADVANTAGES
The following are the advantages of Linear Bus Topology:
a.Easy to connected a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.
b.Requires less cable length than a star topology.
DISADVANTAGES
The following are the disadvantages of Linear Bus Topology:
a.Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable.
b.Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.
c.Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.
d.Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building.

33. (II)STAR TOPOLOGY
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Astartopologyisdesignedwitheachnode(fileserver,workstations,and
peripherals)connecteddirectlytoacentralnetworkhuborconcentration.
Thisisaconfigurationthatcentresaroundonenodetowhichallothers
areconnectedandthroughwhichallmessagesaresent.
Thestartopologyreducesthechanceof
networkfailurebyconnectingallofthe
systemstoacentralhub.Thiscentral
hubrebroadcastsalltransmissions
receivedfromanyperipheralnodeto
allperipheralnodesonthenetwork,
sometimesincludetheoriginatingnode
Allperipheralnodemaythus
communicatewithallothersbytransmittingto,andreceivingfrom,the
centralnodeonly.Thefailureofatransmissionlinelinkingany
peripheralnodefromallothers,buttherestofthesystemswillbe
unaffected.

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Dataonastarnetworkpassesthroughthehuborconcentrator
beforecontinuingtoitsdestination.Thehuborconcentrator
managesandcontrolsallfunctionsofthenetwork.This
configurationiscommonwithtwistedpaircable;however,itcan
alsobeusedwithcoaxialcableorfiberopticcable.

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ADVANTAGES
The following are the advantages of Star Topology:
a.Easy to install and wire.
b.No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing
devices.
DISADVANTAGES
The following are the disadvantages of Star Topology:
a.Requires more cable lengths than a linear topology.
b.If the Hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.
c.More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of
the concentrators.

36. (III)TREE TOPOLOGY
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ATreetopologycombinescharacteristicsoflinearbusandstar
topologies.Itisaconfigurationthatconnectsallnodesinaclosed
looponwhichmessagestravelinonedirection.Itconsistsofgroups
ofstar-configuredworkstationsconnectedtoalinearbusbackbone
cable.Treetopologyallowsfortheexpansionofanexistingnetwork,
andenablesorganizationstoconfigureanetworktomeettheir
needs.

37. (IV)RING TOPOLOGY
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Ringtopologyconsistsofaseriesofrepeatersconnectedtoone
anotherbyunidirectionaltransmissionlinkstoformasingleclosed
loop.Eachstationonthenetworkconnectstothenetworkata
repeater.

38. B.METROPOLITAN AREA
NETWORK (MAN)
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MetropolitanAreaNetwork(MAN)isalargecomputernetwork
usuallyspanningacampusoracity.Theytypicallyusewireless
infrastructureoropticalfiberconnectionstolinktheirsites.A
MetropolitanAreaNetwork(MAN)isanetworkthatisutilizedacross
multiplebuildingsandcommonlyusedinschoolcampusesorlarge
companieswithmultiplebuildings.ItislargerthanaLAN,butsmaller
thanaWAN.ItalsousedtomeantheinterconnectionofseveralLANs
bybridgingthemtogether.Thissortofnetworkisalsoreferredtoasa
campusnetwork.Forinstance,FUTMinnamayhaveaMANthatjoins
togethermanyofitsLANssituatedwithineachdepartment.

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40. CHARACTERISTICS OF MAN
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ThefollowingarethecharacteristicsMAN:
I.Ametropolitanareanetwork(MAN)issimilartoalocalarea
network(LAN)butspansanentirecityorcampus.MANsare
formedbyconnectingmultipleLANs.Thus,MANsarelargerthan
LANsbutsmallerthanwideareanetworks(WAN).
II.Itmaybeasinglenetworksuchascabletelevisionnetwork
availableinmanycities.
III.MANsareextremelyefficientandprovidefastcommunicationvia
highspeedcarriers,suchasfiberopticcables.

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Merits of MAN
The following are the merits MAN:
i.It provides a good back bone for a large network and provides
greater access to WANs.
ii.The dual bus used in MAN helps the transmission of data in both
direction simultaneously.
iii.A MAN usually encompasses several blocks of a city or an entire
city.
Demerits of MAN
The following are the demerits MAN:
i.More cable required for a MAN connection from one place to
another.
ii.It is difficult to make the system secure from hackers and
industrial espionage (spying) graphical regions.

43. C.WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
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WideAreaNetwork(WAN)isacomputernetworkcoveringawide
geographicalarea.ThisisdifferentfromMANorLANs.Thisisthe
Networkthatspreadgeographically(CountryoracrossGlobe)is
calledWAN(WideAreaNetwork).ThebestexampleofaWANisthe
Internet.AWideAreaNetworkisanetworkspanningalarge
geographicalareaofaroundseveralhundredmilestoacrosstheglobe.
Itmaybeprivatelyownedorleased.Itisalsocalled“enterprise
networks”iftheyareprivatelyownedbyalargecompany.Itcanbe
connectedthroughcable,fiberorsatellite>However,itistypically
slowerandlessreliablethanaLAN.Theservicesincludeinternet,
Intranet,etc.

44. CHARACTERISTICS OF WAN
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ThefollowingarethecharacteristicsofWAN:
I.Networkthatprovideslongdistancetransmissionofdata,voice,
image,andvideoinformationoverlargegeographicalareasthat
maycompriseacountry,acontinent.
II.Range:Beyond100km.

45. TECHNOLOGY USED IN WAN
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Thefollowingarethetechnology
usedinWAN:
i.ISDN(Integratedservicedigital
network)2types
BasicRateInterface
PrimaryRateInterface
ii.FrameRelay.
iii.Switchedmultimegabitdata
service(SMDS).
iv.Synchronousopticalnetwork
(SONET).
v.Highdatalinkcontrolled
(HDLC).
vi.Synchronousdatalinkcontrol
(SDLC)

46. WANS IN ACTION: MAKING
INTERNET CONNECTION
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47. CONT..
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MeritsofWAN
ThefollowingarethemeritsofWAN:
i.Coversalargegeographicalareasolongdistancebusinesscan
connectontheonenetwork.
ii.Sharessoftwareandresourceswithconnectingworkstations.
iii.Messagescanbesentveryquicklytoanyoneelseonthenetwork.
Thesemessagescanhavepictures,soundsordataincludedwith
them(calledattachments).
iv.Expensivethings(suchasprintersorphonelinestotheinternet)
canbesharedbyallthecomputersonthenetworkwithout
havingtobuyadifferentperipheralforeachcomputer.
v.Everyoneonthenetworkcanusethesamedata.Thisavoids
problemswheresomeusersmayhaveolderinformationthan
others.

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DemeritsofWAN
ThefollowingarethedemeritsofWAN:
i.Needagoodfirewalltorestrictoutsidersfromenteringand
disruptingthenetwork.
ii.Settingupanetworkcanbeanexpensive,slowandcomplicated.
Thebiggerthenetworkthemoreexpensiveitis.
iii.Oncesetup,maintaininganetworkisafull-timejobwhich
requiresnetworksupervisorsandtechnicianstobeemployed.
iv.Securityisarealissuewhenmanydifferentpeoplehavethe
abilitytouseinformationfromothercomputers.Protection
againsthackersandvirusesaddsmorecomplexityandexpense.

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The main difference between a MAN and a WAN is that the WAN
uses Long Distance Carriers. Otherwise the same protocols and
equipment are used as a MAN.

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WEEK TWO:INTERNET

53. INTRODUCTION
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Theinternet(alsocalledInternationalnetwork)isa
globalcollectionofmanydifferenttypeof
computersandcomputernetworksthatarelinked
together.Itcanalsobecalledanetworkconnection
ofmanycomputernetworkbasedonacommon
addressingsystemandcommunicationsprotocol
called TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/InternetProtocol).Justasatelephone
enablesyoutalktosomeoneontheothersideof
earthwhoalsohasaphone,theinternetenablea
persontoexchangeinformationwithanother
computersandcomputeruseranywhereinthe
world.Somecalltheinternetsuperhighway.Asa
roadallowstravelthroughdifferentpartsofa
country,sotheinternetallowsinformationtotravel
throughdifferentinterconnectedcomputer
network.

54. ORIGIN AND DESIGN OF
INTERNET
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Theideaoftheinternetbeganasan
experimentbytheUnitedStateof
America(USA)DepartmentofDefense
onthe1960’swiththeprimarygoalof
helpingscientistandresearchersfrom
widelydispersed(remote)areastowork
togetherbysharingscarceand
expensivecomputersandtheirfiles.
ThisneedforInternetarosewhenitbecameapparentthatthere
wasaneedforabombproofcommunicationssystemduringthe
coldwarofthemid60’s.Aconceptwasdesignedtolinkcomputers
togetherthroughouttheUSwithsuchasysteminplace,large
sectionsofthecountryarereachedandmassagescouldstillgot
through.

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Theinternetwasactuallyanemergencycommunicationssystem
operationbythemilitarydepartmentofdefense’sAdvancedResearch
ProjectAgency(ARPA).
ThewholeoperationwasreferredtoasARPANET.Intime
ARPANETcomputerswereinstalledateveryuniversityintheU.S.
thathaddefenserelatedfunding.
TheoriginalmotivebehindARPANET,wastobuildanetworkcapable
ofcarryingmilitaryandgovernmentinformationfromonepointto
anotherduringanynuclearwartheproject,whichwasinitiatedin
1968,soonwentwiderthanitsoriginalscopetobecomeaprojectfor
buildingalarge-scalenetworkcalled,theinternetthatwehavetoday.

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Gradually,theInternethadgonefromamilitarypipe-linetoa
communicationtoolforscientists.Asmorescholarscameonline,
theadministrationofthesystemwastransferredfromARPAto
theNationalScienceFoundation.
Yearslater,businessbeganusingtheInternetandthe
administrativeresponsibilitieswereonceagaintransferred.Today
theinternethasturnedthewholeworldintoaglobalvillageasfar
asinformationinallaspectofhumanendeavourisconcerned.

57. RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET
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Internetoffersacollectionofinformationofinformationwithtopic
rangingfrombusinesstoscienceandtechnology.Italsopossesses
materialsonartsandresearchmaterialforstudents,entertainment,
sports,shopping,dictionaries,encyclopaedias,andmaps.Inaddition,
itoffersotherservicesandresourcessuchas:
i.E-mail
ii.WorldWideWeb
iii.WebSearchEngine
iv.Usenet
v.AnonymousFTP
vi.FileTransferProtocol(FTP)
vii.InternetRelayChat

58. COMPOSITION OF INTERNET
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ThefollowingarethecompositionofInternet:
i.Acommunityofpeople:whouseanddevelopthenetwork.
ii.Acollectionofresources:thatcanbereachedfromthose
networks.
iii.Asetuptofacilitatecollaboration:Amongthemembersofthe
researchandeducationalcommunitiesworldwide.The
connectednetworksusetheTCP/IPprotocols:

59. INFORMATION SERVICES
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Internetoffersacollectionofinformationwithtopicrangingfrombusinessto
scienceandtechnology.Italsopossessesmaterialonartsandresearch
materialforstudents,entertainment,sports,shopping,dictionaries,
encyclopaedias,andmaps.Inaddition,itoffersotherservicesandresources.
i.E-mail(ElectronicMail):E-mailisacommonresourcesprovidedby
internet.Itisaworldwidesystemforsendingandreceivingmessages
throughelectronicsystem.E-mailislikethewayyousendawritten
lattertosomebodyyouknowthroughthepost-officesystem.E-mails
arelettersthatcanbesentthroughtheinternetandcanarrivealmost
instantlyandwithoutcost.E-mailsareanessentialpartofevery
companyandeverypersonwhoneedstocommunicatewithpeoplethat
livefarawayfromthem.

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ii.FileTransferServices:Youcantransferfilesfromonecomputer
toanotherusingtheInternet.Filetransfermeansuploadingafile
toaserverordownloadingafilefromaserver.Filetransfer
servicesusetheFileTransferProtocol(FTP),whichisanInternet
protocolthathelpstouploadanddownloadfiles.FTPis
commonlyusedtodownloadfilestoapersonalcomputerfrom
otherserversontheInternet.
iii.SearchEngines:Asearchengineisaprogramthatallowsyouto
searchforaparticularsetofwordsspecifiedbyyou,onthe
Internet.Auserinterfaceisprovidedwhereausercanenterthe
wordorthephrasethathastobesearched.Thesearchengine
triestolocatethekeywordinalargedatasourceandreturnsthe
resultofthesearch.Google,Yahoo,MSN,LycosandAltavistaare
commonlyusedsearchengines.

