Internet protocol

This presentation will provide the basic concepts of each layer present in TCP/IP Protocol

1. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS CLASS X (Code 165) TOPIC: UNIT 1: Internet Protocol By HIMANSHU PATHAK

2. Contents Introduction to Protocol TCP/IP model Basics of TCP/IP layers Physical Layer Data-link Layer Network Layer Transport Layer Application layer

3. Introduction Internet is a global communication system that links together thousands of individual networks. It allows exchange of information between two or more computers on a network . Thus internet helps in transfer of messages through mail, chat, video & audio conference, etc.

4. Protocol A Protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication. A Protocol defines what is communicated?, how it is communicated?, and when it is communicated? Multiple protocols work together to ensure that data is communicated between devices in a network. Examples include HTTP for browsing, FTP for file transfer, SMTP for email etc.

5. Cont… The key elements of protocols are: Syntax : Syntax refers to the structure or format of data(the order in which they are presented). Semantics : Semantics refers to the meaning of each section of bits. Timing : When data should be sent and how fast they can sent. size of the message error checking

6. Cont… Protocols establish how two computers send and receive a message. Data packets travel between source and destination from one router to the next. The process of exchanging data packets is known as packet switching. When two devices send messages to each other it is called handshaking - the client requests access, the server grants it, and the protocols are agreed. Once the handshaking process is complete, the data transfer can begin.

7. Internet Model or TCP/IP model TCP/IP (also known as the internet protocol suite) is the set of protocols used over the internet. It organizes how data packets are communicated and makes sure packets have the following information: source - which computer the message came from destination - where the message should go packet sequence - the order in which the message data should be re-assembled data - the data of the message error check - the check to see that the message has been sent correctly.

8. TCP/IP Model Layers The model is composed of 5 ordered Layers: Physical Layer Data Link Layer Network Layer Transport Layer Application Layer

9. Physical Layer The Physical layer is responsible for transmitting individual bits from one node to the next . The physical layer defines the type of Transmission medium (Cable Media). The transmission rate i.e. bandwidth (the number of bits sent each second) is also defined by the physical layer. It also describes the topology (physical arrangement of the system/network)

10. Data Link Layer Data link layer is responsible for the transmitting frames from one node to the next . The Major duty of data link layer are: Framing : it divides the stream of bits received from network layer into manageable data units called Frames. Physical Addressing : it adds a header to the frame to define the sender / receiver of the frame (MAC Address). Flow control : Sequentially transmitting and receiving frames. Error Control : Detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames. Access Control : when two or more devices are connected to the same link, data link layer protocol determines which device has control over the link.

11. Network Layer The network layer is responsible for the delivery of packets from the original source to the final destination. The major duties are: Logical Addressing Routing Note :- If source and destination are in the same network/same link then there is usually no need for a network layer.

12. Transport Layer The transport layer is responsible for process to process delivery of the entire message . The major duties of transport layer are: Port Addressing Segmentation and reassembly Connection Control (connectionless-UDP or Connection-oriented-TCP) Flow control Error control

13. Application Layer The Application layer is responsible for providing services to the end user. Following are the services provided by the application layer: Mail Service File transfer and Access Remote login Accessing the WWW

14. Today we learn Introduction to protocol Basics of TCP/IP Layers. In the next class, we will see Various protocols used in Application Layer in detail. Thanks