Internship on Social work by Sumit Kumar-6.pdf

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Mangalmay Institute of Management Technology
Greater Noida (U.P)

Summer Training Project Report and V iva Voce
On

SOCIAL WORK
Undertaken at

“JV SMILEYS FOUNDATION”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
To
CHAUDHARY CHARAN SINGH UNIVERSITY, MEERUT

Under the Guidance of: Submitted by:
Ms. Pravneet Kaur
SUMIT KUMAR
BBA V SEM
ROLL NO.:200992105207

Academic Session
2022-23

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Mangalmay Institute of Management Technology
Greater Noida (U.P)

Certificate

I Sumit Kumar bearing Enrolment No. 20016148 from BBA -V
th
Sem. Of the
Mangalmay Institute of Management & Technology, Greater Noida, and U.P. hereby
declare that the Summer Training Project Report entitled
INTERNSHIP ON SOCIAL WORK at JV SMILEYS FOUNDATION is an original work and the same has
not been submitted to any other Institute for the award of any other degree.

Date: Signature of the Student

Certified that the Summer Training Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION to CHAUDHARY CHARAN SINGH UNIVERSITY,
MERRUT by SUMIT KUMAR Roll No 200992105207 Has been completed under
my guidance and is Satisfactory.

Signature of the Faculty

Name of the Guide: Ms. Pravneet Kaur

Designation : Assistant Professor
Date :

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Mangalmay Institute of Management Technology
Greater Noida (U.P)

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STUDENT(S) ‘S DECLARATION

I, SUMIT KUMAR, bearing University Roll NO: 200992105207, of CCS
University, Meerut, enrolled as student of BBA at Mangalmay Institute of
Management & Technology, Greater Noida, solemnly declare that the project
report titled,
INTERNSHIP ON SOCIAL WORK at JV SMILEYS
FOUNDATION embodies the results of original Research work carried out by
me and the same has not been submitted in any form partially Or fully for award
any diploma or degree of this or any other University /Institute.

ROLL NO. Name Signature

200992105207

SUMIT KUMAR

Place: Date:

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PREFACE

Bachelor of Business Administration is one of the most reputed professional course in
the field of Management. This course include both Theory and Application as part of
the Three Year Curriculum.

Apart from Management Education, the student “Bachelor of Business
Administration “(BBA) program are required to under a practical training in the
organization of repute.

His study is an exercise of exposing students to the market where they can experience
to observe the principal and concepts of marketing applicable in the real market
situation.

During the Academic Year the students are required to undergo summer Training
for 6 to 8 weeks. In this regard, I have under gone my summer Training at JV
SMILEYS FOUNDATION. There I was given this project on “
INTERNSHIP ON
SOCIAL WORK “.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Words alone cannot express about how grateful I am for getting the opportunity of
completing my internship at JV Smileys Foundation, but never the less I will try my
best to express my gratefulness to all the people who helped me in every stage.

I express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my institution director, Dr Prachi
Gharpure, program chair CMA (Dr) Niranjan Shastri, faculty mentor Dr Shilpa Sankpal
for their exemplary cooperation and encouragement throughout my summer internship
tenure. I would also like to sincerely thank my organization founder Dr Amit Kumar
and guide Mrs. Poonam for giving me such a wonderful opportunity to work for JV
Smileys Foundation.

I am obliged to our other faculty members of Mangalmay Institute of Management,
Greater Noida for the valuable information provided by them in their respective fields.
I am thankful for their active cooperation during my entire period of summer internship
program.

Lastly, we express our sincere thanks to our friends and family for their support in the
successful completion of the project.

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Executive Summary

The aim of the project is to create awareness, do social work and help raise funds for
JV Smileys Foundation (JVSF). JVSF is a non- government, non- profit organization
working for the holistic development of downtrodden sections of the society. All the
activities of JVSF are highly dependent on volunteers and Funds from philanthropists.
Funds in turn are dependent on the awareness level among the public about the activities
of JVSF.

Awareness level is raised by following methods

 Preparing Power Point Presentations (PPT) and explaining the activities of
JVSF.
 Distributing Leaflets, which gives information about the activities of JVSF, to
the public for free.
 By doing Social Activities

Schools and colleges were targeted to create awareness among the public about the
activities of
JVSF. Students were first explained through PPTs about all the activities of JVSF and
how these
activities will help the people in need. They were then asked to be volunteers and help
raise
funds for the organization by spreading the message.
Some suggestions are also given to efficiently manage the resources of the
organization.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO. Topics Page No.
1 Certificate 2-3
2
Acknowledgement

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3 Chapter I: Introduction 9-73
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Chapter II: LITERATURE REVIEW

74-77
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Chapter III: Research Methodology

78-83
6 Chapter IV: Weekly Activities 84-88
7 Chapter V: Learning Experience 89-93
8 Chapter VI: Summary & Conclusions 94-98
9 References 99-100

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Introduction

NGO stands for the non- profit organization. They work on various issues. Every student
should opt to intern under such organizations. It is because these organizations provide
plenty of experiences for young students in various fields. They may be working for
women's rights or immigrants. They may be saving animals or putting in the effort to
save the environment. A student can choose to work as an intern in any NGO depending
on the cause or issue that is close to their heart or in the department where they want to
have real-life experience. Also, interning under NGO builds a great resume for students
in various fields and helps them seek a good job in the professional world. Students
of law and sociology should particularly seek an NGO internship.

INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL WORK

Meaning and definition of social work
The meaning of social work is so complex and dynamic that it is almost impossible to
give a universally accepted meaning. It has been graded by different individuals in
various ways on the basis of understanding of different individuals in the society under
the following points:

Meaning of Social Work to a man in the street

A common man in the street has a very simple interpretation about social work.
According to any one who performs some good deeds for the people is doing social
work. In this regard the man in the street however, tries to make a distinction between
an ‘ordinary man’ who carries on community activities voluntarily without any
payment and the ‘welfare worker’ who is appointed by a welfare agency for undertaking
welfare work in the community and paid for his work. He has his own way of explaining
social work in the light of his experience and knowledge needy people in the
community. According to him good and voluntary work by an ordinary man and the
social welfare by the paid agents more or less is the same thing, but in case of the
former, there is more warmth of feeling towards the beneficiaries.

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Meaning of Social Work to a Semi-professional

This interpretation of social work is given by those who are not trained social workers
but work in some welfare agency. They believe that they have the right to be called as
social worker just because they are engaged in welfare activities. In their belief, because
a person employed in the welfare agency, and carries on welfare activities, he is a social
worker and his activities are social work practices.
However, Proff. Clarke points out two deficiencies in their concept of the social worker
and social work. Firstly, they seem to forget that not all persons who work in the large
welfare fields are social workers but may be experts in housing, recreation, social
insurance, nursing, accounting etc. Secondly, they neglect to consider the professional
qualities of a social worker and so fail to understand what makes a person social work
professional. In this connection, it may be argued that a mother who successfully
relieves her sick child is not for this reason, entitled to be called a doctor, who is a
professional. A profession is characterized by special knowledge and skills, systematic
training, certain code of ethics, social recognition etc. all of which social work has.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the interpretation of semi-professionals about social
work cannot be valid for social work.

Scientific meaning

The third interpretation of social work is given by Dr. Helen Witmer. It is of course
scientific but it is too narrow to represent the real and perfect concept of social work.
She says the function of social work is “to give assistance to individuals in regard to
the difficulties they encounter in their use of an organized group services or their own
performance as member of an organized group.” By organized group she meant
institutions like family, the neighborhood, the school, the church, hospitals etc. For
example in regard to family, the function of social work is to facilitate the family’s
normal activities through counseling with individuals about the difficulties they
encounter in family life, providing financial assistance or other material helps that are
necessary to secure a family’s adequate functioning or helping the members to avail the
required services from the different sources.

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In her scientific interpretation of social work Dr. Witmer does not consider all agencies
which claim to carry on social work activities as social work agencies. For instance, she
does not believe that public relief agencies are social work institutions because they
primarily concerned with providing some form of assistance to all who meet certain
specifications temporarily rather than working at scientific solution of the problems
through social readjustment with their impaired environment. She excludes many
activities which she feels are not directly connected to the problems of the people. If
the end is not the development of general capacities but that of helping individuals solve
the particular problems they encounter in group relations, then alone she would call the
activities as social group work in particular and social work in general. In this sense
most of the activities like that of Scouts, Boys Clubs, and recreational activities are
excluded from social work activities by her.
Having limited the activities of social work, she further points out that social work has
a defined personnel norms and values and material apparatus. The personnel of social
work operate largely through agencies which utilize professional knowledge to carry
on professional activities and laymen to determine agency policy. It has its norms of
conduct, which define its organization and its material apparatus includes land,
buildings, furniture, records, food and clothing for clients and journals and books etc.
She was of the view that the main objective of social work is to remove those obstacles
which are felt in the process or in performing the role.

Generally accepted meaning of social work
Social work is a profession primarily concerned with the remedy to psycho-social
problems and deficiencies which exists in the relationship between the individual and his social environment. This phenomenon always existed in the society in one form or
the other, but achieved its scientific basis in the last decades of 19th century.
People in distress, destitution and deprivation have been helped in the past by
individuals joint families, caste communities, religious institutions motivated by
religious philosophy that assumed ‘charity’ as a reward or medium for salvation,
humanism, philanthropy, humanitarian feeling, democratic ideology, equality of all
citizens; regard for human personality; respect for other’s rights including the indigents,

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the handicapped, the unemployed, emotionally challenged and above all, those in need.
The charitable work taken up by individuals and some voluntary organizations came to
be termed as social work in the due course of time. The most frequently seen
misconception about social work is that people mistake charity, alms giving and
voluntary activities as social work, but this in reality is not social work, as it does not
provide any permanent solution to the person’s problems and does not empower a
person to face his problems by himself. Social work aims at making a person self-
dependent and self-reliant. It attempts to explore the casual factors behind the problem
and tries to solve them scientifically. Therefore, it is visualized that social work is
scientific process for helping to the needy suffering from material deficiencies, physical
disabilities, mental disorders, emotional disturbances and so on by using knowledge in
human relationship and methods and skills in dealing with them.
Speaking in a nut shell, social work intended to assist individuals, families, social
groups and communities in sorting out their personal and social problems and
permanently solving those problems through a systematic process.

Foreign Authors:

Allice Cheyney (1926), stated, “Social work includes all the voluntary attempts to
extend benefits in response to the needs which are concerned with social relationships
and which avail themselves of scientific knowledge and methods”. In this definition
Cheyney has included all the attempts which are voluntary in spirit and scientific in
nature in social work. But she seems to have ignored the public practice of social work
that is voluntary and involuntary in nature.

Arthur Fink (1942),defined social as “The provision of services designed to aid
individuals, singly or in groups in coping with the present or future social and
psychological obstacles that prevent or are likely to prevent, full or effective
participation in the society”. According Fink, social work intervenes on individuals or
groups to enable them to effectively participate in the development process of the
society.

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Anderson (1943) stated, “Social work is a professional service rendered to the people
for the purpose of assisting them, as individuals or in groups to attain satisfying
relationships and standards of life in accordance with their particular wishes and
capacities and in harmony with those of the community”. This definition viewed that
social work as profession is used to improve the standard of living and social relations
which are important components for a happy and satisfied life.

Friedlander (1951) defined, “Social work is a professional service, based on scientific
knowledge and skill in human relations, which assists individuals, alone or in groups,
to obtain social and personal satisfaction and independence”.
This definition of Friedlander is considered as one of the most comprehensive
definitions of social work. According him, social work is a profession like other
professions, through which a trained social worker with scientific knowledge and
outlook in handling human relations, helps individuals and groups to have social and
personal satisfaction.

Stroup (1960) defined social work as “an art of bringing various resources bear on
individual, group and community needs by the application of a scientific method of
helping the people to help themselves”.

In his definition Stroup gave a different look to social work saying it an art. He said that
it is an art of bringing the people into the position where they themselves will be able
to solve their problems.

Pincus and Minahan (1978) combinely gave a definition of social work saying,
“Social work is concerned with the interaction between people and their environment
which affects the ability of people to accomplish their life tasks, alleviate distress, and
realize their aspirations and values”.

Pincus and Minahan together differ from others in their approach to understand social
work when they say that social work deals with problems of interaction with the social
environment which encompasses the peer group, colleagues, teacher, doctor, neighbor,
parents and other relatives etc. who play a pivotal role in the life of an individual.

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If one chronologically looks into all the above definitions given from time to time, it
may be found that social work has a progressive movement from a voluntary action to
a more developed form of profession.

Indian Authors:
Most of the definitions given by the Indian authors reflect the understanding of social
work in the context of Indian social situation, though some of them still stick to the
foreign view point.

