Internet-Protocol-IP-The-Foundation-of-the-Internet.pptx

Internet Protocol IP

1. Internet Protocol (IP): The Foundation of the Internet Internet Protocol (IP) is the primary communications protocol that enables devices to connect and transmit data across the global internet. It serves as the foundational layer that allows diverse networks and devices to interoperate and exchange information seamlessly. by muhammad ali

2. Design Issues Addressing IP defines a standardized addressing scheme, using unique identifiers called IP addresses, to route data between networks and devices. Datagram Delivery IP operates on a connectionless, best-effort basis, delivering data packets (datagrams) independently without guaranteeing their order or arrival. Scalability The IP protocol is designed to be highly scalable, enabling the internet to grow exponentially and connect billions of devices worldwide.

3. Routing Source The device or network that originates the data packet. Routers Network devices that forward packets based on their destination IP addresses. Destination The intended recipient of the data packet.

4. Datagram Lifetime 1 Time-to-Live (TTL) A field in the IP header that limits the number of hops a packet can make before being discarded. 2 Preventing Infinite Loops The TTL helps prevent packets from circulating indefinitely in the network, which could lead to congestion and network failures. 3 Adaptive Routing Routers can dynamically adjust the TTL value based on network conditions to optimize packet delivery.

5. Fragmentation and Reassembly 1 Fragmentation IP packets may need to be broken into smaller fragments to fit the maximum transmission unit (MTU) of a network. 2 Forwarding Routers forward the fragmented packets independently, based on their destination IP addresses. 3 Reassembly The destination device reassembles the fragmented packets into the original data using the fragment identification and sequence numbers.

6. Error Control Checksum The IP header includes a checksum field to detect errors in the packet header. No Retransmission IP does not provide end-to-end error correction or retransmission of lost or corrupted packets. Best-Effort Delivery IP operates on a best-effort basis, with no guarantees of reliable, in-order delivery of data.

7. Flow Control Congestion Control IP does not have built-in mechanisms for flow control or congestion management. These are handled by higher-level protocols like TCP. Prioritization Some IP implementations may support prioritization of certain types of traffic, like voice or video, to improve quality of service. Adaptive Algorithms Advances in networking algorithms and protocols have introduced more sophisticated flow control techniques for IP-based networks.