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iv.Communication–MSN,Skype,Yahoo:Messengerservicesprovide
arealbreakthroughincommunicationtoday.Theirusehas
managedtominimizedistancesandofferthechancetopeoplewho
havefriendsandfamilieslivingfarawayfromthemcommunicate
easilyandcheap.Thesemessengerservicescanbedownloaded
throughtheirrespectivewebsitesandassoonastheprogramison
theharddriveyoucanaddpeople’semailaddressesorusernames
andseethem.Messengerservicesofferinstantmessagingalong
withaudioandvideoconferencing.Microphonesandcamerascan
beattachedonthecomputerandpeoplecaninstantlyandlive
conferencewithothersfornoextracost.

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v.ChatRooms–TheMirc:Chatroomsarebeingusedfrompeople
forcommunicatingwithindividualsfromallovertheworld.Chat
roomsofferthemostwidelyusedtechnologyformeetingpeople
thatbelongtoyourownnetworkofinterests.ThemIRCisthe
mostpopularprogramthatincludeschatroomsandteenagersare
themostfrequentageclasstouseit.TheuseofmIRCiseasyand
anonymityiswellpreservedsinceyouareonlyaskedtousea
usernametojoin.
vi.SocialNetworkingSites:SocialNetworkingSitesarewebsites
throughwhichpeoplecancreateapersonalprofileofthemselves
sothatothermembersofthiswebsitecancontactthemshould
theyliketheirprofile.SocialNetworkingsitesareofferedfor
creatingfriendships,relationshipsandacquaintanceships.Those
websitesareverypopularandallowyoutoincludepicturesof
yourselfandotherpersonalinformation.

63. CONT..
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=Inaddition,peoplecanusethesewebsitestoexpresstheview
theyhaveforthemselvesandrequestforpeoplethatsharethe
sameinterestsasthem.
vii.DownloadingServices:Downloadingservicesareofferedeither
throughwebsitesorthroughpeertopeerprogramsandallow
peopletodownloadmusic,moviesorprogramsontotheir
computer.PeertopeerprogramshavetheformofamIRC
programthroughwhichpeoplethatareconnectedatthesame
timecansharemusic,videoorprogramfilesthatalreadyhaveon
theircomputer.

64. INTERNET APPLICATIONS
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ThefollowingaretheApplicationsofInternet:
i.Research:Theinternetisprovidedwithspecialtoolsthatassistin
searchingforinformation.Userscanmakeresearchonthe
following:companiesproducingaproduct,informationfor
projects,excerptsfromjournalsetc.
ii.BusinessConnection:Businessconnectionscannowbedone
withanyoneoranycompanyinanypartoftheworldthroughthe
useofinternet,contactsuchandthenproceedtomake
arrangementfororderandpayment.
iii.Registrationandcheckingofresults:Mostexaminationbodies
nowmaketheircandidatestoregisterthroughthecompletionof
formsontheinternet,Resultsafterexaminationcanalsobe
checkedontheInternet.ExampleisWestAfricanExamination
Council(WAEC),NationalExaminationCouncil(NECO)and
JointAdmissionandMatriculationsCouncil(JAMB).

65. CONT..
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iv.Education:Severallearningmaterialareavailableontheinternet.
Somesoftwarecompaniesoffertrainingontheirproductsviathe
internet.Likewise,someeducationalinstitutionsaredoingthe
same.
v.Advertising:Organisationadvertisestheirproductsonthe
internet.Thiscanbedonebyhavingaweb-site.Prospective
customerscanvisitthesitetoviewtheproduct.Online
transmissionofprogrammes-theinventionofinternethasmade
itpossibletowatchentertainmentandreligiousprogrammeslive.
vi.Library:Theelectroniclibrariesareofutmostimportancefor
Universitystudentslookingforscientificinformationfortheir
courses.
vii.InternetBank:Theadvancedtechnologiesoftheinternet
managedtofreepeoplefromthehasslesoflosinganenormous
amountoftimewaitinginthelinetobeservedatthebank
branches.

66. CONT..
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=Internetbankingistheeasywayofdealingwithbank
transactionssafelyandquickly.Internetbankingoffersawide
rangeoftransactionsthatcanbedoneincludingbillpayments
andtransfers.Internetbankingisconvenientalsointhatitis
availabletwenty-fourhoursaday.
vii.InternationalMarket:TheInternetenablesyoutobuy
anythingyouneedfromthecomfortofyourownhouse.
Manysupermarketstakeonlineordersanddeliverthestock
withinthedayatyourdoorstep.Manyconsumerstoresoffer
onlinepurchasesaboutalmostanythingyoucanimagine
(shoes,clothes,apparel,accessories).Onlineshoppingcan
saveyoutimeandmoneysinceitoffersawiderangeof
specialsinmuchcheaperpricesthanwhatyouwillfindinthe
actualstores.

67. BENEFITS OF INTERNET
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ThefollowingarethebenefitsofInternet:
i.TheInternet(R)Evolution:Theavailablematerial,programs,
websitesandotherservicesoftheinternetaremultipliedevery
day,revolutionizingthetechnologybeingused.Themost
importantaspectoftheInternetevolutionhowever,isthatits
exponentialgrowthallowsittoeaseandtransformpeople’slife
andincreasetheirknowledge.
ii.ThePreciousnessofTime:TheappearanceoftheInternetsaving
mattercameasalifesaverformanytasksthatwouldtakedaysto
completebefore.Theabilityoftheinternettostorematerials,its
abilitytocalculateinstantlyalmostanything,anditsworldwide
applicationdatabaseshadmadetasksmucheasierandlesstime
consuminginalmosteveryindustryontheplanet.

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iii.TheUnemploymentAgent:Anotherbenefitthattheinternethas
broughtintoourlivesisthateversincetheinternethasbeen
introduced,newareasofjobsandcareershaveopeneduptothe
public.Webdesigning,computertechnicianandprogrammer,are
amongthemanythatarefoundattheirpeakdemandfor
employers.Almosteverycompanynowadays,needstohavea
websitethatpromotesitsproductsandpatentsthatweb
designersareamongthemosthighlyrequestedprofessionals
needed.Furthermore,consultants,sellers,dealersandallsortsof
professionalsareneededtopromoteandhelppeopleoverthe
internet.Housewives,mothersanddisabledpeople,cannow
haveachancetoworkfromtheirhouseandearnmoneythat
wouldotherwisebedifficulttoobtain.

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iv.TheTreasureBank:Thebiggestbenefitoftheinternetcanbe
foundintheeducationalsector.Educatorscanobtainlearning
materialfromit,preparecoursesonlineanddeliveraudio/visual
informationtostudents.Forinstructorsitisavaluablesourcefor
referencingmaterialandenhancingtheknowledgeoftheir
students.TheInternetprovidesagreatplaceforconferencingand
collaboratingwithstudentsfromallovertheworld.Studentscan
searchforinformationregardingtheirschoolcoursesvia
electroniclibrarieswhoofferagreatvarietyofjournalsand
scientificarticles.Theresourcesavailableoverthenetcover
almosteveryaspectoftheschoolcurriculumandstudentshavea
valuablemachineforenhancingtheirknowledgeandexpanding
theirassignedwork.

70. CONT..
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OtherBenefits
ThefollowingareotherbenefitsofInternet:
i.Youcancreateawebsiteontheinternetforyourselforyour
business.
ii.Youcansearchforinformationonanytopicdealingwith
humanityandnature.
iii.Youcancarryoutresearchproject.
iv.Youcanapplyforadmission,scholarshiporemploymentwith
anyinstitutionthatishookedtotheinternetinanypartofthe
world.
v.Youcancarryoutbusinesstransactionswithanycompanythatis
hookedtotheinternet.Youcanalsoadvertiseyourbusiness.
vi.Youcanchooseormakefriendsfromanypartoftheworld.
vii.Youcanplaygames,watchlatestfilmsandmusicalvideos.

71. ADVANTAGES OF INTERNET
RESOURCES
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TheInternetresourceshaveenormousadvantagesandbeloware
someoftheadvantagesoftheresources.
i.WiththeINTERNET,communicationhasbecomecheaperand
quicker.ForexampletosendalettertotheUSfromNigeria,takes
twoweeksandtoreceivealetterfromthatend,alsotakesanother
twoweeksandatdifferentpricesdependingonthemethodused
insendingthemail.Today,withtheINTERNET,ittakesjust
minutesifnotseconds,tosendandreceiveamailandatan
affordableprice.
ii.Productsandservicesadvertisementisnowcheaperand
affordablewiththeadventoftheINTERNET.Whatyoupayfor
advertisementandpublicityontheINTENETisnotonlycheaper
butalsotheadvertandpublicitycarriedontheINTERNET,
reachesalargeaudiencethanadvertsandpublicitycarriedby
newspaper,radioandtelevisionstations.

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iii.NowwiththeINTERNET,peopledon’tconsiderhowfaraway
otherpeoplearefromthemanylonger.Thisisbecausethe
INTERNEThasclosedthedistancebetweenpeopleofdifferent
continentsoftheworldandthusmakingtheentireworldaglobal
village.
iv.WiththeINTERNET,tradeandcommerceallovertheworldhas
enteredaboomingera.WiththeINTERNET,importandexport
proceduresaremadeeasyasthingslikeProformaInvoice,Billof
lading,PricelistandFundstransfercannowbeprovided
electronicallyontheINTERNET.
v.WiththeINTERNET,youcanhaveaccesstoinformationwhose
sourceyoudon’tknow.Withthehelpofaspecialtool(search
engine),theINTERNETwillcheckitselectronicdirectoryand
displaythesources,locationsoraddressesfromwhereyoucan
getwhatyouwant.

73. CONT..
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vi.WiththeINTERNET,bettereducationandtrainingforeverybody
acrosstheglobeisguaranteed.Forexample,anexpertcantraina
numberofparticipantsonhowtousethecomputerattheir
differentlocationsoncetheyarelinkedtotheINTERNET.
Lecturesandteacherscannowhaveaccesstoeducational
materialseasilyontheINTERNET.

74. DISADVANTAGES OF USING THE
INTERNET
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TheadvantagesinusingtheInternetdefinitelyoutweighthe
disadvantages.Herearesomedisadvantagesinherentintheuseofthe
INTERNET:
i.OntheINTERNET,youcanaccessanddownloaddataand
programfilesfromaremotecomputer.Thefilessocopied,if
infestedwithcomputervirusesmaydestroywhatyouhaveon
yourcomputer.Ensurethatyouhaveanti-virussoftwareinstalled
onyourcomputerbeforeyouattempttodownloadprogramand
datafilesfromtheInternetontoyoursystem.
ii.AlotofunwholesomethingsexistontheINTERNET.The
availabilityofcomputerphonographicmaterialsonthe
INTERNETisoneoftheunwholesomethings.

75. CONT..
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iii.OnceauserunderstandshowtosurftheINTERNETefficiently,it
becomesanaddictiveactivityandonceitbecomesaddictive,
otheractivitiesoftheuserwillstarttosuffer.
iv.YourprivacycouldbeinfringedonasanINTERNETuser.An
unauthorizedpersonforexample,couldreadyourmail.

76. [email protected]
76
INTERNET
ETHICS AND RULES

77. INTERNET ETHICS AND RULES
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Ethicsareasetofmoralprinciplesthatgovernanindividualoragroup
onwhatisacceptablebehaviourwhileusingacomputer.Computer
ethicsisasetofmoralprinciplesthatgoverntheusageofcomputers.One
ofthecommonissuesofcomputerethicsisviolationofcopyrightissues.
Duplicatingcopyrightedcontentwithouttheauthor’sapproval,accessing
personalinformationofothersaresomeoftheexamplesthatviolate
ethicalprinciples.
INTERNETETHICS
Internetethicsmeansacceptablebehaviourforusinginternet.Weshould
behonest,respecttherightsandpropertyofothersontheinternet.The
followingaretheInternetethics:
i.Acceptance:OnehastoacceptthatInternetisnotavaluefree-zone
.ItmeansWorldWideWebisaplacewherevaluesareconsideredin
thebroadestsensesowemusttakecarewhileshapingcontentand
servicesandweshouldrecognizethatinternetisnotapartfrom
universalsocietybutitisaprimarycomponentofit.