B.G. Kher (1947) stated, “The aim of social work, as generally understood, is to
remove social injustice, to relieve distress, to prevent suffering and to assist the weaker
members of the society to rehabilitate themselves and their families and , in short, fight
the five giant evils of
(1) Physical want,
(2) Disease,
(3) Ignorance,
(4) Squalor and
(5) Idleness.

Kher has defined social work with reference to Indian social situation. According to
him social work deals with the five major problems prevalent in the society.

Sushil Chandra (1954) defined social work as “a dynamic activity undertaken by
public or private effort in the implementation of social policy, with a view to raise the
standard of living and to bring about social, economic, political and cultural wellbeing
of the individual, family and group with a society irrespective of its stage of social
development.” This definition portrays social work as a dynamic activity dealing with
all the aspects of social life.

Indian Conference of Social Work (1957) unanimously defined social work as “a
welfare activity based on humanitarian philosophy, scientific knowledge and technical
skills for helping individuals, groups or community, to live rich and full life”.

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The above definition suggests that social work is a welfare activity which has a
scientific basis in dealing with the problems of individuals in the society.

Mirza R. Ahmad (1969) said, “Social work is professional service based on the
knowledge of human relations and skills in relationships and concerned with
intrapersonal and inter-personal adjustments resulting from unmet individual, group or
community needs”. This definition has emphasized on role social work as professional
practice to bring intra-personal (within the person) and inter-personal (between
persons) adjustments.

Moorthy and Rao (1970) defined, “Social work is help rendered to any person or
group, who or which is suffering from any disability, mental, physical, emotional or
moral, so that the individual or group so helped is enabled to help himself or itself”.

This definition has depicted social work as merely a pathological practice that deals
with the sufferings of individuals, groups or community. It has little consideration for
the growth and development aspects of those people.

With the contemporary point of view, it has been defined according to the idea jointly
formulated by the International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW) and
International Federation of Social Work (IFSW) in their conference in 2001 in
Copenhagen that, “The social work profession promotes social change, solving
problems in human relationship and empowerment; and liberation of people to enhance
well being, utilizing the theories of human behaviour and social systems. Social work
intervenes at the point where people interact with their environments. Principle of
human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work”.

It is the most comprehensive and most recent definition of all discussed so far. It has
been formulated with the collaboration of two premier bodies of professionals who
guide and supervise intellectual pursuits in social work profession all over the world.
This definition encompasses almost all the issues of social work such as social change,
social relationship, social problems, human salvation, resources, social environment,
human rights, social justice etc.

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From the deeper analysis of all the definitions cited and discussed both from Indian and
foreign perspectives of social work profession, it can be submitted that:
i) Social work is a professional practice which critically involves professional
knowledge, skills, tools and techniques for dealing with human behavior
ii) It mainly emphasizes on the analysis and synthesis of human behaviour for
establishing a growth-producing relationship
iii) It is concerned with individual and social problems which are solved by
applying different methods and techniques.
iv) As a practice giving much emphasis on social adjustment.
v) Its main objective is to help the individuals to become self-dependent.
vi) It aims at permanent solution of problems and prevention of their occurring
through proactive measures.
vii) It relates the available resources with the needs of individuals, groups and
community at large.
viii) It also integrates and coordinates the means and resources of social
development.
ix) It believes in democratic values.
x) It is based on humanitarian philosophy

Objectives of social work

Objectives in general are the statements or formulations of what we are trying to do. In social work an objective implies to the statement expressing what social work is trying
to do or what we as professionals are trying to do in social work for accomplishing the task of social work.
For the convenience of the readers understanding, the objectives of social work can be classified into the following two groups:
1. Objectives prescribed by the social work scientists

Witmer prescribed two objectives of social work such as

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i) To give assistance to individuals while removing difficulties which they
face in utilizing basic services of the society and
ii) To facilitate effective utilization of community resources for their
welfare.

Friedlander gave three objectives of social work i.e.

i) To change in painful situation of individuals,
ii) To develop the constructive forces both within and around the
individual and

iii)
To enhance the democratic and humanistic behaviour of the individual.

Gordon Brown has given four objectives of social work such as:

i) to provide physical or material support
ii) to help in social adjustment,
iii)
to help in solving the psychological problems and
iv)
to make adequate opportunities for the individuals in problems for
raising their standard of living which can prevent problems from
intruding.

2. Generic objectives of social work:
These are generally and universally accepted objectives of social work which
basically try:

i) To solve psycho- social problems
ii) To fulfill humanitarian needs like love, affection, care, etc.
iii)
To solve adjustmental problems
iv)
To create self-sufficiency
v)
To make and strengthen harmonious social relations
vi)
To make provision of corrective and recreational services
vii)
To develop democratic values among the people
viii)
To provide opportunities for development and social progress
ix)
To conscientize the community

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x)
To change the environment in favour of individual’s growth and
development

xi)
To bring change in the defective social system for social development
and

xii)
To provide socio- legal aid to the needy who cannot afford to meet them.

If we critically synthesize all the objectives given above, we can compress them
just into two statements such as:
1. Enabling the individual and his impaired being so as to make him fit to live
a self sufficient and satisfied life and
2. Modifying his social environment in his for so that it becomes conducive for
him to live happy and adequate life.

Scope of social work
Scope of social work implies to what extent we can intervene social work. It
may also imply to the areas or fields where social work can be applied by using
its methods, tools and techniques. Social work as professional practice extends
from a single individual to the largest body like UNO.
The scope of social work can be broadly classified into
1) The agencies-non-governmental, semi-governmental or governmental which
render social work services;
2) The ways (methods) through which they render services such as Case Work,
Group Work, Community Organization, Social Action, Social Research, Social
Welfare Administration etc and
3) The various types of services (fields of social work) that they render to diff
individuals, groups and communities keeping in mind the objectives,
philosophy and values of social work.
The scope of social work has been changing with the changes in its objectives
and with the changing social situation. The profession is increasingly
recognized for its unique services to the people and being asked to perform new
and varied tasks. The principal aim of social work is to solve psycho-social
problems which obstruct the social advancement of an individual. Social work

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as one of the youngest branches of knowledge, is gradually embracing every
aspect of human life.

Consequently, its scope is gradually expanding. It has now started to become
international and inter-racial in scope. It deals with almost all the groups of the
society in the following ways:

1.Public Assistance

It is a kind of help provided in accordance to the economic and social needs of
the applicants. It depends upon the certain conditions and legalities. Therefore
public assistance is granted on the basis of ‘means test’. Through means test
ways and means of living like income source, livelihood and others of individual
are identified and measured before providing public assistance by the state or
government. In some countries including India such services include the
assistance given to old, blind, disabled and destitute.

2.Social Insurance

Like public assistance social insurance also covers certain contingencies of life
like old age, unemployment, industrial accidents and occupational diseases etc.
It doesn’t insist upon any means test Under this scheme of service, benefits are
provided only to those persons who pay a certain amount of contribution. It is
partly financed by the state. Practically, social insurance covers some risks such
as medical care in time of illness, medical care and cash allowances during
employment injuries, pension during inability, and pension during old age after
retirement, cash allowances to wife and other dependants in case of death. Here,
the benefits of the applicants are pre-determined.

3.Family Welfare Services:

Family is both an institution as ell as an association. It is the oldest and enduring
among all social institutions. It is the first and most important of all forms of

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associations in the context of human development. Social work renders a
significant role in the sphere of family organization. It provides for some
material assistance and counseling service to the family relating to marriage,
health, economic problems and bringing up siblings. Having the knowledge on
human relationship the social worker bears the responsibility of establishing
harmonious relationship between the individual and his family. Thus, social
worker has to play a crucial role in the field of family organization.

4.Child Welfare Service

Social workers also provide many welfare services for the children. Those
include residential institutions for their care and protection, education and
rehabilitation of socially handicapped children viz, orphans destitute fondling
children of unmarried mothers. Child Welfare service also includes temporary
homes for children, daycare centers, recreational and cultural facilities, holiday
homes for the children of low income families.

5.Community Welfare Service

Community is another important unit for social work practice. The community
welfare service includes the establishment of urban community development
centers dealing with the welfare aspects of slum improvement such as slum
clearance, sanitation, health education and care, seeking employment for
women, dormitories and night shelters for migrant homeless people, holiday
home for children and community welfare service in rural areas etc.

6.Women Welfare Service

Women are the driving forces of a nation. Long before the dawn of Indian
freedom it was realized that social reform with emancipation of women was the
‘sine-qua-non’ of political independence of the country. Pioneering in this
regard was done by Raja Rammohan Roy, Keshav Chandra Sen, MG Ranade
etc. Gandhiji also gave a new impetus to the cause of emancipation of Indian
womanhood. With the independence it was also realized that women welfare

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was essential to build a strong nation. The benefits of general welfare reached
the women but it was inadequate to meet their requirement. Therefore women
specific programmes have been initiated for the welfare of the same. The
programme of women welfare in India includes safe motherhood, women
protection, family counseling, marriage counseling, income generation
programme for women etc.

7.Labor Welfare Service

The term labor welfare is very comprehensive in the sense of its understanding.
It involves different interpretations due to different social customs and degrees
of industrialization. According to the report of the ILO worker’s welfare should
mean to such services, facilities and amenities which may be established in on
the vicinity of the undertakings to enable the persons employed in them to
perform their work in a healthy, congenial surrounding and provided with
amenities conducive to good health and high morals. Social work has a wide
field of application for labor welfare which includes the activities such as family
management counseling, counseling on safety maintenance, advocacy for labor
rights, health education, value education etc.

In India, labor welfare activities have been undertaken by mainly three agencies
namely, the government, the employers and the employees’ (labours’) union.
The first one is statutory and rests two are voluntary in nature.

8.Welfare Service for the Handicapped

Handicapped people or the disable are another needy section of the Indian
population. Hence, social work or social welfare has a formidable role in
working for them. The welfare service for disabled includes institution for the
care and rehabilitation of physically and mentally retired, hostels for the
working handicapped, small production units for the differently able, special
schools for mentally retire children and orthopaedically challenged and
counseling service for mentally depressed etc.

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9.Welfare Services for the Aged and Infirm

People in the twilight of their age require numerous supports from the society.
Social work in this regard has a greater role in understanding their needs and
working for their satisfied and comfortable life for a happy ending. The
activities of social work for the aged and infirm include running old age home,
recreational facilities, physical support, psychological support etc.

10.School Social Work:

At times there are instances of problems due to impaired relationship between
students and their social environment and teachers and their social environment.
There are also many other problems in the school environment which are
responsible for educational malfunctioning in the schools. Social work as
profession steps in to such environment and attempts modify the situation in
favour of the learners and teachers where required. The activities of social work
intervention in schools include counseling service to the children and their
parents, counseling to the teacher on the perspectives of the emerged problems,
etc.

11.Correctional service:

Correctional Setting refers to the institutions like jail, probation home, parole
home, juvenile shelters etc. where people (including children) with unusual
behaviour and reaction are placed to bring correction to their attitude and
behaviour. Social work has vast scope for intervention in this field of service. It
includes recreational activities, counseling, vocational training for the
unemployed criminals, after care service, rehabilitation etc.

12.Youth Welfare Service

Youth is the stage of life in which through training nd development human being
can contribute the best for the betterment of the society and for the betterment

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of their own. The life of youth should have the opportunity to for self-
expression, companionship, community life and national service.

For the welfare of the youth in the country, there are various types of youth
welfare organizations in the country such as Scouts and Guides organization,
NCC, NSS, Students’ Union, Sports and Athelitic Associations, Dramatic Clubs
etc. which cater the multifarious needs of the youth. Nehru Yuva Kendra is
trying to bolster the youth network in the country. Youth are designed as the
most important instrument of National Integration programme. Attempts are
made to unite youth through observation of youth festivals. Youth counseling
service, Youth health service, National Fitness Corps, Services for poor
students, National Physical efficacy Drive, National Employment Scheme etc.
are the various programmes undertaken for the welfare of the youth in the
country. Social work has recognized the youths as important human resource of
the nation. Through all these programmes the welfare agencies where social
work is the guiding spirit are on move to serve youths in our country.

13. Welfare for the weaker sections:

Social work as a profession is increasingly being recognized for its unique
service to the people and being asked to perform new and varied tasks. The
concern of social work for prevention as well as treatment of individual and
social problems gives the profession an ever increasing number of important
responsibilities to assume in helping to social policy in addition to improving
services to the people. In meeting these multiple responsibility to the society,
social work has achieved its best results not through its working alone, but in
cooperation with the other professions and groups whose common concern is
welfare of the people.

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Functions of social work:

Function of social work refers to the natural activity of social work or the
statements of how social work operates. According to Proff. P.D. Mishra social
work operates to assist individuals in adjusting to the institutional frame work
of the society and attempts to modify the institutional frame work itself in
appropriate areas.
He classified the functions of social work into the following 4 major categories:

1. Curative Function

The services provided under curative functions are–medical and health services,
services relating to psychiatry, child guidance, child welfare services, services
for the handicapped or disable in the form of protection and rehabilitation. These
kinds of services aim to cure the physical, social, material, psychological
sickness of individuals in the society.

2. Correctional Function

The correctional function of social work has three broad areas, such as:
a) Individual reform service which includes prison reform, probation, parole and
other related services.
b) Services for improving social relationship which includes family welfare
services, school social work, industrial social work etc.
c) Services for social reform that includes employment services, prevention of
commercial sex work, beggary prohibition services and removal of
untouchability etc.

3. Preventive Function:

It includes life insurance services, public assistance, social legislation, adult
education and prevention of diseases etc. This type of function basically deals
with the services relating to the prevention of problems like insecurity,

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unlawfulness, ignorance, sickness etc. It is directed towards the elimination of
those factors in the social environment or those deficiencies in the development
of personality that prevents the individual from achieving a minimum desirable
standard of socio-economic life.

4. Developmental Function

Developmental function includes the tasks of socio- economic development
activities such as: education, recreational services, urban and rural development
programmes and programmes of integration etc. which are primarily concerned
with the development of individuals, families, groups and communities.
The basic functions of social work can be divided in 3 broad interdependent and
interrelated categories, viz;
1. Restoration of social functioning
2. Provision of resources and
3. Prevention of social dysfunction.

1. The restoration of impaired social functioning is the oldest and most
commonly known function of social work profession. This function is
subdivided into curative and rehabilitative aspects. The curative aspects are to
eliminate environmental factors that have caused break down of social
functioning of individuals, groups or communities and the role of the
rehabilitative aspects is to recognize and rebuild interaction patterns in the
society. As mentioned earlier, social work tries to intervene at the point where
the individual interacts with his environment. The environmental factors
hindering the functioning of a person may be social, economic, political or
cultural. This function emphasizes at problem solving through modification in
the psycho- social environment of individual and groups and through bringing
about changes in the attitude of recipients of the services. Therefore, if a person
becomes dysfunctional due to any of the above mentioned environmental
factors, the first task at hand will be to restore the person’s normal functioning.
The second task will be to assess the damage caused by the dysfunction and
strategies are devised to rehabilitate the person socially and bring him back to
the normal mainstream.

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2. Provision of Resources is further subdivided into developmental and
educational. The developmental aspects are designed to extend effectiveness of
existing social, human and material resources or to bring about full utilization
personal capacity for more social interaction. The educational functions are
designed to make the public aware about specific conditions and needs for new
and changing resources and approaches.

3. The prevention of social dysfunction involves early detection, control and
elimination of conditions and situations that could obstruct effective social
functioning. The main two divisions are preventions of problems in the area of
human interaction (individuals and groups) and secondly, prevention of social
ills. Although it is a very important function of social work, it is neglected in
most situations. Social work has generally concentrated on the curative and
rehabilitative function and has worked on the problem solving model. However,
keeping in the mind the rapidly changing social scenario, it has become
imperative to adopt the preventive approach to social work. The profession
should ensure that problems are neither created nor eliminated at the very
beginning. For this function the social workers play a crucial role of
conscientization, capacity building and organizing people so that they
themselves can prevent social dysfunctions.

In the present day context, social work has to emphasize on the aspects of
change. It is increasingly being realized that the main cause of dysfunction lies
not with the people but with the systems within which they operate. Either the
people do not get and environment or resources required for proper social
functioning or they do no have access to the resources to fulfill their needs.
Therefore, there is a need to challenge and change the system so that people get
a favorable environment to function. In a nutshell, it can be said that the function
of social work should shift from a status quo service oriented approach to
change oriented development approach.

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Knowledge of Social Work

Social work is known for its multi- disciplinary approach in solving psycho-social and
material need of individuals in the society. The body of social work knowledge is built
by pulling the knowledge and information from several other disciplines which was felt
to be fitting to the need of the profession.
As a helping profession, social work involves vast range of knowledge for its
professionals but basically there are 4 fundamental areas of information with which a
social worker needs to be equipped with:
i) Knowledge of the availability of services
ii) Knowledge of people, their motivations, dynamics and strength
iii)
Knowledge of the society-values, traditions, customs, taboos, problems,
priorities etc.

iv)
Knowledge resources-fiscal, material and human etc.

Methods of Social Work

Generally method implies to systematic way of doing something. In social work,
method is understood as the systematic and planned way of helping the people. The
main concern of social work is to solve psycho-social problems of individuals,
groups and communities through the conscious application of knowledge in
methods, tools, techniques and skills of social work. In this task, the social worker
has to be equipped with all the necessary methods of social work that ease his work
to help the people in solving their own problems.
Social work as a professional practice mainly uses the following methods while
accomplishing its objectives:
1) Social case work
2) Social group work
3) Community Organization
4) Social work research
5) Social welfare administration
6) Social action

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The first three of the methods given above are known as the primary or direct
methods. These are direct and primary in the sense that they are directly applied in
the field situation among the people to solve their problems. These methods are
involved to solve the problems at the grass-root level by the social worker’s direct
intervention. The latter three are known as secondary or indirect methods, because
they are involved indirectly by some specialized agencies or a set of organized
people. Unlike the primary methods, these methods generally operate at the
secondary levels but not with the people directly.

1. Social case work:

It is primary method of social work. It deals with individual problems through one
to one relationship which is guided by professional knowledge of the social case
worker. Under method the social case worker attempts to repair the impaired
relationship of the client with his social environment and through a guided
interaction he/she enables the client to adapt with his/her social environment.
Through this method the case worker discovers different aspects of the clients
problem, prepares an appropriate treatment plan and finally with professional
knowledge in social relationship tries to bring about necessary changes in the
attitude and behavior of the client in favor of his own growth and development.

2. Social group work

Social group work is another primary method of social work. It is a process in which
the individuals in a social group are helped by a professionally qualified worker,
who guides their interaction through planned programme activities so that they may
be able to relate themselves with others and find growth opportunities in accordance
with their needs and capacities towards the noble end of individual group and
community development. In this method the group worker uses the group as a
potential tool for the positive change and personality development of individuals.
In group work individuals in the group are most important and all programme
activities revolve around their needs for development. Through the group work
process they are helped to improve their relationship and personality traits which
may help them to develop themselves and their community as whole.

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3. Community Organization

Community organization as a method of social work is a process through which
efforts are directed towards meeting the community needs by organizing human and
material resources of the community. Identifying problems, finding resources
relevant to their needs, developing and organizing inter-personal and inter-group
relationship, planning and executing effective programme activities are some of the
specific activities in community organization method. Organized and collaborative
effort of the members of the community for their own development is the main
concern of this method.

4. Social welfare administration:

Social welfare administration is one of the secondary methods of social work. It
refers to a process through which social policy is transformed into social service. In
the other words, it is a process to manage the affairs of social work or social welfare.
Developing programmes, mobilizing resources, recruiting and involving suitable
personnel, proper organization, coordination, providing skillful leadership,
supervision and guidance of staff, budgeting and evaluation are some of the
specified activities involved in social welfare administration method.

5. Social work research

Social work research is another important method of social work. It refers to the
systematic and critical enquiry of the questions encountered by social work
professional in the field of application. Through this method efforts are made to
find answers to the existing and emerging problems of social work so as to make
them use in the practical fields. Social work research like that of other social
sciences is contributing a lot to the store house of its knowledge and helping in the
better planning and implementation of social work programmes.

6. Social action

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Social action method of social work is the one that is used to bring about desirable
changes in the defective system for ensuring social progress. Through this method
attempts are made to mobilize people, to create awareness on existing problems, to
organize them and to encourage them to raise their voice against undesirable
practices which hampers their development and finally to create pressure for
bringing about suitable legislation for social progress. This method seeks to relate
the community needs with the solution of the problems mainly through collective
initiatives.

Professional Social Work
Social work is profession like other professions i.e. medicine, law, engineering etc.
In the practice of social work through social workers trained in dealing with human
relationship and having sufficient outlook to help individuals for the purpose of
obtaining satisfaction personal as well as social. It has its own set values, principles,
philosophies, training, process, code of ethics etc.

It includes special knowledge for dealing with human behaviour. In so doing, social
work attempts to help the individuals, groups and communities to find suitable and
permanent solution to the underlying problems in them.
In general, social work has the following objectives under its belt:

a. To solve psycho- social problems
b. To fulfill human needs
c. To solve adjustment problem problems
d. To create self-sufficiency
e. To create and strengthen harmonious relation between individuals,
individual and group, between groups, and individual and his social
environment.
f. To make provisions for correctional and recreation services.
g. To develop democratic values
h. To provide opportunities for growth and development.
i. To conscientize the community

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j. To change the environment in favor of the individual growth and
development
k. To Bring about change in the system for social development
l. To provide socio- legal aid

Social Welfare

Meaning and concept:

The term ‘social welfare’ denotes the system of such services which intend to cater
to the special needs of persons, groups and communities who, by reason of some
handicap-social, economic, mental or physical are unable to avail themselves of, or
are traditionally denied the basic amenities or services provided by the society or
state. It implies that, social welfare services are meant to benefit the weaker,
dependent or under privileged sections of the population. Such services basically
cover the needy members of the society, like orphan children, widows and destitute,
mentally retarded persons, the blind, the deaf, the crippled and other economically
underprivileged members of the society. Social welfare constitutes special services
for meeting the special needs of people falling under special category of the
population. Services under social welfare do not form the part of general social
services those are provided to all the citizens without any special consideration.
For example, public health, education, recreational activities and medical relief etc. ,
those are general in nature. The services under social welfare aim at enabling the
marginalized people to absorb the general social services to equally share the fruits
of economic development of the society. Shortly speaking, social welfare refers to
the collective responsibility to meet the needs of all the people in general and the
needy and marginalized in particular.

Definition:

1. According to Encyclopedia Britanica, social welfare has been defined as “a
system of laws and institutions through which a government attempts to
protect and promote the social and economic welfare of its citizens usually

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based on various forms of social insurance against unemployment, accident,
illness and old age”.

2. Elizabeth Wickenden defines social welfare as “Including those laws,
programmes, benefits and services which assure or strengthen provisions for
meeting social needs recognized as basic to the well-being of the population
and better functioning of social order”.

3. Haward is of the view that “Social welfare has been especially identified
with the improvement of conditions of life, physically, mentally,
emotionally, economically or socially handicapped or otherwise
disadvantaged individuals or groups”.

4. The Planning Commission of India observes that the term “social services”
denotes the services catering for special needs of persons and groups who
suffer from some handicap-social, economic, physical or mental and so are
unable to avail themselves of, or are traditionally denied the amenities and
services provided by the community”.

In India, the term “social welfare” has come to be used in very restricted sense.
It has been stated as provision of social services for the socially under-privileged
groups-Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe, denotified communities, orphans,
widows, unmarried mothers, women in moral danger, aged and infirmed,
women and children, socially maladjusted, beggars, prostitutes, delinquents,
physically and mentally disabled, diseased, mentally retarded and economically
unprivileged such as destitute and unemployed. Social welfare programmes are
basically directed to ameliorate their conditions and to ensure the socially
desirable conditions to live a satisfied life.
Objectives:
The main objectives of social welfare is to create the basic conditions that will
enable all members of the community realize their potentials for growth and

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self-fulfillment. The principle of normalization is fundamental to the social
welfare goals. Regardless of physical, psychological or social handicaps, a
person should be enabled to live work and develop in a normal environment.
According to the document of five year plan of India the objectives of social
welfare can be stated under the following lines
i) To ensure adequate living standard for all
ii) To assure social justice to all
iii)
To provide opportunities for cultural development through individual
group self expression.

iv)
To readjust human relations leading to social harmony.

General objectives of social welfare:
i) Expansion of social services and their improvement
ii) To provide welfare services and develop the weaker and more vulnerable
sections of the population

iii)
To develop supplementary welfare services
iv)
To bring about social reform
v)
To provide social security and social assistance
vi)
To bring about social change including reducing dispar ities of income and
wealth

vii)
To prevent the concentration economic power and take step to equalize
opportunities within the communities.

viii)
To help individuals to attain satisfying standards of life, health and equal
opportunities with the fellow citizens and self-respect.

ix)
To secure for each individual the basic economic requirement and decent
living condition

x)
To strengthen individual capacities to cope up with the real life situation.
xi)
To create the basic condition that will enable all the members of the
community to realize their potential capacity, growth and self -fulfillment.