78. CONT..
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ii.SensitivitytoNationalandLocalcultures:Itbelongstoalland
thereisnobarrierofnationalandlocalcultures.Itcannotbe
subjecttoonesetofvalueslikethelocalTVchannelorthelocal
newspaperWehavetoaccommodatemultiplicityofusage.
iii.Whileusinge-Mailandchatting:Internetmustbeusedfor
communicationwithfamilyandfriends.Avoidchattingwith
strangersandforwardinge-mailsfromunknownpeople
/strangers.Andwemustteachchildrenaboutrisksinvolvedin
chattingandforwardinge-mailstostrangers.
iv.Pretendingtobesomeoneelse:Wemustnotuseinternettofool
othersbypretendingtobesomeoneelse.Hidingourownidentity
tofoolothersintheInternetworldisacrimeandmayalsobea
risktoothers.It’sourresponsibilitytoteachchildrenthesame.

79. CONT..
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v.AvoidBadlanguage:Wemustnotuserudeorbadlanguage
whileusinge-Mail,chatting,bloggingandsocialnetworking,We
needtorespecttheirviewsandshouldnotcriticizeanyoneonthe
internetandthesameshouldbetaughttochildren.
vi.Hidepersonalinformation:Weshouldteachchildrennottogive
personaldetailslikehomeaddress,phonenumbers,interests,
passwords.Nophotographsshouldbesenttostrangersandthey
shouldbeaskedtohidetheirpersonaldetailsfromstrangers
becauseitmightbemisusedandsharedwithotherswithouttheir
knowledge.
vii.WhileDownloading:Internetisusedtolistenandlearnabout
music.ItisalsousedtowatchvideosandplaygamesWemust
notuseittodownloadthemorsharecopyrightedmaterial.The
sameshouldbetaughttochildren,andtheymustbeawareofthe
importanceofcopyrightsandissuesofcopyright.

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viii.Supervision:Youshouldknowwhatchildrenaredoingonthe
internetandthesitestheyvisitontheinternetandshouldcheck
withwhomtheyarecommunicating.Restrictthembrowsing
inappropriatesites.Parentalinvolvementisessentialwhenachild
isusingtheinternetinordertomakehimfollowtherules.
ix.EncouragechildrentouseInternet:Wemustencouragechildren,
studentsandotherstogaintheknowledgefromtheinternetand
useitwisely.Internetisagreattoolwherewecangather
informationwhichcanbeusedforlearning.
x.AccesstoInternet:Theinternetisatime-efficienttoolfor
everyonethatenlargesthepossibilitiesforcurriculumgrowth.
Internetisausefultoolfordevelopingtheskillsofdistinguishing
factfromopinionandexploringsubjectivityandobjectivity.

81. CONT..
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OTHERETHICALRULESFORCOMPUTER USERS
Someoftherulesthatindividualsshouldfollowwhileusinga
computerarelistedbelow:
i.Donotusecomputerstoharmotherusers.
ii.Donotusecomputerstostealothersinformation.
iii.Donotaccessfileswithoutthepermissionoftheowner.
iv.Donotcopycopyrightedsoftwarewithouttheauthor’s
permission.
v.Alwaysrespectcopyrightlawsandpolicies.
vi.Respecttheprivacyofothers,justasyouexpectthesamefrom
others.
vii.Donotuseotheruser'scomputerresourceswithouttheir
permission.
viii.UseInternetethically.

82. CONT..
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ix.Complainaboutillegalcommunicationandactivities,iffound,to
Internetservice.
x.Providersandlocallawenforcementauthorities.
xi.UsersareresponsibleforsafeguardingtheirUserIdand
Passwords.Theyshouldnotwritethemonpaperoranywhere
elseforremembrance.
xii.Usersshouldnotintentionallyusethecomputerstoretrieveor
modifytheinformationofothers,whichmayincludepassword
information,files,etc..

83. [email protected]
83
NAVIGATING THE WEBSITE

84. NAVIGATING THE WEBSITE
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ToopenaWebsite,yourequiretheWebsiteaddress.AWebsite
addressuniquelyidentifiesaWebsite.E.g.,theaddressofthe
Microsoftsiteiswww.microsoft.comorwww.futminna.edu.ng
AWebaddressconsistsofthreeorfourparts:
The1
st
partdepictsthetypeofserviceorprotocolthatyouareusing
ontheInternetsuchashttporftp.

The2
nd
partisthenameofthenetwork,thecompany,orthe
individual,suchasMicrosoftorfutminna

The3
rd
partdepictsthetypeoforganization,suchascommercial
(com),educational(edu),government(gov),andnet(network)

85. CONT..
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ToviewinformationontheInternet,
youneedtofirstopenaWebsite
WhenyouloadaWebsite,thehomepageisloadedfirst.E.g.,the
homepageaddressforMicrosoftishttp://www.microsoft.comor
http://www.futminna.edu.ng
SomeWebaddressesmaycontainthefourthpart,whichdepicts
thecountryname,suchasuk(UnitedKingdom)orng(Nigeria)
TheaddressofaWebsiteiscalleditsURL(UniformResource
Locator)
Ahyperlinkenablesyoutonavigateto:
i.Differentlocationinthesamepage.
ii.DifferentpagewithinthesameWebsite
iii.PageofadifferentWebsite

86. CONT..
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Youcannavigatetotheotherpagesonthesitethroughlinksonthe
homepage,whicharealsoknownashyperlinks:
i.Ahyperlinkisasynonymforbothlinkandhypertextlink.
ii.Thesearegraphics,words,orphrasesonWebpagesthatyouclick
tonavigatefromone.
YoucannavigatefromaWebpagetoanotheroronesitetoanother
NotethatTexthyperlinksareunderlinedandusuallyappearinblue
color.
Whenyouclickahyperlink,youcannavigateto:
i.Differentlocationinthesamepage.
ii.DifferentpagewithinthesameWebsite.
iii.PageofadifferentWebsite
Inaddition,ahyperlinkenablesyoutodownloadafile,launchan
application,viewavideofile,orlistentoanaudiofile

87. [email protected]
87
RISKS OF THE INTERNET USE

88. RISKS OF THE INTERNET USE
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ThefollowingarethepotentialhazardsofInternetifnotmaintained:
I.Viruses,AdWaresandSpywares
a.Viruses:Virusesareprogramsthathavethecapacitytocopy
themselvesandinfectcomputerswithouttheknowledgeofthe
user.Virusestransfertoanuninfectedcomputerthroughemails,
instantmessagingprograms,andwebsitesorfilesharing.Another
riskofonlineusecanbefoundinemails.Scamemailsareemails
thatsomeonesendsintentionally,withthepurposeofdeceiving
peopleandextractfromthemimportantinformationregarding
theirbankaccountsandpasswords.Virusescansometimes
damagethecomputer.Theycaninsertthemselvesontothe
computerprogramsanddeletethem,crashthecomputeror
formatit.

89. CONT..
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Otherformsofvirusescanbelessthreateningbutcanstillcreate
problemstotheusersincetheycanappeartoshowmessages
everynowandthencanusecomputermemoryandfreezethe
computerandgenerallycreateproblemsthatwouldmakethe
userunabletoworkproperlyonthecomputer.
b.Ad Wares:Ad wares are small programs that can be downloaded
through several other programs and websites that collect data
from a person’s computer with purposes of advertising and
researching.
c.Spywares:Spywares are some other form of programs that insert
themselves on the computer and monitor the usage and take up
computer memory resulting in lowering the normal performance
of the computer.

90. CONT..
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II.ScamE-Mails:Theseemailscanbeverydangerous.Mostofthe
sendersmakethemappearascomingfromonesbankorfroma
legitimatesourceandaskforpersonalinformation,pinnumbers,
passwordswiththepurposeoftakingmoneyoffpeople’s
accounts.Otheremailspresentthemselvesintheformofwinning
somekindoflotteryandtakeyouthroughaprocesstoreceive
yourprice.Eventually,thesepeopleenduptakingalotofmoney
fromyouforarrangingtogiveyouthebigprizeandyouendup
withnothingbutloss.Scamemailsarearealthreatforinternet
usersandoneshouldbereallycarefulwiththeemailshe/she
accepts.
III.TheInvisibleEnemy:Despiteemaildeception,humandeception
isalsopossibleoverthenetandespeciallyamongyoungsters
throughthesocialnetworkingsitesandthemIRC.Social
networkingsitesandthemIRCarethenumberonecauseof
losinganonymityandhumandeception.

91. CONT..
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=Onsocialnetworkingsitesontheonehand,peopleusetheir
picturesandcreateaprofileofthem.Somepeoplearebeing
honest,andmayreallybelookingforsomeoneinterestingto
meet,butotherscanprovidefakeinformationdeceivingpeople
andsometimesevenseducingthem.Peopleonthesesitesand
onmIRCmaynotbetheonestheyarepresentingthemselvesto
be,andmaybecriminalsthatareouttherelookingforvictims.
Mostofthetimeshowever,deceivers,arepeoplewhodonot
feelcomfortableaboutthemselvesandpresenttheirprofileas
theywishedtheywere.Eventually,whenonegetstomeetthese
people,especiallywhenfacelessloveisinvolved,peoplemight
getseriouslyhurtandaffectedbythewholestory.
Socialnetworkingsitesallowforphotosoftheirmemberstobe
uploaded,andforthosewhoputrealphotos,anonymityis
gone.Fromtheminutethesephotosareuploadedontheweb,
anyonecantakethemandusethemineverywaytheymaylike.

92. CONT..
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iv.TheCrime:Theinternetcrimehasbecomeamajorissuefromthe
mediasincemanypeopleareseentousechildpornographyover
theinternet.Youngstersareusuallyuncontrolledinviewingthese
sexuallyexplicitandillegalmaterials.
Themostseriousformofriskonecanfaceontheinternetiscrime.
Internetcrimehasbeenportrayedthroughtheinternetmany
times.Childpornographyandpedophiliaaretheharshest
formsofinternetcrime.Mentallydisturbedindividualsareseen
toabusechildrenandtakepicturesandvideoswiththemand
publishingthemontheinternet.
Theanonymitythatmostofthetimestheinternetbrings,makeit
reallyhardtounderstandwhennewpersontomeethas
somethinglikethisinmind.Childpornographyandpedophilia
areconsideredseriouscrimesandarebeingdealtfromthe
policewithseverepunishment.


93. CONT..
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=Themediahasplayedanimportantroleinalertingparentsabout
thisdangerousrisk,andhelpedparentsintakingseriouslythe
needforcontrolofchildren’sonlineactivities.
v.InternetHealthHazard
Excessiveuseoftheinternetcanbecomeaddictiveandcausemental
healthproblemsaswellasphysicalones.Unfortunately,ithasbeen
shownthattheinternetcanbecomeaformofaddiction.Excessive
usageoftheinternetcanresultinproblemssuchasheadachesand
boneaches.Anexcessiveuseoftheinternetcanseriouslyaffecta
person’smentalhealthbydeprivinghim/herfromhavinganormal
socialcycleoffriendsandbymakingthemnotwantingtogooutand
havesomeexerciseandfun.Apersoncanbecomeanti-socialand
depressedandcanbeseriouslydeprivedofitscapacitytolivelife
properly.Justlikeeverythinginlife,theinternetneedstobeusedonly
foracertainamountoftimeeveryday,toallowpeoplenotto
overload.

94. [email protected]
94
SUMMARY

95. SUMMARY
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95
InternetisaGlobalnetworkofcomputerswhichmaybeserveror
clientthatexchangesinformation.
Itcanbedefinedasa"networkofnetworks"whichcanbelinked
throughcopperwires,wirelessconnections,andothertechnologies.
Thisistheworld-widenetworkofcomputersaccessibletoanyone
whoknowstheirInternetProtocol(IP)address.
TheInternetisaworldwidesystemofcomputernetworks.
Userscanobtaininformationaboutanysubjectortopicby
connectingtotheInternet.
Thenetworkformedbytheco-operativeinterconnectionofalarge
numberofcomputernetworks.
InternetisaNetworkofNetworks
NooneownstheInternet
EverypersonwhomakesaconnectionownsasliceoftheInternet.
ThereisnocentraladministrationoftheInternet.