Distinction between social work and social welfare

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Social work and social welfare are two different concepts but at times, the terms are
used inter-changeably and synonymously due to some confusions underlying in their
objectives and practices. When Devine wrote about social work in 1922, he did not
make the distinction between social welfare and social work. He wrote, “Social work
is the sum of all efforts by society to take up its own slack”, to provide for individuals,
when its established institutions fail them to supplement those established institutions
and to modify them at those points at which they have proved to be badly adapted to
social needs. It may be carried on by the government or by an incorporated society or
by an informal group or by an individual or it may be temporary growth on some older
institutions which exists primarily for some other functions. It includes everything
which is done by the society for the benefits of those who are not in a position to
compete on fair terms with their fellows, form whatever motive it may be done, by
whatever agency or means and with whatever result.

Both social work and social welfare have common steps of development as noted by
United Nation’s Department of Social Affairs and Training of Social Work. The stages
through which social work has passed in many of the countries in which it is today it is
fully developed, may be broken down into 3 major categories: (a) Social work as
individual charity, (b) Social work as organized activity under governmental and non-
governmental auspices, potentially available to every individual of the community
irrespective of means, to assist him in achieving his full potentials for productive and
satisfied living. Social work stands in relation to social welfare as the medical
profession stands in relation to the field of health.

In spite of some similarities there are some visible lines of distinctions between the two,
which can be stated in the following points:

a) Social work is a professional practice and the social workers are highly trained
professional practioners, whereas social welfare is not a professional practice
and employees involved in the welfare activities are untrained.
b) Social work is getting into a more formalized activity and has emerged as a
new profession, where as social welfare continues to be an informal activity.

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c) Social work activity is rendered to the individual, groups and communities who
are in need, by using different problem solving methods where as social welfare
services are given to the needy individuals, groups and communities but it
doesn’t have any specific method to deal with the problems of the people.
d) Technically speaking, social work is a systematic and scientific process and not
an end in itself, but social welfare is a system of services and is a means to an
end.
e) Social work is an art and science of working for and with the people, but social
welfare aims at working only for the people and not necessarily with the people.
f) Social work is a professional service based on scientific knowledge and skills
in human relationship which helps the individuals to obtain social or personal
satisfaction, where as social welfare is a system of laws, programmes, benefits
and services which strengthens or assures provisions for the wel lbeing of the
individuals.
g) A social worker respecting the autonomy and worth of individual does not
impose anything upon him, however beneficial it may be, but a social welfare
worker who is convinced of the usefulness of his s sprogramme for his clientele
feels that it should be made available to them for t heir benefit.
h) Social work can be undertaken by any individual who is professionally qualified
and equipped with the knowledge of social work. On the other hand, social
welfare is mainly undertaken by government through its workers.
i) Social work emphasizes on all the aspects of human development but social
welfare gives more emphasis on the material needs of the individuals group and
communities.

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NGOs at the International Level
There are tens of thousands of different NGOs across the world. There is a broad range
of different groups focusing on many different issues. Over the past decade there has
been a significant increase in the number of NGOs around the world (See table #1 for
specific growths). At the international level the main role of NGOs are concentrated in
three major debatable issues: Human Rights, Environmental Issues, and Development
issues. Energy policy can fall under all three categories. Under The Charter of the
United Nations, Article 71 it states, “The Economic and Social Council may make
suitable arrangements for consultation with non- government organizations which are
concerned with matters within its competence.” This alone does not make NGOs a
significant player in global decision making process but rather a significant influencer.
Under this article it is clear that there are some rights for NGOs at a consultation level.
NGOs are allowed to at some degree, to voice their opinions and knowledge of certain
areas in global governance but are not allowed to play a role in the “General Assembly”
which ultimately makes the critical decisions.

NGOs represent a wide variety of issues but their greatest influence is their democratic
nature to speak for the “Public Interest.” This type of philosophy has helped NGOs to
be a great influence in global debates. Although NGOs have increased in number and
influence over the course of history they have also endured many setbacks in their
journey to reach their goal. A great deal of setbacks have been due to the difficult task
of assembling the massive varieties of different NGOs at the international level. If the
NGOs were able to join together to provide a solid foundation on global issues, they
could have a greater strength in knowledge and power, to negotiate global issues with
the UN and at other global political gatherings. Throughout the history of NGOs, they
have experienced triumphs and defeats in reaching their ultimate goal for a peaceful
and sustainable world. Of course many defeats have been due to their lack of decision-
making power at all levels of governance, but the unification of like-minded NGOs
joining together as one organization could only strengthen their battle.

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NGOs and Private Voluntary Organizations:
In discussion of politics within countries, a distinction is often made between interest
groups and pressure groups, but it is taken for granted that both types of private groups
have an impact upon government policy-making. The term, interest group, is biased
towards consideration of groups such as companies or trade unions. Use of the term is
unsatisfactory, as it tends to imply that such groups are only concerned with economic
policy, that they only act to safeguard their own economic position and that only groups
with substantial economic resources can have an impact on politics. None of these
propositions is valid. Major economic actors are also concerned with values beyond the
accumulation of wealth. At the minimum, they also pursue security and status. At the
maximum, they have a wider responsibility towards health and safety, social welfare
and environmental values. The term, pressure group, invokes a wider range of groups.
Its use is intended to cover those, such as environmentalists and human rights groups,
who are pursuing goals that do not directly benefit themselves. It emphasizes the
processes by which groups mobilize support to promote their political values. The
contrast between interest groups and pressure groups can be used to suggest a contrast
between objective goals and subjective goals and hence privilege the pursuit of
economic returns over environmental values and other abstract values.

In the United States, a similar distinction is made, with stronger, but different,
normative connotations. Mention of a lobby seems to imply the illegitimate use of
wealth in a secretive manner, while private voluntary organizations or public interest
groups convey a positive image. There is a logical problem with the distinction in that
membership of a lobby is both private and voluntary. These terms are also
unsatisfactory as the latter two suggest charitable activity and do not readily bring to
mind campaigning groups nor those who are concerned with global issues, such as
Greenpeace and Amnesty International. "Public interest" appears to cover the general
good, in an objective manner, but it is an essentially-contested concept, both with
respect to what is "the public" and with respect to identifying "the common interest".
One person's view of the public interest may be seen by another person as the assertion
of unacceptable values, ideological extremism or special pleading.

38

The distinction between interest groups and pressure groups or between lobbies and
private voluntary organizations has no analytical value. All pressure groups or
voluntary organizations have some interests to protect, even if it is only the maintenance
of their reputation, increasing the number of active supporters and gaining sufficient
income to 5 communicate effectively. Altruistic charities use sophisticated public
relations campaigns to raise funds and standard lobbying techniques when government
taxation policy affects their income. Equally, all interest groups and lobbies are of
political importance, precisely because their pressure influences social and political
outcomes. They do not necessary operate in a secretive manner in the corridors of power
and they do at times seek to mobilize public support. When they engage in political
debate, company representatives often argue for general abstract values that go beyond
their specific concrete interests. Companies can only challenge the public interest – or
more precisely public opinion – at the risk of damaging their public reputation, their
brand values and their income. Many companies more positively promote what is often
seen as the public interest. They may donate profits to charitable activities, identify
directly with environmental values to benefit from green consumerism or even reduce
consumption of energy and raw materials to reduce costs. Trade unions usually go much
further than companies in making explicit their endorsement of a wide range of political
values. They also allocate money, personnel and other resources to campaigning, both
independently and in coalition with other pressure groups.

Whatever one might think of these terms from the discourse on politics within
countries, they are never used in global politics. Because diplomats like to claim that
they are pursuing "the national interest" of a united society, they will not admit to
relations with interest groups or pressure groups and they prefer the bland title, non-
governmental organizations. The thinking behind the concept of a public interest group
has been transferred to some people's attitudes to NGOs. There is a desire to limit access
to the UN system to "proper" NGOs, but all this means is that groups supported by the
person concerned should be included and other groups excluded. The other terms –
interest group, pressure group, lobby and private voluntary organization – could all be
applied legitimately to most NGOs. However, there is mutual connivance in most
political processes at the global level to hide behind the uncontroversial catch-all term
NGOs. The only significant exception, which is discussed below, is the tendency in
global environmental politics to talk about "Major Groups". This sounds more positive,

39

but it is still a vague term, devoid of any direct association with participation in policy-
making.
In the logic of the language, there is no difference between a non -governmental
organization and a private voluntary organization, but NGO still carries neutral
connotations and applicability to a diverse range of political actors, whereas PVO
suggests moral approval 6 of a more limited range of groups. In practice, it is impossible
to agree any general terms to distinguish praiseworthy from unacceptable groups, either
in domestic politics or in global politics, because such a distinction is a subjective
choice made on the basis of each observer's own value preferences.

Independence from Governments
The most difficult question about the independence of NGOs is whether they come under governmental influence. Individual governments do at times try to influence the
NGO community in a particular field, by establishing NGOs that promote their policies.
This has been recognized by quite common use of the acronym GONGO, to label a
government organized NGO. Also, in more authoritarian societies, NGOs may find it
very difficult to act independently and they may not receive acknowledgment from
other political actors even when they are acting independently. Beyond these unusual
situations, there is a widespread prejudice that government funding leads to government
control. In the field of human rights, it would damage an NGO for such a perception to
arise, so Amnesty International has strict rules that it will not accept direct government
funding for normal activities. On the other hand, development and humanitarian relief
NGOs need substantial resources, to run their operational programs, so most of them
readily accept official funds. While these NGOs 7 would like the security of a
guaranteed budget for their administrative overheads, governments generally only want
to support field costs for projects.

Nominally NGOs may appear to be independent, when they design their own programs,
but government influence can arise indirectly if the program is designed to make it more
likely that government grants or contracts will be forthcoming. On the other hand,
confident experienced NGOs can appeal for funding for new approaches and in so doing
cause government officials to re- assess policy. The best example of this is the way in
which NGOs, particularly the International Planned Parenthood Federation, dragged

40

governments into adopting population programs. There is no obvious method to
identify the direction of influence, without detailed knowledge of the relationship
between an NGO and a government. Environmental NGOs may have either type of
funding relationship. Conservation and research groups may happily obtain government
funds to support their programs: some are innovative and some are not. Beyond these
situations, radical campaigning groups may be unwilling and unable to attract
government funds.

NGOs, Political Parties and Ethnic Minorities
While a political party is not regarded as an NGO and cannot gain recognition at the UN, a small number of transnational groupings of political parties do gain consultative
status with ECOSOC. There are also several groups of parliamentarians with
consultative status. No problems have arisen with either group, because they have
carefully avoided trying to involve the UN in the "internal affairs of states". Human
rights NGOs feel aggrieved that the same principle is applied to them, even though one
of the purposes of ECOSOC is "promoting respect for, and observance of, human
rights". In May 1968, ECOSOC Resolution 1296 (XLIV) specified that NGOs "should
have a general international concern with this matter, not restricted to the interests of a
particular group of persons, a single nationality or the situation in a single State". While
this provision was dropped from the revised text in July 1996, it is still applied in
practice. On this basis, the Indian government can block the World Sikh Organization
from gaining UN recognition. Christian Solidarity International also lost its
consultative status in October 1999 after it had allowed the guerrilla leader, John
Garang, to speak on its behalf, at the Commission on Human Rights.

The recognition of minority rights is such a complex question that it is handled very
differently in different countries. In both North and South America, the minority
communities who are descendants of the inhabitants prior to the arrival of the great
waves of European settlers are given the privileged title of "indigenous peoples". The
term has also been adopted in Australia and New Zealand and a few other countries.
On the other hand, governments in various ethnically diverse countries do not wish to
accord any special recognition to minorities. The compromise is that the UN refers to
indigenous people, as individuals who have rights, and not to indigenous peoples (note

41

the plural). This avoids recognition of any collective identity or any claim to the right
of self-determination. The restrictions deriving from Resolution 1296 mean the
organizations with consultative status are mainly global or regional coalitions of ethnic
minorities. However, special procedures have been adopted in both the Commission on
Human Rights and the Commission on Sustainable Development to allow participation
by a wider range of indigenous organizations. In addition, in July 2000, ECOSOC
established a Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, consisting of sixteen independent
experts, half of whom are nominated by indigenous organizations. Through a variety of
complex issue linkages, these NGOs can be important in environmental politics,
notably in the conservation of rainforests. While they are only present in the UN system
under the auspices of the arrangements for NGOs, indigenous people are often keen to
claim a unique status that is separate from and superior to the representatives of NGOs.
As a result, their alliance with environmentalists does not always operate smoothly.