96. SUMMARY
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TheInternetwasfirstknownasARPANETandwasstartedbythe
U.S.governmentin1969-AdvancedResearchProjectsAgency
(ARPA)
TheWorldWideWeb(WWW)alsocalledtheWebisasubsetofthe
Internet.
TheWebisaseriesofinterconnectedserversthatsupportspecially
formatteddocuments.
TheInternetisusedtodayindiversefield-business,entertainment,
education,communication,medicine,defence,engineering,and
sports.
TheWWWalsocalledtheWebisasubsetoftheInternet.
TheInternetandtheWorldWideWebareoftenused
synonymouslybuttheyaredifferent.
Electronicmail(e-mail)exchangesofmessagesbetweentwo
computersbytelecommunicationisknownase-mail

97. SUMMARY
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E-mailwasoneofthefirstservicesthatwereusedfor
communicatingovertheInternet.
E-mailmessagescancontaintext,graphics,oracombinationof
both.
ThereareanumberofWebsitesontheInternetthatprovidefreee-
mailservices-Gmail,HotmailandYahoo.
Theuserisaskedtoregisteratthesiteandane-mailaccountis
createdfortheuser.
Ane-mailaddressisalsoallocatedtotheuser.
Usingthee-mailaccountyoucanaccessyoure-mailfromanywhere
intheworld

98. COMMON INTERNET SERVICES
AND WHEN TO USE THEM
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WebTerminologyTo Use
GetafilefromanothercomputerontheInternet FTP
SendafiletoanothercomputerontheInternet FTP
Viewfilesinadirectoryinacomputeronanother
network
Telnet
CorrespondwithaparticularpersonontheInternet E-mail
Correspondwithagroupofpeopleinterestedinasimilar
topic
Newsgroups
ViewdocumentsontheInternet WorldWideWeb
SearchforinformationontheInternet SearchEngine

99. [email protected]
99
WEEK FOUR: EXTRANET

100. INTRANET
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100
WhatisIntranet?
ThetermIntranetisderivedfromtwowords:‘Intra’whichmeans
withinand‘net’whichmeansgroupofinterconnectedcomputers.Itis
aprivatecomputernetworkthatusesInternetprotocolsandnetwork
connectivitytosecurelyshareanypartofanorganization's
informationoroperationalsystemswithitsemployees.Inshort,an
intranetisprivatenetwork,similartotheInternetandusingthe
Internet.
AprivateTCP/IPinternetworkwithinanorganizationthatuses
InternettechnologiessuchasWebserversandWebbrowsersfor
sharinginformationandcollaborating.Intranetscanbeusedto
publishcompanypoliciesandnewsletters,providesalesand
marketingstaffwithproductinformation,providetechnicalsupport
andtutorials,andjustaboutanythingelseyoucanthinkofthatfits
withinthestandardWebserver/Webbrowserenvironment.

101. CONT..
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IntranetWebserversdifferfrompublicWebserversinthatthepublic
musthavetheproperpermissionsandpasswordstoaccessthe
intranetofanorganization.Intranetsaredesignedtopermitusers
whohaveaccessprivilegestotheinternalLANoftheorganization.
Withinanintranet,Webserversareinstalledinthenetwork.
Browsertechnologyisusedasthecommonfrontendtoaccess
informationonserverssuchasfinancial,graphical,ortext-baseddata.

102. CHARACTERISTICS OF
INTRANET
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i.Itdeliverscollaborationandcoordinationtoemployeesaround
theclock.Communicationsystemdesignedbytechnicalstaff.
ii.Focusisthemessage,notthemedia.
iii.Normallyrunsinaclient/serverenvironmentandalocalarea
networkconfiguration.
iv.Separatedfromothernetworksbyfirewalls,ameansof
preventingunauthorizedaccesstothecompany’sinternaldataor
leaksofsensitivecompanyinformation.
v.InternalcompanynetworkthatusesInternetstandards(HTML,
HTTP&TCP/IPprotocols)&software.
vi.Accessedonlybyauthorizedpersons,especiallymembersor
employeesoftheorganization
vii.Intranet=Network+InformationResource+InformationServices

103. INTRANET SECURITY
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TwolevelsofSecurityrequired:
i.InternalSecurity:ItcanbeimposedbyPublicKeySecurity&
EncryptionKey.
ii.ExternalSecurity:ThroughFirewall.

104. WHAT IS FIREWALL?
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i.Securitydevicelocated
betweenfirm’sinternal
network(intranet)&external
network(internet).
ii.Regulatesaccessinto&outof
acompany’snetworkbased
onasetofrules.
Note:Needstobeupgraded
fromtimetotimetochecklatest
potentialsecurityproblems.

105. ACCESS TO INTRANET
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ThefollowingarethewayofaccessingIntranet:
(i)Employeetelephonedirectory
(ii)Humanresourcepolicies
(iii)Supportinformationand
(iv)Knowledgebase

106. REASONS FOR USING INTRANET
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The following are the major reasons for using Intranet:
Employee productivity
Cost saving
Knowledge management
E-commerce
Customer management
improvements

107. STRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF
INTRANET
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The following are strategic significance of Intranet:
i.A cost-effective way of distributing information throughout an
organization.
ii.Links employees and managers around the clock and automates a
lot of intraorganizationaltraffic.
iii.Makes it possible for a company to gain better access to its primary
resource -the knowledge and experience of decision makers.
iv.Enables easier integration of processes

108. VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK
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108

109. APPLICATIONS OF INTRANET
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The following are the applications of Intranet:
Sharing of company policies/rules & regulations
Sharing of information of common interest
Access product & customer data
Launching of personal/departmental home pages
Submission of reports
Corporate telephone directories

110. BENEFITS OF INTRANETS
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i.Workforceproductivity:Intranetscanhelpuserstolocateandview
informationfasteranduseapp.relevanttotheirrolesand
responsibilities.Withthehelpofawebbrowserinterface,userscan
accessdataheldinanydatabasetheorganizationwantstomake
available,anytimeand-subjecttosecurityprovisions–from
anywherewithinthecompanyworkstations,increasingemployees'
abilitytoperformtheirjobsfaster,moreaccurately,andwith
confidencethattheyhavetherightinformation.Italsohelpsto
improvetheservicesprovidedtotheusers.
ii.Communication:Intranetscanserveaspowerfultoolsfor
communicationwithinanorganization,verticallyandhorizontally.
Fromacommunicationsstandpoint,intranetsareusefulto
communicatestrategicinitiativesthathaveaglobalreach
throughouttheorganization.

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=Thetypeofinformationthatcaneasilybeconveyedisthe
purposeoftheinitiativeandwhattheinitiativeisaimingto
achieve,whoisdrivingtheinitiative,resultsachievedtodate,and
whotospeaktoformoreinformation.Byprovidingthis
informationontheintranet,staffhastheopportunitytokeepup-
to-datewiththestrategicfocusoftheorganization.
iii.Cost-effective:MostorganizationshavealreadyestablishedTCP/IP
networks,andtheincrementalinfrastructurecostofaddingWeb
serverstothenetworkiswellwithineven.
iv.Lowmaintenance:Withinformationresidinginonlyoneplace-the
Webserver-itisrelativelyeasyandaffordabletoaddnew
informationortoupdateexistinginformationandmakeitinstantly
available.

112. ADVANTAGES OF INTRANET
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The following are the advantages Intranet:
i.Fast, easy, low-cost to implement
ii.Based on open standards.
iii.Connectivity with other systems.
iv.Easy to learn and use.
v.Hypertext links.
vi.Access to internal and external information.
vii.Improves communication

113. DISADVANTAGES OF INTRANET
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The following are the advantages Intranet:
Management
problem
Fearofsharinginformationandthelossof
control
Limitedbandwidthforthebusiness
Security
problem
Unauthorizedaccess
Abuseofaccess
Denialofservice
Productivity
problem
Informationoverloadlowersproductivity
Hiddenorunknowncomplexityandcosts

114. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN INTERNET
AND INTRANET
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ThefollowingarethesimilaritiesbetweenInternetandIntranet:
i.IntranetusestheinternetprotocolssuchasTCP/IPandFTP.
ii.Intranetsitesareaccessibleviathewebbrowserinasimilarwayas
websitesintheinternet.However,onlymembersofIntranet
networkcanaccessintranethostedsites.
iii.InIntranet,owninstantmessengerscanbeusedassimilartoyahoo
messenger/gtalkovertheinternet.

115. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INTERNET
AND INTRANET
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ThefollowingarethedifferencebetweenInternetandIntranet:
i.InternetisgeneraltoPCsallovertheworldwhereasIntranetis
specifictofewPCs.
ii.Internetprovidesawiderandbetteraccesstowebsitestoalarge
population,whereasIntranetisrestricted.
iii.InternetisnotassafeasIntranet.Intranetcanbesafelyprivatized
aspertheneed.

116. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTERNET
AND INTRANET
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S/No Internet Intranet
1Internetiswidenetworkof
computersandisopenforall.
Intranetisalsoanetworkof
computersdesignedfora
specificgroupofusers.
2Internet itself contains a large
number of intranets.
Intranet can be accessed from
Internet but with restrictions.
3The number of users who use
internet is Unlimited.
The number of users is
limited.
4The Visitors traffic is unlimited.Thetrafficallowedisalso
limited.
5Internetcontainsdifferent
sourceofinformationandis
availableforall.
Intranet contains only
specific group information.

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Therefore the Internet is an open, public space, while an intranet is
designed to be a private space. An intranet may be accessible from the
Internet, but it is protected by a password and accessible only to
authorized users.

118. [email protected]
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WEEK THREE: INTRANET

119. EXTRANET
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Extranetisanintranetforoutsideauthorizedusersusingsame
internettechnologies.Theoutsideusersaretrustedpartnersofthe
organizationwhohaveaccesstoinformationoftheirinterest&
concern.Itistheextendtheintranetconcepttoprovideanetwork
thatconnectsacompany’snetworktothenetworksofitsbusiness
partners,selectedcustomers,orsuppliers.
ExtranetsrefertoapplicationsandservicesthatareIntranetbased,
anduseextended,secureaccesstoexternalusersorenterprises.This
accessisusuallyaccomplishedthroughpasswords,userIDs,and
otherapplicationlevelsecurity.
What is Extranet?

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Anextranetistheextensionoftwoormoreintranetstrategieswith
asecureinteractionbetweenparticipantenterprisesandtheir
respectiveintranets.PartofaCompany'sIntranetthatisextended
tousersoutsidethecompany(eg.NormallyovertheInternet).Inits
simplestform,aprivateTCP/IPnetworkthatsecurelyshares
informationusingHypertextTransferProtocol(HTTP)andother
Internetprotocolswithbusinesspartnerssuchasvendors,
suppliers,andwholesalecustomers.
Anextranetisthusacorporateintranetthatisexposedoverthe
Internettocertainspecificgroupsthatneedaccesstoit.Extranets
builtinthisfashionfollowtheclient/serverparadigm,withWeb
serverssuchasApache.

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Extranetsareapowerfultoolbecausetheyletbusinessesshare
resourcesontheirownprivatenetworksovertheInternetwith
suppliers,vendors,businesspartners,orcustomers.Extranetsare
typicallyusedforsupportingreal-timesupplychains,forenabling
businesspartnerstoworktogether,ortoshareinformationsuchas
catalogswithcustomers.Thepoweroftheextranetisthatitleverages
theexistingtechnologyoftheInternettoincreasethepower,flexibility,
andcompetitivenessofbusinessesutilizingwell-knownandeasilyused
toolssuchasWebserversandWebbrowsers.Extranetsalsosave
companiesmoneybyallowingthemtoestablishbusiness-tobusiness
connectivityovertheInternetinsteadofusingexpensive,dedicated
leasedlines.Extranetscanalsosavemoneybyreducingphoneandfax
costs.

122. FEATURES OF EXTRANET
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ThefollowingarethefeaturesofExtranet:
i.ExtranetisanIntranetforoutsideauthorizedusersusingsame
internettechnology.
ii.Inter-organizationalinformationsystem.
iii.Enableoutsiderstoworktogetherwithcompany’semployees.
iv.Opentoselectedsuppliers,customers&otherbusinesspartners.
v.Examples:Dealers/distributorshaveaccesstoproductfilessuchas:
a)productspecification,
b)pictures,
c)images,etc.toanswerthequeriesofthecustomer.

123. COMPONENTS OF EXTRANETS
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Some basic
infrastructure
componentssuchas
the internet
Including:-
i.TCP/IPprotocols,
ii.E-mail,
iii.Web-browsers,
iv.Externalbusiness
partners&
v.Tele-commuting
employeesplace
order,checkstatus
&sendE-mail.

124. ACCESS TO EXTRANET
124
The following are methods of accessing Extranet:
Need to rapidly adapt to change
Distribute information
Improve existing information delivery techniques
Supporting major strategic initiative

125. BENEFITS OF EXTRANET
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Thefollowingarethebenefitsofextranet:
i.Improvedquality.
ii.Lowertravelcosts.
iii.Loweradministrative&otheroverheadcosts.
iv.Reductioninpaperwork.
v.Deliveryofaccurateinformationontime.
vi.Improvedcustomerservice.
vii.Bettercommunication.
viii.Overallimprovementinbusinesseffectiveness.

126. DISADVANTAGES
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The following are the disadvantages of Extranet:
i.The suppliers & customer who don’t have technical knowledge feel
problem.
ii.Faceless contact.
iii.Information can be misused by other competitors.
iv.Fraud may be possible.
v.Technical Employees are required.

127. HOW IT IS DIFFERENT FROM
INTRANETS
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Intranetsdifferfromextranetinthattheformeraregenerallyrestricted
toemployeesoftheorganizationwhileextranetsmayalsobeaccessed
bycustomers,suppliers,orotherapprovedparties.Extranetsextenda
privatenetworkontotheInternetwithspecialprovisionsforaccess,
authorizationandauthentication.

128. TYPES OF EXTRANET
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ThefollowingarethetypesofExtranet:
i.PublicNetworkExtranet
Thisexistswhenanorganizationallowsthepublictoaccessitsintranet
fromanypublicnetwork.Securityisanissueinthisconfiguration,
becauseapublicnetworkdoesnotprovideanysecurityprotection.
ii.PrivateNetworkExtranet
isaprivate,leased-lineconnectionbet.Twocompaniesthatphysically
connectstheirintranetstooneanother.Thesingleadvantageofthisis
Security.ThesinglelargestdrawbackisCost.
iii.VirtualPrivateNetwork(VPN)
Itisanetworkthatusespublicnetworksandtheirprotocolstosend
sensitivedatatopartners,customers,suppliers,andemployeesby
usingsystemcalled.

129. APPLICATIONS OF EXTRANET
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ThefollowingaretheapplicationsofExtranet:
Technology Applications
SecureElectronicMail B2BCommunication
BulletinBoard Subjectreview&responsevehicle,FAQ
InstantMessaging Sales&CustomerSupport
DocumentRepository Knowledgemanagement&Customer
support
FTP Customersupport,salessupportsoftware
development
MaillistServer Broadcashofchanges&notification
Calendar Scheduling
Dataconferencing&chatElectronicMeetings

130. [email protected]
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WEEK FIVE:
INTERNET TERMINOLOGIES

131. INTERNET TERMINOLOGIES
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Theonlinerevolutionhasseentheintroductionofmanynewterms
andphrasestooursharedvocabularies.Whilesomeoftheseare
self-explanatory,manycanbesomewhatobscureifyouare
unfamiliarwiththemorthecontextinwhichthey'reused.The
followingglossaryincludesmanycommoninternettermsalong
withabriefdefinitionandlinkstofurtherreading.Thefollowing
aresomeInternetTerminologies:
Modem:Amodemisasmalldeviceconnectedtoacomputerof
installedinsideit,whichconvertsthedigitalsignalsfromyour
computerintoaformthatcanbesentdownatelephoneline.
Internetserviceprovider:AnISPisacompanythatsellsyoua
connectiontotheinternet.
INTRODUCTION

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WWW(World WideWeb):Theworldwideweborthewebmakes
lookingroundtheinterneteasy.Thewebconsistsofscreens,each
screeniscalledapage,eachpagecontainswords,picturesand
sometimesanimationandallkindsofsoundandmusic.Inother
word,TheWorldWideWebconsistsofallthepublicWebsites
connectedtotheInternetworldwide,includingtheclientdevices
(suchascomputersandcellphones)thataccessWebcontent.The
WWWisjustoneofmanyapplicationsoftheInternetandcomputer
networks.
Web:TheWebisaseriesofinterconnectedserversthatsupport
speciallyformatteddocument.Thismeansyoucanswitchfromone
documenttoanotherjustbyclickingonmarkedtext.
Server:Aserverisaprogramoracomputerthatrespondsto
requestsfromotherprogramsanddeliverstherequesteddocuments.
Itisasoftwareprogramsetupforservingwebpagestoauseronthe
samecomputeroranothercomputer.

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WebServer:ThisisaprogramthatrespondstorequestsfromWeb
browserstoretrieveresources.Itisalsousedtorefertothecomputer
thatrunstheserverprogram.
WebSite:Thisisacollectionofrelatedfiles.EachWebsitecontainsa
homepage,whichisthefirstdocumentthatisdisplayedonthe
browser.Asitemightalsocontainadditionaldocumentsandfiles.Asite
isownedandmanagedbyanindividual,companyororganization.
WebBrowser:thisisthesoftwareprogrammethatallowsyouhave
accesstotheworldwideweb.Itdisplayswebpagesonthecomputer
screenandallowsyoutofollowhotlinks,downloadinformationetc.
Examplesofwebbrowsersare:Microsoftinternetexplorer(partof
Microsoftwindows).Netscapenavigator(partofnetscape
communicatorsuiteofprogrammes),opera,neoplanet,andFirefox-
Mozilla.

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Add-ons-Anadd-on(akaplug-inorextension)isasoftware
applicationthatrunswithinanotherprogramforthepurposeof
changingorenhancingtheprogramsperformance.Mostwebbrowsers
supportavarietyofadd-ons,withsomeofthemorecommonbeing
AdblockPlus,GoogleTranslator,andImagus.
Apps-Shortforapplication,an"app"isaprogramdesignedto
operatewithinamobilesystem.Theycanbeconsidered"add-ons"for
mobiledeviceslikesmartphonesandtablets.Twoofthemostpopular
operatingsystems,Apple'siOSandGoogle'sAndroid,havean
increasinglysizablerosteroffreeandpaidappsavailabletousers.
Archives/Archiving-Archivinginternetdatareferstothecollection
ofinformation,includingfiles,visitnumbersorwebsite"hits,"and
mediafiles.

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Blog-Ablogisawebsiteconsistingofarticles,or"posts,"typically
associatedwithasinglepersonororganization.Blogscanaddressa
widerangeoftopicsfrompoliticstofoodculturetothearts.Theycan
betheworkofasingleauthororagroupofcontributors.
Broadband-Ahighspeedinternetconnectionisknownas
broadband.Therearemanydifferenttypesofbroadband,buttheterm
ismostlyusedtodistinguishfastconnectionstothemuchslowerdial-
upconnections.
HomePage:Thisisthefirsthypertextdocument(inHTML)thatis
displayedwhentheuseropensaWebsite.Itcontainslinkstoother
pagesorothersites.
Host:AcomputerthatisusedtotransferdataontheInternet.
SPAM:itisanunsolicitedcommerciale-mailfoundinyourmailbox.
WebHosting:Tostoreandmakewebpagesavailableandreadyfor
inquiries,oracomputerthathasaconsistentconnectiontotheInternet.

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UniversalResourceLocator(URL):ThisisaWebaddressingscheme
thatspellsouttheexactlocationofanetresourceontheInternet.Most
URLstaketheform:protocol://host.domain/directory/filenamethe
addressofawebsiteiswhatisreferredtoasURL.(UniformResource
Locator).ExampleofaULR.\ishttp://www.clipart.com
DNS(DomainNameSystem):isalargedatabaseofdomainnames
andtheircorrespondentInternet(IPAddresses)forexample:
www.widget.comcorrispondstoit'suniquenumber.
LINK:itisawordorphraseemphasizedinahypertextdocument
thatactsasapointertorelatedinformation.Linksinawebbrowserare
usuallyunderlinedandareindifferentcoloursfromtherestofthetext.
SearchTools:twomainsearchtoolsareusedininternet.Theyare
SearchEnginesandDirectories.Thoughtheyperformthesame
operation,theyarecreateddifferently.

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SearchEngines:thesearchenginesisalotofindexofmillionsof
webpagesandtheiraddresses.Aprogrammecalledrobot,spideror
crawlervisitseverylinkonawebsite,copiesthetextofthepageto
itsindextogetherwithaddressdetails.Thisprocessisdone
frequentlytoupdatetheindex.Whenauserkeysinarequest,the
enginelistpagesthatmatchtherequest.Populationsearchengines
are:Google(developedbyStanfordUniversity),Excite,AltaVista,
KotBotandLycos.
Directories:Adirectorysearchforinformationlikesearchengine.
Thedifferencebetweenitandsearchengineisthatadirectoryis
manuallycompiled,whereasthesearchengineindexiscreatedby
computer.Ifawebdesignersubmitsthedetailsofwebpagetobe
includeinadirectory,ashortdescriptionwillbeadded.Thisis
reviewedbyhumaneditorandexaminesthewebsites.Ifseen
suitable,thedetailsofthewebsitewillbeincludedinthedirectory.
Knowndirectoriesareyahoo!andLookSmart.

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HypertextMarkupLanguage(HTML):isthelanguageinwhichthe
computerizedinstructionsbehindthethingsyouseeonthewebare
written.Inotherwords,Thisistheformattinglanguageusedtopresent
aWebdocument.
http(HypertextTransferProtocol):Thisistheprotocolorsetofrules
usedbywebservers.ItistheprotocolusedontheWebtotransfer
hypertextdocuments.
ICON:itisasmallabstractgraphrepresentationofanobjectiveor
idea.
Upload:Thisreferstosendingafilefromapersonalcomputerto
anothercomputeronthenetwork.
Download:Thisreferstoreceivingafilefromanothercomputeron
thenetworktoapersonalcomputer.
Protocol:Protocolisasetofrulesusedforcommunicationbetween
computers.

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Telnet-Telnet is a user command and TCP/IP protocol that allows
one to remotely access.
Host:A computer that is used to transfer data on the Internet.
Webpage: A webpage is what you see in your browser when you are
on the internet. Think of the webpage as a page in a magazine. You may
see text, photos, images, diagrams, links, advertisements and more on
any page you view.
Web Hosting:To store and make web pages available and ready for
inquiries, or a computer that has a consistent connection to the Internet.
Domain Name:A domain name is a description or representation of a
computer's location on the Internet. It is usually separated by a dot. For
example:
www.comentum.com, sales.comentum.com, joespizza.comentum.com.

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DNS (Domain Name System):is a large database of domain names
and their correspondent Internet (IP Addresses) for example:
www.widget.com corrisponds to it's unique number 207.168.6.12
IP address:An IP (Internet Protocol) address is an unique number
used to identify a computer on the Internet.
Hypertext:Hypertext is text on a webpage that links to another
document or webpage. The hypertext link can be as small as a letter or
word, or as big as all the text on the page.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol):is a method of transferring files between
two computers on the Internet. To access, upload or download
information on a server computer (or a computer that accesses a server
computer), FTP software makes the information access or transfer
possible.

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Router:Arouterorrouter-modemcombinationisthehardware
devicethatactsasthetrafficcopfornetworksignalsarrivingatyour
homeorbusinessfromyourISP.Aroutercanbewiredorwirelessor
both.
HomePage:AhomePageisthemainorindexpageofawebsite.For
example,ifauseropensNetscapeorInternetExplorerandtypesthe
URL,http://www.commentum.com,thatwouldopenthehomePageof
theCommentumCommunicationscompany.
Port:InrelationshiptotheInternet,aPortisachannelthataserver
softwarewouldlistento,foranyinquiries,therearecertainstandard
defaultchannelssetforcertainserversoftware.Forexample,aweb
serversoftwarebydefaultwilllistentoport80foranyinquiry.Web
serversoftwarecanalsolistentoanyotherport,forexample:
http://www.commentum.com:5000

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Baud:Baudisthenumberofthimepersecondthatamedemconverts
digitalsignalstoanalogsounds,sothatitcantransferinformationover
ananalogtelephoneline.
ABit:Bitisasingledigitinthebinarynumberingsystem(base2).For
example:1isabitor0isabit.
AByte:ABytegenerallyconsistsofeightbits.
Firewall:Firewallisagenerictermtodescribeabarrieragainst
destruction.Inthecaseofcomputing,afirewallconsistsofsoftwareor
hardwarethatprotectsyourcomputerfromhackersandviruses.
CSS-CSSisanacronymforCascadingStyleSheets.Itisacomputer
languagethattellsHTMLhowawebpageshouldlook(asopposedto
whatinformationisinit).
Ecommerce-Ecommercereferstothebuyingandsellingofitemson
theinternet.PopularonlineretailersincludeAmazon,Etsy,andEbay.