NGOs and their Relations with Business and Commerce
A few intergovernmental economic organizations do allow an individual company to have access under their provisions for NGOs, but this is only in cases where there are
loose ad hoc procedures and there are no formal institutional arrangements. However,
as with political parties, non-profit-making federations of companies, established for
industry-wide collaboration and to act as lobbies, are widely accepted. From the earliest
days of the UN, bodies such as the International Chamber of Commerce, the
International Organization of Employers and similar organizations for particular
economic sectors have been included among the NGOs. Until the 1990s, they were not
of much significance in the UN itself, but they have always been important in the
specialized agencies. The more technical the question under discussion, the more the
policy-making process will draw on their expertise.

One of the outcomes of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, the UN Conference on
Environment and Development, was to draw companies into global environmental
politics and hence more into the work of ECOSOC. Sectoral bodies are prominent when
questions such as energy or transport are on the agenda. In addition, issue-oriented
commercial grouping have been formed. The most prominent is the World Business
Council for Sustainable Development, a successor to various lobbies that focused on

42

the Earth Summit, to promote environmentally friendly business. The oil companies
have sound environmental credentials in some forums, but not in others. The Oil
Companies International Maritime Forum is making a useful contribution to the
reduction of oil pollution at sea, but the Global Climate Coalition opposes reductions
in oil consumption. OCIMF is registered as an NGO by the International Maritime
Organization, and the GCC is admitted as an observer to the sessions of the Conference
of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change.

At the World Economic Forum in Davos in January 1999, the UN Secretary-General,
Kofi Annan, explicitly called upon companies to widen their social responsibilities by
entering into a Global Compact with the UN. Companies that do so agree to endorse
nine principles, covering promotion of a set of core values in the areas of human rights,
labor standards and protection of the environment. Soon afterwards, global business
organizations, several hundred companies and the International Confederation of Free
Trade Unions responded positively, but only a handful of human rights, environment
and development NGOs did so. There remains a deep suspicion among many such
NGOs about the possibility of companies implementing commitments to social
responsibility.

Despite the suspicion of business, some NGOs have chosen to engage directly in
collaborative arrangements to formulate and monitor statements of business ethics. This
has been done both on an industry-wide basis and with individual companies. For
example, WWF (known as the Worldwide Fund for Nature until July 2000) took the
lead in forming the Forest Stewardship Council in 1993 and the Marine Stewardship
Council in 1996. Each Council works to promote sustainable practices, with
participating companies gaining the benefit of having their products endorsed by the
NGOs as being environmentally friendly. Similarly, various companies are having
environmental and/or social audits undertaken on an annual basis, by independent
assessors.

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NGOs and the Political Use of Violence
There has been no compromise in any political system with the idea that the use of
violence is not a normal part of the political process. In the UN, aggressive behavior by
individuals is sufficient to raise the question of suspension of an NGO's consultative
status. In the exceptional circumstances where group of guerrillas wish to claim their
use of violence is acceptable as part of the struggle against an oppressive regime, the
group does not call itself an NGO. Their supporters call them a national liberation
movement, whereas their opponents call them terrorists. Sometimes these groups gain
admittance to intergovernmental organizations, as if they were the governments of
recognized states. At the UN, they have never been classified as NGOs, but a few have
been given a different status, as observers at the General Assembly and at UN
conferences. Within individual countries, there are rare examples of the use of violence
as a deliberate tactic, by groups that would normally be referred to as NGOs. A clear
example is the Animal Liberation Front in the United Kingdom. They are simply
regarded as criminals by the government and by the public, including many who
support their goals. A commitment to non- violence is the best respected of the
principles defining what an NGO is.

Different Types of Structures among NGOs
There is a great variety of ways in which NGOs are structured. The classic model is of a membership organization, coordinated in a geographically-defined hierarchy.
Individual people work in local groups, which co -ordinate in provinces and then have
a headquarters in the capital city for the country as a whole. Such country-wide
organizations are called national NGOs. Frequently, the national NGOs combine in an international NGO, or INGO, which may consist of regional groups of countries and be
capped by a global body. Not all the levels of the hierarchy need exist. Many countries are too small to have provincial structures. Smaller specialist NGOs may simply enroll
individual members at the national level, without having any local branches.
Occasionally, individuals are enrolled at the international level. On the other hand, in
large organizations, the international level often seems relatively remote and attracts
little attention, even among the NGO's own members. The group running a local family
planning clinic does not necessarily know about the work of the International Planned
Parenthood Federation (IPPF) at the UN World Conference on Women in Beijing.

44

Nevertheless, such global organizations with their membership measured in millions
do maintain a democratic policy-making process. While some may hold direct elections
for key posts at the national level, the responsibility to the membership at the global
level is always indirect, via some international council or assembly of national
representatives.

It should be noted that one of the ambiguities about the term, NGO, is whether it is
referring to a local, provincial, national, regional or global body. Until the early 1990s,
the matter was generally straightforward in academic, news media or political
discussions. The overwhelming majority of local and provincial NGOs never engaged
in transnational activities. Thus NGO, by itself, usually meant a national NGO and
regional or global bodies were called international NGOs. National NGOs did engage
in transnational development and humanitarian activities, but, with very few
exceptions, they were not, in their own right, participants in international diplomacy.
When they wanted to exercise political influence at the global level, they did so through
the appropriate INGO. In the 1990s, there was a great upsurge in local organizations
becoming active at the global level, particularly on environmental issues, because of
the Rio Earth Summit in June 1992, and on social issues, because of the Copenhagen
Social Summit in March 1995. Since then, the term INGO has not been used so much
and NGO, by itself, has come to cover both national and international NGOs. As an
expression of the new politics, various terms then were popularized to refer to local
NGOs. Grass-roots organizations, community based organizations (CBOs), and civil
society organizations (CSOs), all came into currency. There is still an ambiguity
whether these newer terms cover organizations that only operate at the local level or
also include local branches of national organizations. Grass-roots and community
organizations clearly refer solely to the local level, but civil society has connotations of
any level within a single country. Indeed, it has become quite common to refer to global
civil society.

Linguistic usage in the legal atmosphere at the UN used to be somewhat different. When
the UN was formed, any involvement of private individuals or groups in its work
constituted deviation from the norm of diplomacy being the exclusive preserve of
"states". Thus, a national organization, as mentioned in Article 71 of the UN Charter,
was any NGO based in a single country. No distinction was made between an

45

organization that covered a large constituency, over the whole country, and an
organization based solely in a local community or a small section of the population.
The lack of any distinction did not matter, as participation by either country-wide or
more limited national NGOs was so rare in the permanent UN organs. Participation
began on a small scale in the 1970s at UN conferences, on an ad hoc basis. When the
ECOSOC rules were changed in 1996, to admit "national NGOs" to consultative status
as a matter of routine, the presumption became that a national organization was a
country-wide membership organization or a federation of local groups or an umbrella
group that is a coalition of NGOs operating in different fields. As is common at the UN,
practice has not been consistent: a few local NGOs have been admitted as "national
NGOs" to consultative status. The Rio conference also produced a term that has only
been used in environmental politics at the UN. "Major Groups" refers to a system of
categorizing NGOs from all levels, for the purposes of participating in UN policy-
making processes.
Hereafter, use of NGO alone will imply that any or all levels are included, while local,
national or global will be used when the meaning must be restricted to that level. Terms
such as CBOs and Major Groups will also be used in the appropriate political context.

46

NGOs IN INDIA

Voluntary organizations and NGOs

The Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) (hereafter NGOs) are
relatively new phenomenon. But, individuals are surrounded by
organizations
all through their lives, whether they like them or not.
The term organization includes a galaxy of institutions such as
hospitals, schools, factories, offices, armed forces and so on. The
NGOs are groups of persons organized on the basis of voluntary
membership without state control, for the furtherance of some
common interests of citizens. Generally, Voluntary Organization’s
and Non-Governmental Organization are treated as one, and the same.
This is not true. All NGOs are not necessarily voluntary. There exists
a large number of
caste & communal organizations , educational and
philanthropic organizations
with a wide spectrum of activities. The
broad definition holds that every
organization which is not part of
a government and which operates in civil
society is an NGO. They are
also sometimes influenced, controlled or sponsored
by the government
and private business houses. NGOs include people's
organization’s
such as professional associations, community groups, labor and
trade
organization’s, peasant and women organizations , youth clubs etc.
and include all educational, cultural and religious institutions and
cooperatives.
Although a vast majority of NGOs is formally
independent and have nonprofit ethos, however, there are many NGOs
working in the voluntary sector initiated by consultancy firms for profit
and they are commercially oriented. Therefore,
the term NGO in
India has been used to denote a wide spectrum of
organizations,
which may be non-governmental, quasi or semi -governmental,
voluntary or non- voluntary, partisan or non- partisan, formal or
informal, non- profit or profit oriented bodies, with a legal status and
registered under any of
the Acts.

47

The NGOs have a legal status, they are registered under an
appropriate Act, and the specific Act under which they have to be
registered, depends upon the nature and scope of their activities and
objectives. On the
contrary, VOs, the term widely used in India,
usually referring to those organizations which are voluntary in
spirit and with non- profit making
objectives and exist as a legal
entity, registered under the Indian Societies
Registration Act, or
Charitable and Endowment Trust Act or corresponding
State Acts,
covering only a limited areas of action. There exists however, a large
number of VOs working at the grass-root level which remain
formally unregistered. Registered VOs are, thus, limited and
constitute a small
proportion of NGOs. An NGO is a much broader
concept than a VO. In other
words, all VOs are NGOs but not vice
versa. The involvement of various agencies in the nongovernmental
sector, such as trade unions, cooperatives
and Panchayati Raj bodies,
has tended to blur the identity of those, which can
be strictly defined
as voluntary organizations. There has been inadequate
recognition
of their role in accelerating the process of social and economic
development.

The term 'Voluntarism' is derived from the Latin word
`Volantes' meaning 'Will'. Thus, voluntary organization may be
regarded as associations,
which are formed to fulfill the wishes and
aspirations of its members. There
are many scholars who put
forward a number of definitions of Voluntary
Organization and are
as follows:

Bourdillon
(1945) argues that voluntary organization is the product
of the
blood, sweat and toil of a few individuals, which are known for
their persistent efforts for achievement of their sincere aspirations.

D.
L. Sills (1968) defined voluntary organization as a group of
persons,
organized on the basis of voluntary membership without

48

state control, for the furtherance of some common interest of its
members.

Johnson (1981) examined the definition of voluntary organization
based on the
following factors: (i) Method of formation (ii) Method
of government
(iii) Method of financing and (iv) Motives with the
pursuit of profit excluded.

Professor Inamdar (1987) defines a voluntary organization and says
'development to be of durable use to the community has to nurture a strong desire and impulse for community development among its
members, to be
economically viable, to possess dedicated and hard-
working leadership and to
command resources of expertise in the
functions undertaken'.

Sarkar (2005) defined voluntary organization , as 'an organized group
in order
to promote some common interest of its members and it is
voluntary, self -

governing, self-financing, and non- profit in its orientation'. He further
argued
that ‘voluntary’ refers to spontaneous initiative of the
organization for
addressing the social and economic inequalities. This
does not refer to whether
workers will be paid or unpaid. On the
principle, the salary of the staffs in a
voluntary organization is lower
than the others as the concept "voluntarism" is
attached with it.
'Self-governing’ indicates that the decision for the
organizational
constitution, policy and service is not within the domain of state
control. 'Self-financing' refers to at least some of its revenues drawn
from
voluntary sources. 'Non- profit' means the motive of the
members will be the
welfare of the public and profits will be used to
strengthen as well as to fulfill
the objectives of the organization .

Smith and Freedom (1972) argued 'voluntary association' as a structure that is
formally organized, relatively permanent, secondary grouping
as opposed to
less structured, informal ephemeral or primary grouping.

49

In a nutshell we can conclude that Voluntary Organisations are
spontaneous in their origin whereas NGOs may also be government
sponsored.
After observing the definition of voluntary organisation
it is necessary to
understand the meaning of NGOs and is as follows:

Meaning of NGOs
Many authors use the term Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) in
a
loose sense as collective noun to cover enormous variety of widely
different
activities and preaching widely divergent objectives. A
non-governmental
organization is any non-profit, voluntary citizens'
group, which is organized on
a local, national and international level.
NGOs represent a variety of different interest, and multitude of Non-
Governmental Organisation activities makes
defining the concept of
NGO difficult. Since the beginning of nineteen eighties, the activities of NGOs have been growing worldwide in terms of their size and
scope, their number and volume of aid. It has been argued that this new
popularity of NGOs is due to their specific characteristics such as:
flexible and
experimental interventions due to their small size and
learning process
approaches; their low costs and effective work
at the grass roots level
especially in remote areas; their relationship
with the beneficiaries is based on
voluntarism which is the main factor
allowing NGOs to achieve meaningful participation; furthermore,
NGOs recruit highly qualified and motivated staff on the basis of
shared values and a belief in the social mission of the NGOs
(Vahlhans, 1994; Baru, 1998; Rajasekhar, 2000).

Baylis and Smith(2005) (eds.) argues that as a result of pressure,
primarily from American groups, the United Nations Charter
contains an article
providing for the Economic and Social Council
(ECOSOC) the consult with NGOs
(Article 71). The ECOSOC statute
and the way it has been applied embodies six principles:

50

(i) An NGO should support the aims and the works of UN. This
has
been interpreted very broadly and it is very rare that
objections are made to
the political purpose of NGOs.
(ii)
Officially, an NGO should be a representative body, with
identifiable headquarters, and offices, responsible to a
democratic policy- making conference. In practice, many
highly prestigious NGOs, particularly development and
environment NGOs, are not membership
organisation.
(iii) An NGO cannot be profit-making body. Individual companies
cannot gain consultative status, but trade federations of
commercial interests
are recognised as NGOs.
(iv) An NGO cannot use or advocate violence. A few guerrilla
groups have been accepted as national liberation movements,
but this
is distinct from and of higher status than being an
NGO.

(v) An NGO must respect the norm of 'non-interference in the
internal affairs of states'. This
means an NGO cannot be
political party, but parties can, like companies, from
international federations. In addition, NGOs concerned
with human rights
should not restrict their activities to a
particular group, nationality, or country.
(Exception was
made with respect to anti-apartheid groups)

(vi) An International NGO is one that is not established by
intergovernmental
agreement. This is a technical legal
expression of the property of being non-

governmental.

Duggal (1988) defines NGOs in the following manner:

(a)
they are registered as public trusts or societies;
(b) the different programmes adopted by the NGOs are welfare ones
and sometimes government funded too;

51

(c) NGOs as a rule do not generate their own funds completely
but rely on external financial
assistances from government
agencies-both national and international;

(d) They are private organisations, but their nature makes them
somewhat
different from what one generally expects from a
private sector. Thus, they are
not supposed to make any profit.

Maxine (1997) opines that NGO is a term used rather loosely to refer
to any
organisation that is not a direct division of a national
government.

Rajasekhar (2000) defines the term NGO that undertakes voluntary
action,
social action and social movements.
He further argues that the following
characteristics of NGOs
make them distinct organisations:
(i) Voluntary formation,
(ii)
Working towards development and amelioration of suffering,
(iii) Working with non-self -serving aims,
(iv) Relative independence.

According to the World Bank, "a Non-governmental Organisation
(NGO) is a
private organisation that pursues activities to relieve
suffering, promote the interest of the poor, protect the environment,
provide basic social services, or undertake community
development". In other words, NGOs are legally
constituted
organisations, operate independently from the government and are
generally considered to be "non- state, non- profit oriented groups who
pursue
purposes of public interest" (J. Mathew and J. Verghese, 2011).

Characteristics of NGOs

The NGO-sector has often been described as extremely diverse,
heterogeneous
and populated by organisations with hugely varied
goals, structures and
motivations. It is, therefore, not an easy task to

52

find a common definition of the term "non- governmental
organisation". It cannot be based on a legal definition given the wide
variations in laws relating to NGO activities, according to which
an
NGO may have, for instance, the legal status of a charity, non-
profit
association or a foundation.
The term "NGO" can nevertheless be used as shorthand to refer to
a range of
organisations that normally share the following
characteristics:

•
NGOs are not created to generate personal profit. Although they
may

have paid employees and engage in revenue-generating activities
they do not distribute profits or surpluses to members or management;

•
NGOs are voluntary. This means that they are formed
voluntarily and

that there is usually an element of voluntary participation in
the
organisation;
•
NGOs are distinguished from informal or adhoc groups by having
some

degree of formal or institutional existence. Usually, NGOs have
formal
statutes or other governing document setting out their
mission, objectives and scope. They are accountable to their
members and
donors;
•
NGOs are independent, in particular of government and other
public

authorities and of political parties or commercial organisations.
Bhose (2003) put forward the following characteristics of NGOs:
1.
Voluntary: They are formed voluntarily. There is an
element of

voluntary involvement in the organisation. NGOs are built
upon
commitment of a few persons.
2.
Legal status: NGOs are registered with the Government
under the

Societies Act, Trust Act, and a few under Trade Union Act etc. NGOs
are
also registered under Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA)

53

with the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. This is to get
entitled for obtaining funds from abroad.

3.
Independence: NGOs are independent in planning and
implementation

of their programmes. They are not bound by the hard and fast rules
as
Government institution.
4.
Flexibility: NGOs are flexible in intervention. They are not
bound by red

tapism and bureaucratic obstacles. In the name of audit objections,
they
won't cease people's initiatives.
5. Prompt decision-making: NGOs take quick decisions in response
to the
needs of the community. As decisions are taken quickly, their
services
are delivered timely to the people. NGOs could overcome the
constraints of cumbersome procedures and act readily to the community
demands.
6. Non-profit oriented: NGOs are not urn on profit motives. The
surplus and gains from economic projects, if any, are distributed to the
members
or stakeholders. They are re- used for development purposes.
7.
Not self-serving: NGOs are constituted not for the benefit of
the
promoters. NGOs serve the poor and impoverished for their
nurtured by
the response and co- operation of the people. This offers a
great deal of mental satisfaction to the NGO members which
inspires them to do
better and more.
8.
High motivation: the members and the staff are endowed with
high
motivation and inspiration to work for the cause of poor. Their
hours of work are not clock bound. They strive tirelessly to achieve
their purpose
for the benefit of the target groups.
9.
Freedom in work: NGO workers enjoy their maximum freedom
in their
fieldwork, in organising the community and carrying
out the
development schemes. Such freedom becomes a source of
motivation to
accomplish the task inspite of their less remuneration.
They are not
pinched by their bosses for petty mistake.

54

10. Value driven: NGOs are driven by social values and
humanitarian
principles and hence they try to promote a value- based
society.

11. Catalytic: NGOs facilitate the communities towards social
actions but
they do not dilute and distort themselves in the process of
intervention.

12. People-oriented: People are the heart of NGOs. The plan things
with the
people and implement the some through the people. Thus, they
learn the best from the people and replicate the same with other groups.

NGOs are not self-serving in aims and related values. Their aim is to
act in the
public arena at large, on concerns and issues related to
the well-being of
people, specific groups of people or society as a
whole. They are not pursuing
the commercial or professional interests
of their members.

Though these common characteristics can help describe the notion of
the term "NGO", it must be borne in mind that their size as well as
their scope
of activities can vary considerably. Some NGOs consist
of a rather limited number of persons; others may have thousands of
members and hundreds of
professional staff. In functional terms,
NGOs can focus on operational and/or
advocacy activities.
Operational NGOs contribute to the delivery of services (such as in
the field of welfare), whereas the primary aim of advocacy of the
NGOs is to influence the policies of public authorities and public
opinion in
general. Generally, NGOs follow four clear-cut strategies
and these are Charity,
supplementing welfares of the state,
encouraging people's participation and implementing programmes
launched by the government for the larger benefit
of the communities.

Types of NGOs
The term NGO is used to denote those organisations, which undergo
voluntary and social actions and social movements. However, the NGOs
have to
work within the parameter of government legislations and
policies formulated
for them (Murthy and Rao, 1997).

55

Bhose (2003) classifies the NGOs under the following heads:
1.
Charity NGOs: Their activities are transitory in nature and
believe that

giving something to the poor is like giving the same to God.
2.
Relief and Rehabilitation NGOs: Being affected by natural
calamities like

flood, fire, or epidemic diseases or by man-made catastrophe like
war,
genocide etc., some NGOs are involved in providing relief
and
rehabilitation programmes fall under this type.
3.
Service Providing NGOs: Service providing NGOs are inspired by
welfare
concerns and they largely provides service for the
poor and
marginalized.
4.
Economic Development NGOs: According to them economic
gain is the
social gain. These types of NGOs believe that rise in income
of the poor and the marginalized will bring about their economic
development.
5. Social Development NGOs: These NGOs believe that social
awareness
and people's involvement will bring about development
and, hence,
focuses more on the social facets of the community.
6. Empowerment NGOs: These NGOs enable people to gain
power and
authority so that they can access and control over resources
easily. They
try to enhance the number of powerless becoming
powerful.

7.
Network NGOs: These NGOs try to unite association of NGOs into
a
single platform and perform their function collectively.
8.
Supporting NGOs: These are newly emerging NGOs which
provide a
varied of support functions to different grass-root NGOs.
Rajasekhar (2000) classified the NGOs under four broad categories.
They are
as follows:
(i) Operational or Grassroots NGOs: Grassroots NGOs directly work
with the oppressed section of the society. The grassroots NGOs could
be
either local based, working in a single and small project location,
or in
multiple project areas in different districts, states and regions

56

covering a larger population. The Operational or Grassroots NGOs
can again, be
divided into:
(a) Charity and welfare NGOs,
(b) Development NGOs, and
(c) Social action groups.
(ii) Supporting NGOs: The support based NGOs provide services
that would
strengthen the capacities of grassroots NGOs, Panchayati
Raj Institution,
cooperatives and others to function more effectively.
(iii) Umbrella or Network NGOs: Network NGOs are formal
associations or
informal groups of grassroots and or support
NGOs, which meet
periodically on particular concerns.
(iv) Funding NGOs: The primary activity of these NGOs is funding
grassroots
NGOs, support NGOs or people's organisations.
Nandedkar (1987) classifies NGOs into ten categories.
(i)
Individual Practice of Dharma
(ii) Religious institution
(iii)
Individual based philanthropic activities
(iv) Social service and cultural associations
(v) Professional and consultancy associations
(vi)
Functional association
(vii)
Front-line associations.
(viii)
Action groups
(ix)
Citizen groups
(x)
Protest groups.

Green and Matthias (1997) classify NGOs in the context of
'activities' and
`operational areas.' As per activities they identified six
types of NGOs and are as
follows: service oriented NGOs, research
NGOs, supportive NGOs, NGO for
policy advocacy, funding NGOs
and co- coordinating NGOs. On the basis of operational areas, they
are identified as community- based NGOs, National
NGOs and
international NGOs.

57

Korten (1990) classified four types of NGOs on the basis of
strategies of
development. They are Relief and Welfare
Organisation, Community
Development Organisation, Sustainable
Systems Development Organization and People's Organisation. Three
stages or generations of NGO evolution have
been identified by
Korten's (1990). Three Generations of Voluntary
Development
Action. First, the typical development NGO focuses on relief and
welfare, and delivers relief services directly to beneficiaries. Examples
are the
distribution of food, shelter or health services. The NGOs
notice immediate
needs and responds to them. NGOs in the second
generation are oriented
towards small-scale, self-reliant local
development. At this evolutionary stage,
NGOs build the capacities of
local communities to meet their needs through
'self-reliant local
action'. Korten calls the third generation 'sustainable systems
development'. At this stage, NGOs try to advance changes in
policies and
institutions at a local, national and international level;
they move away from
their operational service- providing role towards
a catalytic role.

Shah and Chaturvedi (1983) divide NGOs in three main categories:
techno-

managerial, reformist, and radical. Hirway (1995) classified NGOs in
Gujarat into welfare-oriented, development organisations, and
empowering NGOs.
Iyengar (1998) classified NGOs in Gujarat into
four categories: Gandhian, service delivery organisations,
professional organisations, and mobilizational
organisations.
The term 'voluntary' was used mainly to denote the work done by those
volunteers who were not paid for their works. In the context of
welfare
activities, voluntary means "without the spur or
compulsion of economic
motives". In other words it is a "self-
propelled action", self without a claim for
compensation.
Voluntary action may include a wide range of activities: (1) Charity,
(2)
Relief, (3) Services, (4) Welfare, (5) Rehabilitation, (6) Development
of socio -

economic environment around human beings, (7) Development of

58

human beings. The father of community development movement, Thiru
S.K. Dey made
the following observation about voluntary action:
"There are four estates today
as guardians of whatever democracy we
still claim in India - the executives,
legislatures, judiciary and the
press. A fifth estate is an imperative. It is
"people". People are
amorphous in character and, therefore, they cannot be mobilized
except through voluntary organs and of their own. The fifth estate,
therefore, can be rightfully called "voluntary organs of the people".
The World Bank has identified two main categorizes of NGOs namely
Operational NGOs and Advocacy NGOs. The main purpose of the
former is the
design and implementation of development oriented
projects. Operational
NGOs can also be classified as national
organisation, international organisation,
community based
organisation, etc. On the other hand the very purpose of advocacy
NGOs is to influence the policies and practices of international
organisations (J. Mathew and J. Verghese, 2011).