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Blogs:Thisisamodernonlinewriter'scolumn.Amateurand
professionalwriterspublishblogsonmosteverykindoftopic:their
hobbyinterestsinpaintballandtennis,theiropinionsonhealthcare,
theircommentariesoncelebritygossip,photoblogsoffavorite
picturesortechtipsonusingMicrosoftOffice.Absolutelyanyone
canstartablog.
CloudComputing-Cloudcomputingreferstotheuseofanetwork
ofremoteservershostedontheinternettostore,manage,and
processdata.Cloudcomputingisanalternativetotheestablished
practiceofstoringandprocessingdataonadedicatedserveror
computingmachine.
Download-Downloadingreferstocopyingdatafromonecomputer
systemtoanotherviaacomputernetwork.Ingeneral,itrefersto
copyingafilefromaremoteserverontoauser'slocalmachine.A
downloadcanbeanythingfromatextfiletoafeaturefilm.

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EncryptionandAuthentication-Encryptionandauthentication
helpsensurethatdatatransmittedovertheinternetremainssecure
andprotectedfrompossibleinterception.Authenticationensures
thatbothpartiesarelegitimate,whileencryptionencodesthedatain
suchawaythatitcannotbedecodedbyanunauthorizedthird
party.
Firewall-Afirewallisapieceofsoftwarethatblocksunwanted
trafficacomputerandintranet.Mostmoderncomputerscomewitha
firewallalreadyinstalled,andtherearenumerousthirdparty
firewallapplicationsavailableonline.
Graymail-Graymailreferstounwantedemailmessagesthatdonot
otherwisemeetthecriteriaofspam.Typically,graymailconsistsof
emailsfromentitieswithwhomtheuserhasregisteredorsignedup
forregularemailnotifications.Graymailoftenincludesnewsletters,
mailinglistsandmembershipannouncements,andforumupdates.

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Hashtag-Ahashtag(#)isusedtolabelkeywordsorphrasesina
tweetorothersocialmediamessage.Theuseofthetagconverts
thesekeywordsandphrasesintoactivelinkstoadynamicfeed
whichisupdatedinrealtimetolistallrecentpostcontainingthe
chosenhashtag.Hashtagsaresearchable,makingiteasyforonline
userstofindandmonitortrendingtopics.
Email-Email,sometimeswrittenas"e-mail,"referstoelectronic
messagessentbetweentwoormoreparties.Emailnormallyrequires
theuseofanemailserviceprovidersuchasGmail,Outlook,or
Yahoo.Butsomepeoplesetuptheirownemailservers.
ISP-ISPisthecommonlyusedacronymforInternetService
Provider,acompanythatdeliversinternetaccesstosubscribing
customers.

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Malware-Malwareissoftwarespecificallydesignedtodamageor
disruptacomputersystem.Therearemanydifferenttypesof
malware,butthemostcommonaredesignedtoaccessandcollect
sensitivedataortoforceaccessintoaprotectedcomputersystem.
MetaTag-AmetatagisanHTMLtagthatcontainsspecific
informationaboutawebpage.Metatagstypicallycontainan
abbreviateddescriptionofthepage'ssubjectmatterandother
information.Metatagsareusedbysearchenginestoindexweb
pagesandfilteronlinecontent,anddonotappearintheuser's
browserdisplay.
NetworkPorts-Anetworkportisawayoftellingacomputerwhat
kindofprocessisbeingused.Forexample,port80iscommonlyused
forHTML.Similarly,port21isusedforFTP.

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NetworkRouter-Anetworkrouterconnectstwoormorecomputers
toaninternetconnection,allowingmultipleuserstoaccessthe
internetandmovedatabetweenconnectedcomputingdevices.
P2P-P2Pstandsfor"peer-to-peer."AP2Pnetworkallowstwoor
morecomputerstocommunicatedirectlywithouthavingtousea
routerorothercentralizedserver.
Phishing-Phishingreferstoatypeofonlinescamwherecriminals
poseasrepresentativesoflegitimatebusinessesororganizationsin
ordertoobtainsensitiveuserinformation.Someofthemore
commonphishingscamsinvolvetheimitationofpopularwebsites
(Facebook,Amazon,PayPal,etc)byslightlyalteringthespellingor
structureoftheoriginalsite'swebaddress.Whenauserlandsonthe
falsesite,eitherbyaccidentorviaanembeddedlink,theywillfinda
pagecarefullyconstructedtoresembletheauthenticwebsite
destination.Usersarethenpromptedtoentertheirpersonaldata,
whichisultimatelycollectedbyacriminalorganization.

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ReciprocalLinks-Reciprocallinksaremutuallyagreeduponlinks
betweentowebsites.Forexample,siteAembedsanactivelinktosite
B,whichinreturnembedsanactivelinkbacktositeA.Reciprocal
linksaretypicallyusedtoestablisharelationshipbetweenwebsites
andtoboostsearchengineranking.Asaresultofwebmastersusing
reciprocallinkstoattempttomanipulatesearchengineratings,
Googleandothersearchenginesareactivelydiscouragingtheuseof
reciprocallinkbuilding,penalizingwebsitesthatabusethem.
SEO-SEOisanacronymforSearchEngineOptimization.Itisan
expansiveendeavortomakewebpagesrankashighlyaspossiblein
searchengines.
SocialMedia-SocialMediareferstovariouswebsitesand
applicationswhosemainpurposeistosupportandfacilitateonline
socialnetworking.Themostpopularexamplesofsocialmedia
includeTwitter,Facebook,Instagram,andReddit.

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Spam/Spamming-Spamtypicallyreferstounsolicitedjunkmailand
blogcomments.Spamcanconsistoflegitimateadvertisementsforproducts
andservices,ormaybepartofanonlinescammingoperation.Spamming
referstothebulkdisseminationofspamposts,ortherepetitivepostingof
spamonpublicforums.
Tag-TagsareaformattingtoolusedinHTMLandXMLmarkup
languagestoindicatehowcontentwillbedisplayedonagivenwebpage.
Tagsarecommonlyusedtoindicateheaders,fonts,linebreaks,tables,etc.
Forexample,ifyouwantaportionofasentencetoappearemphasizedona
webpageyouwouldmarkupthecontentasfollows:"ifyouwantaportion
ofasentencetoappear<em>emphasized</em>onawebpageyouwould
markupthecontentasfollows.“

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Wiki-DerivedfromtheHawaiianphrase"WikiWiki,"meaningfast
orquick,awikiisanywebsitethatallowsorencouragesuserstoaddor
modifyonlinecontent.Themostrecognizableexampleofawikiis
Wikipedia,theonlineencyclopediaeditedandmaintainedthroughthe
collaborativeeffortsofthesite'svisitors.
ZoneFiles-Zonefilesaresimpletextfilesstoredonnameservers
containingtheidentifyingdatapertainingtospecificdomainnames.
EachzonefilecontainsacompleteDNSrecordofthedomainnamein
question,includingafullmappingofthedomainnametoitsrelatedIP
address.Zonefilesareeasilyalteredormodified,whichcanresultina
websitebeingrenderedunresponsiveorredirectedtoaspamor
malwareinfectedspoofingsite.Consequently,zonefilesneedtostored
onhighlysecureservers.

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WEEK FIVE:
PRACTICAL SESSION

152. CONNECTING A COMPUTER TO
THE INTERNET
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BeforeloadingaWebsite,youfirstneedtoconnecttotheInternet.
ToconnecttotheInternet,youneedthefollowing:
Accesstoaphoneline
Amodem
Amodemisadevicethathelpsthecomputerstocommunicateusing
phonelines
Computerscaninterpretdigitalsignals,andphonelinescan
interpretanalogsignals
Modemsconverttheoutgoingdigitalsignalsfromacomputerto
analogsignalsthatcanbetransmittedviatelephonecables
Modemsalsoconverttheanalogsignalsfromaphonelinetodigital
signalsforacomputer
Thespeedofamodematwhichthedatatransferisdoneismeasured
inKilobitspersecond(Kbps)

153. INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER
(ISP)
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AnInternetaccountprovidedby
anInternetServiceProvider
(ISP)
AnISPisanorganizationthat
providesusersaccesstothe
Internetandotherrelated
services,suchashostingaWeb
siteandprovidingspaceonthe
WebservertolaunchaWebsite
ontheInternet.
ISPprovidesuserswith
usernamesandpasswords,
whicharerequiredtoconnectto
theInternet

154. INTERNET BROWSERS
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Abrowserisanapplicationthathelpsyoudisplayand
interactwiththeinformationontheInternet
AbrowserusesHTTPtodisplayinformationfromthe
Webserver
MosaicwasthefirstcommerciallyusedWeb
browser
Today,InternetExplorer,GoogleChrome,Mozilla
FirefoxandNetscapeNavigatorarethemostpopular
Webbrowsers
ConnectingaComputertotheInternet(2)
ConnectingtotheInternetenablesyouto
performoperations,suchasaccessinga
Website,readingyouremail,navigating
betweenWebsites,andprintingWebpages

155. WORKING WITH THE INTERNET
EXPLORER
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ToopentheInternetExplorer,performthefollowingsteps:
1.SelecttheProgramsInternetExplorercommand.TheInternet
Explorerwindowisdisplayed
2.IntheAddressbar,specifytheaddressorURLoftheWebsitethat
youwanttovisit
WhenspecifyingtheWebaddress,youdon’tneedtospecifythe
protocol,suchashttporftp.Theprotocolappearsautomatically.
3.ClicktheGobuttonorpresstheEnterkey.Thehomepageofthe
Websiteappears.
Thefigureinthenextslideisdisplays(thehomepageoftheMSN
site).

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Working with the Internet Explorer (2)

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Noticethatthemousepointerchangestoahandwhenitismoved
onahyperlink.Youcanclickonatexthyperlinkorimage
hyperlinktodisplaythelinkedURLs
DisplayingandHidingToolbars
Todisplayatoolbar,clickViewonthemenubar.SelecttheToolbars
commandandthen,thetoolbarname,suchasStandardsButtons
andAddressBar,todisplaythetoolbar
TodisplaytheWebpageinanewwindow,selecttheFileNew
Windowcommandtoopenanewwindow
TostopaWebpagefromloading,clickViewonthemenubar.
SelecttheStopcommand
TorefreshthecontentsofaWebpage,clickViewonthemenubar.
SelecttheRefreshcommandtorefreshthecontentsoftheWebpage
ToviewthevisitedURLs,clickthedrop-downbuttonofthe
Addressbar

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YoucanclickontheForwardbuttontogobacktothesiteyouwere
viewingbeforeusingtheBackbutton
DISPLAYINGWEBPAGESINANEWWINDOW
TodisplaytheWebpageinanewwindow,selectFileNew
Windowcommandtoopenanewwindow
Youcanalsoopenanewwindowbyright-clickingalinkand
selectingtheOpeninNewWindowoptionfromtheshortcutmenu
STOPPINGWEBPAGESFROMLOADING
TostopaWebpagefromloading,clickViewonthemenubar.
SelecttheStopcommand.TheWebpagestopsfromloadingfurther
YoucanalsopresstheEsckeytostopWebpagefromloading

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REFRESHING WEB PAGES
ThereareWebpagesontheInternetthataredynamicandthedata
displayedonthesitemightbechangingafteraspecifictimeperiod
ToviewlatestdatayouwillneedtofetchthelatestcopyoftheWeb
page
RefreshingaWebpagemeansthatyoucangetanewcopyofthe
currentpagefromtheserver.
TorefreshthecontentsofaWebpage,clickViewonthemenubar.
SelecttheRefreshcommandtorefreshthecontentsoftheWeb
page.
YoucanalsopresstheF5keytorefreshthecontentsofaWebpage

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DISPLAYING VISITED URLS USING THE BROWSER ADDRESS
BAR
You can view the URLs you visited earlier using the browser
address bar
Click the drop-down button of the Address bar, as shown
WORKING WITH THE INTERNET EXPLORER (5)
Navigating Previously Visited Web Pages
You can view the recently visited Web pages using the Back button
on the toolbar
The Forward button is enabled only if you have used the Back
button
You can click on the Forward button to go back to the site you were
viewing before using the Back button

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YoucanalsoviewthelistoftheWebpagesthatyouhavevisitedby
clickingthedrop-downarrowagainsttheBackorForwardbutton
asdisplayedinthefollowingfigure:
WORKING WITHTHEINTERNETEXPLORER(6)
NavigatingPreviouslyVisitedWebPages
YoucanviewtherecentlyvisitedWebpagesusingtheBackbutton
onthetoolbar
TheForwardbuttonisenabledonlyifyouhaveusedtheBack
button
YoucanclickontheForwardbuttontogobacktothesiteyouwere
viewingbeforeusingtheBackbutton

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YoucancustomizethebrowserforviewingtheWebsitesusingthe
InternetOptionsdialogbox
DeletingBrowserHistory
YoucandeletethehistoryoftheWebsitesthatyouvisitedearlier
DELETINGBROWSERHISTORY
1.SelecttheToolsInternetOptionscommandtodisplaythe
InternetOptionsdialogbox
2.IntheGeneraltab,undertheHistorysection,clicktheClear
Historybutton.ThisdisplaystheInternetOptionsmessagebox
3.ClickYesbuttontodeletetheURLhistory
4.ClickOKbuttontoclosetheInternetOptionsdialogbox.