Brief history of NGOs in India
Voluntarism is a phenomenon of long cherished tradition established
in
ancient India and proclaimed by the people to share skills, ideas,
philosophy, expertise, services, resources, assets and knowledge
among the members of different communities living together across
the country. Voluntarism is the central core of social action in a
democratic society. Voluntarism manifests
through organizations,
associations, individuals and organized civil structures
such as
Voluntary Organisations
(VOs), Non- Governmental Organisations
(NGOs), cooperatives of different types and micro- credit organisations
outside
the governmental bureaucratic machinery.
Voluntarism had always been a part of Indian traditions. Even during
the Rig Vedic period, they were the main source of welfare and
development.

59

India has a long history and tradition of voluntary action, providing
services to the sick, needy and destitute. Rather, it is a part of our
cultural heritage and is a
way of life. Voluntarism in India is as old as
the emergence of organized society
itself. It originated as a pure
philanthropy of charity and this motivation
sustained the voluntary
efforts all through history in the ancient and medieval
period. The
voluntary efforts in the process of welfare and development have
undergone evolutionary changes with changing emphasis on
various experimental development programmes in India. The
history of voluntary action is an integral part of the study of evolution
and changes in the Indian
society.
Though the term NGO became popular in India only in the 1980s, the
voluntary sector has an older tradition even at the time of
independence.
During the 1980s NGOs became more specialized and
the voluntary movement
was fragmented into three major groups.
The first group includes those
traditional development NGOs, who
went into a village or a group of villages
and ran literacy programmes,
encouraged farmers to experiment with new crops and livestock
breeds that would bring more money, helped the weavers
and other
village artisans market their products and so on
(e.g. the
organisation run by Baba Amte leprosy patients in central India). The
second group of NGOs was those who researched a particular
subject in depth and then lobbied with governmen t or petitioned the
courts for the improvements
in the lives of the citizens (e.g. Centre for
Science and Environment). The third
groups were those volunteers
who saw themselves more as activists than
other NGOs did (e.g.
Narmada Bachao Andolan)
(J. Mathew and J. Verghese, 2011).

The efforts and initiatives towards the welfare and developmental
activities, which originated outside the state structure and within
society, came
into prominence during the colonial period. The
agents of these activities would call themselves 'Voluntary
Organisations' whom we treat as 'Non -

60

Governmental Organizations' nowadays. The history of voluntarism
in India
may be broadly divided into the following phases:
1. Voluntarism in the Pre-Independence era.
2. Voluntarism during the post-Independence era.
3.
Voluntary organisations since the early 1990s to till date

Voluntarism in the Pre- Independence era

Voluntarism in India has a long history. Voluntarism in early days had
its genesis in charity, philanthropy and relief activities. In ancient and
medieval
India, charity on a voluntary basis outside the activities of
state and on the basis of religious channels were being operated freely
and extensively in the
fields of education, health, cultural promotion
and scour in crisis during floods,
famine, droughts, other natural
calamities and epidemics. The history of India
reveals that in the early
days the responsibility of assisting the individual-in-

need was generously shared by the communities and the rulers. The
kings, the
chiefs and kind- hearted rich persons used to provide
free kitchens and necessary materials during floods, famine,
droughts, natural calamities and
epidemics. They used to be happy to
provide shelter to the homeless. The rules
of Dharma Shastras were
restricted to the directives of the emperor. Religion
emphasised on
the value of charity, philanthropy and mutual help. The
developed
welfare- statism was evidenced during the Maurya and Gupta
empires. The state would come to the rescue of the community in
extreme contingencies of helplessness and destituteness. During the
colonial period, voluntary efforts received a boost with new religious,
cultural, political and social surroundings. The Laissez Faire policy
of the British Government in economic, religious and social matters
left no other avenue of development
open to the 'natives' than resort
to the 'self-help' form of voluntarism. This
policy proved to be a
positive catalysis to make voluntarism stronger. Schools,
colleges and

61

institutes were established by educational societies set up by
English- educated natives and affluent businesspersons, traders and
zamindars.

Prior to the nineteenth century, family, kinship, caste and the
village
community were the main institutions to meet the needs of the
poor, destitute and downtrodden. The fact that in the nineteenth
century, voluntarism gained new stimulus because some Europeans
and educated Indians started some
welfare measures in different
fields. During the British rule, voluntary organisations proliferated
by leaps and bounds and people from different
walks of life actively
participated in various fields of social action. They, with a
great
enthusiasm, were engaged in various welfare activities of society,
literary and relief works. During the early British rule, the Christian
Churches initiated welfare activities by establishing hospitals,
dispensaries, educational institutions in different parts of the country.
English educated natives, affluent
businessmen, traders and members
of aristocracy extended their support in
this respect (Inamdar, 1987).
The very idea of voluntarism in India totally changed with the reform
movements. The introduction of western ideas and Christian faith by
the end of the eighteenth century precipitated the widespread
emergence of religious and
social reform movements in India. Social
reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy,
Rabindranath Tagore,
Dayananda Saraswathy, Iswara Chandra Vidyasagar, Kesava
Chandra Sen, Ram Krishna Paramhansa, Sayyed Ahmed Khan, and
Swami Vivekananda had focused their social actions against the rigid
social
evils and practices like Sati, Child Marriage, prohibition of
widow remarriage and other caste-directed practices etc. Raja Ram
Mohan Roy in
1815 started Atmiya Sabha in Calcutta, which was one
of the earliest voluntary associations in India. The other prominent
associations originated during this period were: the Unitarian
Committee (1822), Brahmo Samaj (1828), Dharma Samaj (1830),
Widows Remarriage Association
(1850) and so on. Many literary
and
educational institutions e.g. Royal Asiatic Society (1834), Dhyan
Prakash Sabha (1840), took shape at this time.

62

The second half of the nineteenth century had witnessed a gradual
evolution and growth of voluntarism in India. A mushrooming
consciousness of
middle class in the forefront of a socio-political and
economic awakening was
aroused during this time. The
establishment of the Friend- in-Need Society (1858), Prathana Samaj
(1864), Satya Shodhan Samaj
(1873), Arya Samaj (1875), National
Council for Women in India (1875), Indian National Social Conference
(1887), The Rama Krishna Mission
(1898), further strengthened the
voluntary movement in India. The enactment of Societies Registration
Act, 1860 was another major boost to voluntarism during this phase of
history.
Roman Catholic missionaries appeared in India during this time
and their
organized, systematic and philanthropic efforts began in 1885
and participated
in various charity and reform activities and
promoted the establishment of voluntary institutions in the length
and breadth of the country. The wave of
Swadeshi Movement marked
the beginning of mass involvement inculcating
the spirit of
consolidating voluntary actions through self-help and autonomy,
institution building in education, agriculture, industry, business and
fostered economic production, particularly of industrial goods
through swadeshi and boycott of imported goods from Britain. A
cooperative movement, which started during this period, includes
Gokhale Education Society, Servants of
India Society (1905) and
Servants of People Society (1921). The introduction of Mahatma
Gandhi into the Indian political scene changed the heart and face
of
the national movement and of voluntarism as well. This period
marked the
beginning of a more principled and value -based
voluntary action in India
(Manoranjan Mohanty, Anil K. Singh, 2001).
Gandhiji propagated remaking of the nation on the basis of swadeshi,
self-government and self-sufficiency. It is believed that Gandhiji
gave a new impetus to voluntarism in India. He started Charkha
(spinning wheel), Khadi
(hand-woven cloth), Gramodyog (village
industries), basic education, etc. The
voluntariness and sharing,
cooperation, mutual aid, decentralisation, non-

63

violence, self-reliance, self-help and moral action were the
fundamental
principles of his programme. He also founded Harijan
Sevak Sangh, Gramodyog
Sangh, Hindustan Talim Sangh, Adivasi
Seva Mandals, etc. Influenced by
Gandhiji's principles Rabindra
Nath Tagore started Sriniketan,
(West Bengal) in 1921, The
Marthandam Project (1921) in Kanya Kumari district in Tamil Nadu
by Dr. Spencer Hatch, Gurgaon Project (1927) by F.L Brayne,
Baroda
Rural Development Project (1927) by Raja Sir T. Madhav Rao,
and the Dewan
of Baroda started Rural Reconstruction Centres
(RRCs) in 1932 (Manoranjan
Mohanty, Anil K. Singh, 2001).

Voluntarism during the post-Independence era

In the first phase after independence, the legacy of the Gandhian era
influenced voluntary action to complete the unfinished and unfulfilled tasks that were undertaken before independence. Many
prominent followers of Gandhi inculcated Gandhiji's spirit of
voluntary efforts in the post -

independence era. The most notable among these prominent
followers were
Acharya Vinoba Bhave, Jaya Prakash Narayan, Thakkar
Bapa & others. Vinoba
Bhave in his enthused attempt to transform
rural India came forward with the
idea of Bhoodan and Gramdan
Movements in 1951 and
1952 respectively. These were responsible for
expedite voluntary efforts in India.

The first two decades of independence till the mid- 1960s are believed
to be the phases of an intense process of nation-building. The various
works of
the missionaries gained further diversification in their
activities after
independence. With the introduction of the planning
in the year 1951 and with
the launching of the community
development programmes, the voluntary
organisations redefined
their role in the process of nation- building, particularly in the
process of rural transformation and development. The
National
Extension Service (NES) was launched in our country in October 1953

64

for development with the self-help strategy. The year 1953 was a
turning point in the history of voluntary efforts with the formation of
Central Social Welfare
Board (CSWB) with the primary objective of
the promotion of voluntary
organisations in social welfare and
development. The establishment of CSWB
also marked the
beginning of government funding to the voluntary
organisations
through the Grant-in-aid. The creation of CSWB brought
revolutionary changes in various faces of voluntarism in the
country. This
period witnessed the fast growing phenomenon of
'networking' of voluntary organisations and the formation of national
federations, providing a common
platform for voluntary action in
India. For instance, Association for Voluntary Agencies for Rural
Development (AVARD) began in 1958 as a consortium of major
voluntary agencies, coordinating voluntary efforts in rural
development
in the country.
During the late 1960s, the country was trapped by the crisis of
economic stagnation and political instability. This period was marked
by devil droughts, floods and famine (1963- 67) and increased
deterioration of misery in the rural
areas. The economic and political
circumstances during this period inspired
the new generation to
enter into the voluntary sector. An alternate and
integrated rural
development began to be experimented during the late 1960s.
The
Nehru Yuva Kendras, which were established at the grass-roots
level,
offered opportunity to rural youths to participate in community
services. Youth Clubs and Mahila Mandals operated in rural areas
were involving themselves
in extensional services and developmental
programmes.

During the Third Five Year Plan, the government recognised voluntary
efforts as a tool of public cooperation and sought more cooperation
from
voluntary organisations, particularly in the rural development
programmes.
During the mid-1960s, many foreign NGOs entered the
Indian scene to work in
the voluntary sector for organising relief and
rehabilitation work necessitated by severe drought (1965- 66 & 1966-
67) and famine. Foreign funds started flowing in during this period

65

and thus, changed radically the character of the voluntary sector in the
country.

During the early 1970s, the government launched the minimum needs
programme covering aspects such as rural education, health, water
supply and
sanitation, roads, rural electrification, housing, nutrition,
rural energy etc.
Various new programmes were launched covering
these aspects of Minimum
Needs Programmes.
It was in this period that more people focused work with target groups
e.g. women, children, landless labourers, artisans, small and marginal
farmers,
scheduled castes and scheduled tribes etc. This became the
basis of voluntary efforts. Different area and target group
programmes such as Small Farmers
Development Agency (SFDA)
and Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers Development
Agency (MFALDA) were integrated into a new
programme called
Integrated Rural Development Programme
(IRDP) which was
launched on
2 October 1980. With the changing programmes and
emphasis on development, the voluntary sector in the country was
marked
with increasing numbers, scope, sectoral specialization and
professionalism
throughout the 1970s and 1980s. As a result of
national movement, patriotism, nationalism, Swadeshi spirit, a deep
faith in the power and wisdom of the
common people came into
existence and the same led to form a few
organisations (Lalitha,
1975).