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SETTINGTHEHOMEPAGE FORAWEBBROWSER
TosetahomepageforaWebbrowser,performthefollowingsteps:
1.SelecttheToolsInternetOptionscommand.TheGeneraltabof
theInternetOptionsdialogboxisdisplayed.
2.TheHomepagesectionoftheGeneraltaballowsyouto:
Currentbutton:Setthecurrentlydisplayedpageasthehopepage
Defaultbutton:Microsoftstartingpageasthedefaultpage
Blankbutton:SetablankpageasHomepage
OryouspecifyaURLofyourchoiceintheAddresstextbox,E.g.,
http://www.google.com

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3.ClicktheOKbuttontoclosetheInternetOptionsdialogbox
SomeWebsitestaketimetoloadontheWebbrowser.Thisdelayis
duetothefactthatimagesinaWebpagetakemoretimetodisplay
thantext.TopreventthisdelayinloadingaWebpage,youcanstop
imagesfromloading.Bydefault,InternetExplorerdisplaysimages
withinaWebpage.
TOSTOP LOADING THEIMAGES, PERFORM THE
FOLLOWING STEPS:
CONTROLLING THEDISPLAYOFIMAGESINWEBPAGES
1.SelectToolsInternetOptionscommandtodisplaytheInternet
Options.
2.TheAdvancedtab,asshown
3.UnderSettingssection,scrolltoShowpicturescheckboxunder
Multimediacategory

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4.DeselecttheShowpicturescheckboxtoensurethatthebrowser
loadsWebpageswithoutimagesorpictureswithintheWebpages.
IftheShowpicturescheckboxisselected,thebrowserdisplaysthe
imagesalongwiththecontentoftheWebpages.
5.ClickOKbuttontoclosetheInternetOptionsdialogbox.Youcan
RefreshthepageorloadadifferentWebpagetoseethechanges
SAVINGWEBPAGESASFILES
YoucansaveaWebpageforviewingitlaterwithoutconnectingtothe
Internet.TosavethecurrentWebpage,performthefollowingsteps:
1.SelectFileSaveAscommandtodisplaytheSaveWebPagedialog
box
2.InFilenamebox,usethedefaultfilenameprovidedorspecifya
name

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3.SelectSaveastypedrop-downlistandtherequiredfiletype.You
cansavethefileasahypertextfileusingthedefaultfilename
extension.htmor.html,oryoucansaveitasatextfilewiththe.txt
extension
WhenyousaveaWebpageasanHTMLfile,thegraphics,sound,
andvideoarealsosaved
However,whenaWebpageissavedasaTXTfile,onlythetextin
theWebpageissaved
WhenyousaveaWebpageasanHTMLfile,thegraphics,sound,
andvideoarealsosaved
However,whenaWebpageissavedasaTXTfile,onlythetextin
theWebpageissaved.

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SAVINGWEBPAGESASFAVORITES
YoucansaveWebpagesorWebsitesasyourfavoritesitesinthe
Favoritesfolder
ThisfolderstorestheURLoftheWebpageandenablesyouto
accesstheWebpagequickly
InNetscapeNavigator,thefeatureofsavingWebpagesasfavorites
isknownassavingWebpagesasBookmarks
1.TosaveaWebpageasafavorite,clickFavoritesonthemenubar.
SelecttheAddtoFavoritescommandtodisplaytheAddFavorite
dialogbox
2.TosavethecurrentWebpageintheFavoritesfolder,clicktheOK
button
3.YoucanorganizetheWebpagesinyourFavoritesfolderunder
differentcategoriesforeasyaccessibility.

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4.Select the FavoritesOrganize Favoritescommand to display the
Organize Favoritesdialog box
DOWNLOADING AFILEFROMAWEBPAGE(1)
YoucandownloadafilefromaWebpage
Downloadingenablesyoutosaveaprogram,anaudioorvideofile,
oradocumentfromtheWebtoyourcomputer
Thefollowingfiguredisplaysadownloadlink:

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DOWNLOADING AFILEFROMAWEBPAGE(1)
TodownloadandsaveafilefromtheWebpage,doasfollows:
1.Right-clickonthelinkofthefile
2.SelecttheSaveTargetAscommandtodisplaytheSaveAsdialog
box
3.SelectthelocationfromtheSaveindropdownlist
4.IntheFilenamebox,youcanusethedefaultfilenameprovidedor
specifyanameofyourchoiceandclicktheSavebutton.
5.ClicktheClosebuttonoryoucanchoosetoOpenFoldertoview
thefileorexecuteaprogram

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URLs
COPYINGCONTENTFROMAWEBPAGETOADOCUMENT
TocopythecontentofaWebpagetoaWorddocument,performthe
followingsteps:
1.OpentheWebpageandselecttheEditSelectAllcommandto
selectthecontentsofthepage
2.SelecttheEditCopycommandmenutocopythecontentsonthe
clipboard
3.OpenanewMicrosoftWorddocument
4.SelecttheEditPastecommandtopastetheselectedcontentofthe
Webpageincludingtext,image,andURLs

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PREVIEWING WEB PAGES
Previewing in Internet Explorer uses the WYSIWYG (What You See
Is What You Get) mechanism
You can preview a Web page by selecting File Print Preview
option
If the information does not appear correctly on the printed page,
you can modify the settings of the page setup.

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MODIFYING PAGE SETUP OPTIONS
In Internet Explorer, you can modify the page orientation, set new
margins, add information on the header and footer, and change the
size of the paper
To modify the settings of a Web page, perform the following steps:
1.Click File Page Setup command to display Page Setup dialog
box
2.In the Page Setup dialog box, you can:
Use the Size drop-down list to change the size of the paper, such as
Letter, A4, or Executive.
Use the Source drop-down list to change the source of the paper.
Use the Header text box to specify the header information and the
Footer text box to specify the footer information.

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UsethePortraitorLandscaperadiobuttonundertheOrientation
sectiontosettheorientationofthepage.
UsetheLeft,Top,Right,andBottomtextboxesundertheMargins
(inches)sectiontosetdifferentmarginsforthepage.
PRINTING
ToprintaWebpage:
1.ClickFilePrintcommandtodisplaythePrintdialogbox
ThetabsinthePrinterwindowwilldisplaydependingontheprinter
driverbeingused
2.InthePrintdialogbox,youcan:
Specifytheprinter,pagerange,andnumberofcopies
SpecifythepagesetupinformationusingthePageSetuptab
ClicktheOptionstabtodisplaythefollowingdialogbox:
Selecttherequiredoptionstoprintframesandlinkeddocuments.
3.ClickthePrintbuttontoprinttheWebpage.

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SEARCH ENGINES
You can use the Internet to search for information on any topic,
such as education, computer, medicine, and sports
A search engine comprises a set of programs that include:
A program that searches all the pages on the Web sites and uses the
hypertext links on each page to discover and read other pages on
the site. This program is called a spider
A program that creates an index of the pages, which have already
been read by the users
A program that receives the search request, compares the search
entries with the entries in the index, and returns the results to the
Web browser for display
Popular search engines in the Internet include Google, AltaVista,
and Lycos

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Differentsearchenginesusedifferentmechanismstosearchfor
information
Forexample,usingAltaVistasearchengine,wegetthefollowing:

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SEARCHING FORINFORMATION (1)
Tosearchforinformation,usekeywordsthatindicatethetopicfor
whichyouwantfurtherinformationE.g.,forinfoaboutrouting
protocols,youcanusethekeywordRoutingProtocol
1.OpenInternetExplorer
2.Typewww.altavista.comorothersearchengineintheAddressbar
3.ClickGobuttontodisplaythehomepageoftheAltaVistasearch
site
4.SpecifyRoutingProtocolinthetextboxandclicktheFindbutton
todisplaythesearchresultsonaWebpage,asshown
5.Tolocatepagesthatcontainthespecifickeywordsonly,specify
Routing+Protocolinthetextbox
6.Thesearchresultsappear,asshown

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Note that the search results show links on all protocols and not just
routing protocols
The search engine searches for Web pages that contain either the
word “Protocol” or “Routing” or “Routing Protocol” in the content
7.You can also search for Web pages that contain the exact phrase
To do this, specify “Routing Protocol” in the text box with opening
and closing quotes.
After the search results appear, you can click the hyperlink to
access the corresponding Web site or page. For example, you click
the Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) link to display the
Web page containing the required information
CA

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IMPLEMENTING SECURITY(1)
Securitymeasuresinvolve
Dataencryption:Involvesthetranslationofdataintoaformthatis
illegiblewithoutadecipheringmechanism.
Passwords:Isasecretwordorphrasethatgivesauthorizedusers
accesstoaparticularprogramorsystem.
Adigitalcertificatesusedtoidentifythepersonsendingthe
messageoverthenetwork.
ACertificateAuthority(CA)issuesthedigitalcertificate.
Thedigitalcertificatecontainstheapplicant'spublickeyanda
varietyofotheridentificationinformation.
Theapplicantusesthepublickeytoencryptthemessage.
TherecipientofanencryptedmessageusestheCA'spublickeyto
decodethedigitalcertificateattachedtothemessage,andverifiesit
asissuedbytheCA

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OnceyoustartusingtheInternetforaccessinginformation,you
connecttodifferentcomputersonthenetwork
SecurityontheWebreferstotechniquesforensuringthatdatain
transitissafefromunauthorizedaccess
SETTINGSECURITYINABROWSER(1)
Youcanimplementdifferentlevelsofsecurityfordownloading
contentfromaWebsiteonyourcomputerbyconfiguring
protectionsettingsforWebsitesinyourbrowser
WhenyouopenasiteinyourWebbrowser,thecontentonthesite
maybeunsafefordownloadingandmightcontainavirusprogram
ToimplementsecurityinInternetExplorer,performthefollowing
steps:
1.ClicktheToolsInternetOptionscommandtodisplaytheInternet
Optionsdialogbox

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2.ClicktheSecuritytab,asshowninthefollowingfigure:
Thesefourzonesare:
Internet:Thiszonecontainssitesthatarenotassignedtoanyother
zone
Localintranet:containssitesonthelocalnetworkofan
organization.E.g.,theWebsitesspecifiedintheConnectionstab
andthelocalintranetsites.
Trustedsites:Thiszoneenablesyoutoaddsitesthataresafeand
donotcarryanyvirusprogramsthatmightinfectyourcomputer
Restrictedsites:Thiszoneenablesyoutoaddsitesthatareunsafe
andcancarryvirus.

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ELECTRONICS MAIL (E -MAIL)

190. ELECTRONICS MAIL (E-Mail)
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E-mailisacommonresourcesprovidedby
internet.Itisaworldwidesystemfor
sendingandreceivingmessagesthrough
electronicsystem.E-mailislikethewayyou
sendawrittenlattertosomebodyyouknow
throughthepost-officesystem.Itisasystem
whereamailissentthroughthecomputer
network.

191. ELECTRONICS MAIL (E-Mail)
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Assoonasyousendthiselectronicletter,ittravelsfromyour
computer,usuallythroughadevicecalledamodem,whichconnects
yourcomputertointernetviathetelephonenetwork.Unlikethe
regularmailsystem,e-mailmayreachitsdestination,evenonother
countriesandcontinentsinminuteorlessexceptsomepartofthe
networkiscongestedoroutoforder.
Thespeedofe-mailandtheworldmakesitapopularformof
communication.Itisinexpensivebutconvenienttosendmailthrough
e-mail.Allthatwillrequireisthenormalchargeforusingthesystem
ifoneusesthecybercaféorthenormalchargeforsomeonewhois
connectedtotheinternet.

192. ELECTRONICS MAIL (E-Mail)
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Italsogivestheopportunitytosendmultiplecopiestoseveralpeople.
E-mailhasthefollowingadvantage.
Itisnotnecessarytopayforpackingandpostingasthecasewith
thepostalsystem.Alloneneededtodoistopaythetelephone
chargesifusingpersonalsystemorpayfortimeinacybercafé.There
aredifferentratefordifferentdistancesinthepostalsystembut
whateverthedistanceinaninternetsystem,thechargeremainthe
same.
Anotherbenefitofe-mailisthat,itispossibletosendseveralcopies
ofaparticulardocumenttoseveralrecipientswithoutusingenvelops
andaddresses.
Itisalsopossibletohaveonlyadisplayofamessageonscreen
withoutprintingahardcopyofit.Thissavestimeandmoney.
However,aprintedcopymayberequiredsometimes.

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Lastly,ausercandesignatexttohistastebyusingdesiredfonts
whenusingOutlook
Express.Italsopossibletoaddgraphicsinsuchasituation.

194. MAILING LIST AND GROUPS
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INTRODUCTION
Groupsarefreeonlinecommunitiesconsistingofaforumfor
sharingideasandinformationonlineorviaamailinglist.
EachGrouphasitsownwebsiteandURL,andoptionalservices
determinedbytheGroupownersuchasfileandphotosharing,
listsoflinkstoinformationrelevanttotheGroup,etc.
Groupsalsoprovideanonlinemessagearchivethatmemberscan
searchforinformationorconversationspostedinthepast.
Groupsareusuallyusedforonlinediscussionsbutcanalsobeset
uponlytosendoutannouncementsorfilesviaemail.
Groupscanbesetupforprofessionaluse,forfamilymembersto
communicate,aninformativecommunityorjustforfuninteraction
withotherswhosharesimilarinterest.
Inthissubmodule,youwilllearnhowtouseYahooand(or)
GoogleGroupstointeractwithyourclass,studentsorco-workers.

195. OBJECTIVES
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At the end of the training, participants will learn:
How to create a Group for his or her class or co-worker
How to build membership for the Group
How to use the Group to send:
Lecture notes
Handouts/files
Assignments
Announcements etc.
[email protected] how to post topics for discussion

196. HOW TO CREATE AND USE YAHOO GROUPS
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Yahoo Group
Go to http://groups.yahoo.com

197. CREATING A YAHOO GROUP
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TocreateaYahooGroup,clickonthelink“createyourGroup”
IfyoudonothaveaYahooIDclickthelinksignuptocreatea
Yahooaccountbeforeyouproceed.
YouwillberequiredtologintoyourYahooaccountbeforeyoucan
continue.
Thiswouldtakeyoutoapagewhereyoucanbrowseforacategory
toplaceyourGroup.

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BrowseorsearchforthecategorythatbestdescribeyourGroup.
Forexample,youcanselectSchools&Education.Youshould
continuesearchorbrowseforthesub-classification.

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Enter the Group name and Group Email address.
Type the text that describes your Group.
Then click theContinue button.

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SelectyourEmailaddressandidentifyyourprofile.
YoucanclickthelinkCreatenewprofiletoeditanewprofile.
Theninputthecode.
NextclicktheContinuebutton.

202. HOW TO CREATE AND USE YAHOO GROUPS
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203. HOW TO CREATE AND USE YAHOO GROUPS
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Yahoo! will give you a clue that your Group has been created

204. HOW TO CREATE AND USE YAHOO GROUPS
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You can proceed to customize your Group or invite people to join.
Lets go to the Group home
Group home page!

205. USING YAHOO GROUPS
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TostartusingyournewYahooGroup,thefirstthingyouhaveto
doistobuildmembership.
Youcandothisinthreeways:
Byinvitation
Bysubscriptionandregistration
Toinvitepeople,simplyclickontheinvitelinkandentertheemail
addressesofthepeopleyouwanttoinvite
Thenclicksubmitinvite

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Anotherwaytobuildyourmembershipisbygivingthe
subscriptionemailaddresstopeopleyouwanttoinvite

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That way they can subscribe by sending a mail to the subscription
email address!
Users can also go to the Group site and register!
Members can unsubscribe by sending email to the unsubscribe
email address.
You can also delete members
Sending notes and files;
To send notes or file to the members of your Group, simply send
email, with the necessary attachments, to the Group email address
(i.e. [email protected])
You can also login to the Group site to send a post, upload a file (i.e.
Lecture notes), etc.

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TouploadafiledirectlytoGroupsite,simply:
Clickthefileslinkontheleft.Thefilespagewouldopen.
Theclickaddfiles

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Click choose file Select the file you want to upload and click upload
file
After clicking the upload file button, you will see that your file
have been added to the files list.
Follow the same process to upload more files.

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YoucanalsouseYahooGrouptopostamessageorstarta
discussion.Todoso,clickthepostlinkontheleftsideofyour
page.
Enterthesubject,themessageandthenclicksend.Yourpostwould
besenttoallmembersandwillalsoappearontheGrouppage
YoucanalsouseyourYahooGroupto:
Postlinkstorelevantresources
Createadatabaseofpeople
Collectinformationusingthepollsfeature
Publishacalendarofactivities(i.e.Classtimetable)
Uploadphotosofinterest
Andmore...
ClickonthehelplinkonanypageinYahooGrouptolearnmore.

214. HOW TO CREATE AND USE
GOOGLE GROUPS
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CREATING A GOOGLE GROUP
Go to http://groups.google.com
Click the create a group button

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Youwillberequiredtosign
inwithyouraccount
Ifyoudonothavea
Googleaccountclickthe
createanaccountbuttonto
createaGoogleaccount

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Name your Group
Create a Group email address
Enter a brief description of the Group
Specify the access level of you Group
Click the create my Group button

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Then enter the verification code and click the create my Group button
again.

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If all goes well your Group will be created and you will be
redirected to the home page.
Your Group home page would look like this!

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You can now invite members
Or add members directly
To do so, click the invite or add members link on the Group home. If
you invite members, they will have to accept it; if you add them directly,
they will automatically become members.

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Sendingnotesandfiles;
TosendnotesorfiletothemembersofyourGroup,simplysend
email,withthenecessaryattachments,totheGroupemailaddress
([email protected])
YoucanalsologintotheGroupsitetosendapost,uploadafile(i.e.
Lecturenotes),etc.

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YoucanalsouploadfiledirectlyontheGrouppage.Todoso:
Clickthefileslinkontheright,thefilespagewillopen
Onthefilespage,clicktheuploadfilebutton

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Thebuttonchangestochoosefile.Clickonittobrowseforthefile
youwanttoupload!
whenyouselectthefile,Googlewillautomaticallyattach/upload
thefile.

227. CONT..
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AnotherwayyoucanuseGoogleGroupistopostdiscussionsand
announcements.
Tomakeapost,simplyclickonthenewpostbutton

228. CONT..
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Thenewpostpagewouldopen!
Enteryoursubjectandmessageandthenclickthepostmessage
button.Youmaywanttocopynon-members;ifsoenterthereemail
addressesintheCCfield
Digital Bridge Institute, Abuja
Page 340
YoucanalsouseyourGoogleGroupto:
Postlinkstorelevantresources
Publishacalendarofactivities(i.e.Classtimetable)
Schedulemeetingsandannounceittomembers
Createandsavepresentations,spreadsheetsandworddocuments
onlineetc..
ClickonthehelplinkonanypageinyourGoogleGrouptolearn
more.

229. TIPS
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Youcanuseanyemailaddresstosubscribe/unsubscribetoany
Group.
Subscriberscansendanemailto:Groupname-
[email protected] Groupname-
[email protected].
Orsendemailto:[email protected]
[email protected]!
Note:forrestricted-membershipGroups,theGroupownerwill
needtoapproveyoursubscriptionrequestbeforeyoucanjoin.
Any mailsentto:[email protected]
[email protected]
members:

230. CONCLUSION
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This is by no means a comprehensive tutorial.
Participants are encouraged to explore the various Groups on there
own; in other to learn more.
You will actually get better by using them.
Thanks!

231. GUIDELINES FOR A SUCCESSFUL
INTERNET USAGE IN THE SCHOOL
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ThefollowingaretheguidelinesforInternetintegrationinschools:
i.LearntheInternetbasics:Veryoftenyourstudentsknowmuch
moreaboutallthepossibilitiesontheInternet,rangingfrom
Blogs,chatstogamesandsoftware.Tobeabletounderstandyour
students’behaviourontheInternet,learnasmuchaspossible
abouttheInternet.OnlywhenyouknowatleasttheInternet
basicsyoucanestimatepotentialrisks.Therearevariouswaysto
learnthebasics:becomefamiliarwiththeInternetviausingthe
Internetyourself,doan‘Internet-Drivers-Licence’,readPCor
Internetjournals,askyourstudents.
ii.Keepyourstudents’ageinmind:WhenusingtheInternetin
classkeepyourstudents’ageinmindandadapttheuseofthe
Internetaccordingly.

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iii.Setreasonablerulestogetherwithotherteachers,parentsand
yourstudentsaboutusingtheInternet:Importanttopicsto
includeinrulesare,forexample,disclosureofpersonal
information,behaviourontheInternet,andwhichonline
activitiesareOKinyourschoolandwhichonesaren’t.Please
keepinmindthatrulesareonlyeffectivewhenallstakeholders
understandtherulesandacceptthem.
iv.Encourageyourstudentstobecarefulwhendisclosingpersonal
information:Callyourstudents’attentiontodisclosepersonal
informationwithcaution.Explainthedangersofairydata
forwardingtoyourstudents.Manywebsitesrequiregivingout
personalinformationtoaccesscontent.Asimplerulecouldbe
thatyourteendoesnotgiveoutnames,address,phonenumbers
andpicturesofyourfamilyunlessyouhaveagreed.

233. CONT…
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v.Encourageyourstudentstonetiquette:Netiquettemeansthe
informalrulesofonlinebehaviour.Simplysaid:Thingsthatare
allowedinreallifearealsoallowedintheInternet.Thingsthatare
forbiddeninreallifearealsoforbiddenintheInternet.Showyour
studentshowtorespectothersandtheirpropertyonline.Explain
toyourstudentsthatrulesforacceptedbehaviourdon'tchange
justbecausetheyareontheInternet.
vi.DiscusswithyourstudentsthetruthfulnessofInternetcontent
Teachyourstudentsthatnoteverythinghe/shefindsonlineis
true.Encouragethemtoaskiftheyarenotsure.Alsoshowyour
studentshowtocheckthetruthfulnessofcontentbycomparing
withothersources.

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vii.Teachyourstudentshowtoblocksomeoneonlineandtoreport
them:AccordingtoEuropeanstudies,onethirdof12-to19-years-
oldhaveencounteredpornographic,xenophobic,homophobic,
violentcontentonlineorharassmentinchatrooms.Therefore,
teachyourstudentshowtoblocksomeoneonline.Alsoremind
yourstudentseverynowandthenwheretheycanreportthis
disturbingcontent:www.cyberethics.infoor+35722674747.
viii.Arrangesecurityprotectionatthecomputerandtheschool
network:Considerallmeansofprotectingyourcomputerandthe
schoolnetwork.Arrangesecurityprotectionatthecomputer(s)
thatyouusewithyourstudentsaswellasattheschoolnetwork.
Teachyourstudentshowtoprotecttheirowncomputers.

235. CONT…
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ix.UseFilteringorBlockingSoftware:Therearevariousfiltering
andblockingsoftwareprogramsavailableinthemarketwhich
canbedownloadedontoyourcomputerandempoweryouto
blocktypesofsitesyouconsidertobeinappropriateforyour
students.Theseprogramsworkindifferentways.Someprevent
usersfromenteringcertaintypesofinformationsuchastheir
nameandaddress.Otherprogramskeepyourstudentsaway
fromchatroomsorrestricttheirabilitytosendandreadE-mails.
Generally,theseprogramscanbeconfiguredbyyoutoonlyblock
thetypesofsitesthatyouconsidertobeobjectionable.Itis
importanttorealizethatfilteringandblockingprogramscannot
protectyourstudentsfromalldangersonline;theyarenot100%
effectiveinkeepinginappropriatecontentfromanybody’s
computer.Filteringandblockingprogramsarenotasubstitutefor
criticalthinking.Ifyouusefilteringorblockingsoftwareinschool
informallstakeholders.

236. CONT…
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x.DiscusswithyourstudentsthetruthfulnessofInternetcontent
Teachyourstudentsthatnoteverythinghe/shefindsonlineis
true.Encourageyourstudentstoaskifhe/sheisnotsure.Also
showyourstudentshowtocheckthetruthfulnessofcontentby
comparingwithothersources.
xi.Don’tforget:AdvantagesandchancesoftheInternetoutweigh
therisks.TheInternetisanexcellenteducationalandrecreational
sourceforstudents.Itisaworldwherekidsandteenagerscanuse
theInternetforschoolworkandasaninformationsource.
EncourageyourstudentstobeconsciousandexploretheInternet
toitsfullpotential.