Voluntary organizations since the early 1990s to till date

There has been a steady growth of voluntary organisations in India
since the post- independence era and continuing even today. The
Seventh Plan
Document (1985-90) pronounced a greater
involvement of the voluntary sector particularly in the process of
rural development. The government
helped voluntary
organisations in successive plan periods in the rural development
programmes. The government provided funds to voluntary

66

organisation for rural development through People's Action for
Development
of India (PADI). The foundation of CAPART (1886) was
another milestone in
the history of voluntarism in India and it became
the supreme developmental
agency for voluntary action in rural
development. Since then, there has been an
unprecedented growth of
voluntary organisations in the country working in rural development
programmes.
During the 1990s, with the growing recognition and
support of the government and the international donor
agencies,
the increasing volume of funding by them
and the changing
paradigm of the concept of development with more emphasis towards
people's
involvement in various development projects have
contributed to a more
rapidly growing voluntary sector. In fact,
voluntarism in India has undergone rapid revolutionary changes and
the voluntary sector has become a distinct third sector in the civil
society. The GO-NGO partnerships got an upward
thrust in this
period; NGOs' focus is more on Self Help Groups, Micro Credit and
Livelihood. NGO participation is ensured in policy formation and
programme implementation.

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, on the eve of the country's independence,
said
that the state would strive to eliminate poverty, ignorance,
disease and
inequality of opportunity (Rao, D.N. 1999), hence started
Five Year Plans.
During the First Five Year Plan, Central Welfare
Board was established by the Central Government under the Ministry
of Social Welfare with the objective of providing financial help,
coordination, training, technical guidance and
consultancy to the
NGOs involved in activities for the upliftment of women and
children.
The Central Social Welfare Board established state level Social
Welfare Advisory Boards in order to reach out to the local NGOs
(Lalitha, 1975). The National Institute of Public Co-operation and
Child Development
(NIPCCD) were established to promote NGOs
and their main aim was to provide training, support NGOs
activities and promote liaison between
government and NGOs
(Garain, 1994). First Five Year Plan allocated four crores of rupees of
the voluntary sector (Sarkar, 2005). During the Third Five Year Plan

67

the National Advisory Committee for Public Cooperation (NACPC) was
formed and as the public cooperation got institutionalized, NACPC
steadily
lost its credibility in the eyes of small and comparatively new
NGOs (Roy, S.
1987)
In the Sixth Five Year Plan, NIPCCD changed its focus and became the
apex body for train the functionaries and to coordinate, monitor,
evaluate the
Integrated Child Development Services Scheme of
Government of India. From
the middle of the Sixth Plan, numbers of
initiatives were taken and consultative
group of voluntary agencies in
each state under the chairmanship of either the Chief Secretary or the
Development Commissioner were established (Garain, 1994). In the
Seventh Plan, for the first time, NGOs were given the freedom to plan
their won schemes and follow the methodology they thought best (Roy,
S.
1987). In the Eight Five Year Plan, it was proposed that the grants-
in-aid would
be given to the voluntary sectors for innovative
experimental schemes. In the
field of health and family welfare, NGOs
were expected to help in raising and
promoting the small family norm
by means of motivation and education of women, provision of
prenatal and postnatal care, etc.
(Sarkar, 2005). During the Ninth Five
Year Plan, it has been realized that NGOs are actually
complementary in nature. Both the sectors have their own
strategies and
strong points. Both the sectors are to work on a
reciprocal basis (Sarkar, 2005).

Not only the history, but it is very difficult to draw exact number of
NGOs
which are operating in Indian soil. PRIA (Participatory
Research in Asia)
estimated that there are around 1.2 million NGOs
working in India. These
groups involve as many as 19.4 million
people, many of whom work on voluntary basis. This is equivalent
to
2.7 million paid employees and 3.4
million full- time volunteers. The PRIA surveys shows that there were
more voluntary sector institutions in rural areas than in urban areas.
According to
the source, in India, 16.6% NGOs are private funding
organisations, 32.4% are
government aided ones and 51% are self -
generated ones
(S S Srivastava, Rajesh Tandon, 2005).

68

In May 2007, the Government of India has approved the National
Policy on the Voluntary Sector as the first step in a process of evolve
a new working relationship between the Government and the voluntary
organisations and the
main objectives of the policy is to-
1.
Create an enabling environment for voluntary organisations
that

stimulates their enterprise and effectiveness and safeguards
their
autonomy.
2.
Enable voluntary organisations to legitimately mobilise
necessary local

and foreign financial services.
3.
Identify systems by which the government may work together
with

the voluntary organisations, based on the principles of mutual
trust
and respect, and with shared responsibility.
4.
Encouraged voluntary organisations to adopt transparent,
accountable

systems of governance and management.
Through the Policy, the government commits to encouraging,
enabling, and
empowering and independent, creative and effective
voluntary sector with
diverse form and functions, so that it can
contribute to the social, cultural, and
economic advancement of the
people of India. It recognises that voluntary
sectors has contributed
significantly to finding innovative solutions to poverty,
deprivation,
discrimination, and exclusion, through awareness raising, social
mobilisation service delivery, training, research, and advocacy.

A Non-Governmental Organisation is the term commonly used for an organization that
is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for profit business. Usually set up
by ordinary citizens, NGOs may be funded by government, foundations, businesses, or
private persons. Some avoid formal funding altogether and are primarily by volunteers.
NGOs are highly diverse groups of organisations engaged in a wide range of activities,
and take different forms in different parts of the world. Non- Government Organisations
(NGO), voluntary group of individuals or organisations, usually not affiliated with any

69

government, which is formed to provide services or to advocate a public policy.
Although some NGOs are for-profit corporations, the vast majority are non- profit
organization. Some NGOs, particularly based in authoritarian countries, may be created
or controlled by governments. By most definitions, political parties and criminal or
violent guerrilla organisations are not considered NGOs. The issues addressed by
NGOs run the gamut of human concerns, and the scope of their activities may be loc al,
national, or international.
Some NGOs fulfill quasi-governmental functions for ethinic groups that lack a state of
their own. NGOs may be financed by private donations, international organisations,
government, or a combination of these. NGOs have existed for centuries; indeed, in
1910 some 130 international groups organized a coordinating body called the Union of
International Associations. The term non- governmental organization was coined at
about the time of the founding of the United Nations in 1945 to distinguish private
organisations from inter governmental organisations. Most NGOs are small, grassroot
organisations not formally affiliated with any international body, though they may
receive some international funding for local programs.

ESTIMATION: It is estimated that 10 Millions NGO are working worldwide and more
than 3.3 million are in India only.
OBJECTIVE: Main objectives for making NGO are to reduce poverty, increase
employment and support to poor children. Not only that a NGO also works for the poor
and illiterate to provide justice to them and maintain their rights

LEGAL STATUS: NGO has legal status under following laws:

1. Society Registration Act, 1860 It is a central act for registering not-for-profit
organization. Any seven person who subscribe to Memorandam of Association and
register themselves for non-profit motive and muttualy agree to serve the society can
register a society.

2. Public Charitable Trust Act (enacted individually by states) It does not contain
any centralized act but states enact Public Charitable Trust Act for establishing a NGO
under public trust. Different states have different rules for such trusts which are in
accordance of the particular state and other rules prevailing. Such NGO can only be

70

formed by enacting the act. A NGO can register itself in a particular state and can
operate its functioning in different states.
3. Indian Trust Act, 1882 (for private trusts) This act is formulated for private trusts.
It is a centralized act for the country. The NGOs formed under such private trusts does
not get any tax benefit or subsidy from the government.
4. Companies Act, 2013 Under section:8 of the new Companies’ Act,2013 provides
provisions for establishing a NGO under the act. The NGO neither gets a tax benefit
nor any subsidy, not only that it has to fulfill many requirements and provisions
mentioned in the act.
5. Co- operative Credit Societies Act, 1904 The NGO formed under this act is
regarded as instruments to mobilize and aggregate community effort to eliminate layers
of middlemen in any supply chain. As word itself suggests it is a group of person
gathered with co-operation and understanding to serve the society and its credit.
Thus, this a brief about who a NGO works in India, its legal status and goals, the
purpose of its establishment and the act under which it is established.

Need for NGOs: • Government cannot address all the needs of the society.
• NGOs promote local initiative and problem -solving in the fields of
environment, health,
poverty alleviation, culture & the arts, education, etc.
• Civil society organizations are able to take risks that are economically unacceptable to business and politically unacceptable to government.
• NGOs play the balancing role between the state and free market by acting as watchdogs.
• They promote social values and civic goals in the society.
• NGOs provide opportunity for the self-organization of society.
• NGOs establish the mechanisms by which governments and the market can be held accountable by the public.

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ORGANIZATION’S PROFILE

INTRODUCTION ABOUT JV SMILEYS FOUNDATION

JVSF was founded by Dr. Amit Kumar in 2021. The NGO is registered under the
Company Act, 2013 having regd. No. 050735. The registered office is located at Goh,
Aurangabad, Bihar.
The Foundation has started working in few states of India.
Dr. Amit Kumar, is a man with a vision. He has been working for the betterment of the
society since he was a young boy. He always had a passion for helping others, and
he decided to use his medical knowledge to make a difference in the world. He
has seen firsthand how the
deprivation and poverty can shatter the lives of the people. He started the JV Smileys
Foundation in order to make a real difference in the lives of those who need it most.
The foundation has already made a significant impact on the community, and it will
continue to do so for many years to come. The Foundation has been able to achieve a
lot in a short span of time. JVSF has been able to provide quality education to the poor
and deprived children, which has helped improve their living conditions. The
Foundation has also been able to empower women, who have now been able to stand
on their own two feet. JVSF has also been working for the protection of the environment
and has been able to make significant contributions in this area.They are working to
create awareness about the importance of protecting the environment and saving the
planet. They are also working to promote green energy. Lastly, JVSF has also been
working for the welfare of children and has been able to make a difference in their lives.
JVSF is making a difference in the lives of thousands of people, and will continue to
do so in the years to come. The Foundation runs various programmes such as free
coaching, free distribution of books and notebooks, tree plantation drives, medical
camps, awareness campaigns etc.
The Foundation has had great success in its short history, and it continues to
make a positive impact on the lives of countless people.
JVSF is making the world a better place one day at a time.

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OBJECTIVE

Basic objective of my NGO:

i. To provide, guide, educate and to create health awareness program and to make,
develop, build, and promote Health Care Centre for the underprivileged public.
ii. To provide primary health care to slum dwellers at a nominal cost, if and when
required, and to make it accessible to all by providing the same at their doorsteps
with particular attention to the child health care, adolescent girls, women and to
create health awareness among the underprivileged children, girls and women.
iii. To create awareness about a clean environment, Planned Parenthood, and
immunizations of all children against most dreaded communicable diseases and
to impart knowledge about health, economical food, proper diet, clean drinking
water and improvisation.
iv. Early intervention to children with special needs in integrated manner with
proper education and guidance to the public enabling them to be competent to
take care of themselves.
v. To co-operate network and collaborate with other national and international
Societies, Trusts, Institutions, Associations and other organisations in
furtherance of the Women empowerment all over India.
vi. To promote the society’s objects through conferences, seminars lectures, public
debate, exhibitions and providing education to the backward or weaker sections
of the society and other modern communications like the electronic media
within the country as well as in other countries and also creating employment
opportunities for the youth.
vii. To provide Education for underprivileged children for the betterment of their
living style and their overall development.
viii. To plan and organize various seminars for the development of Art and skill
training for youth and for enhancing youth empowerment in the nation.
ix. To Support a network of integrated institutions on which various professionals
and organizations dealing with different facets of social, socio-political, socio-
economic, environmental and ecological issues, would function, interact and
attempt to bring about overall advancement throughout the country and

73

elsewhere in a co-coordinated manner. Accordingly, it may constitute its
activities at different places from time to time.
x. To raise ability, capability and efficiency of both people and organizations to
international standards through innovative educational and research process.
xi. To help create a community where people stop suffering due to lack of basic
necessities.
xii. To undertake any other action in the area of rehabilitation of the Physically
Handicapped.
xiii. To help people in natural disaster.

VISION
Our vision is to make the world a better place by helping those in need and promoting
social welfare. We aim to be the leading organization in our field, providing support
and assistance to as many people as possible. We hope to make a difference in the lives
of those we help, and to create a more compassionate and just world.

MISSION
We are dedicated to social welfare. We work to promote equitable and inclusive
societies, and help vulnerable people access essential services. We aim to make a
positive difference in the lives of those we serve.

MOTTO
“ONE STEP TO SAVE SMILE”

74

CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW

In the last decade, non- governmental organizations (NGOs) have gained increased
attention among scholars and practitioners of development. They have become
increasingly important agents of the development process in the countries of the South,
in all of their main areas of work such as humanitarian relief, long-term development,
policy formation and political advocacy (Attack 1999). On the other hand, there is a
current view that NGOs constitute a viable alternative to government as channels of
development assistance, particularly in developing countries. Some of the NGOs’
functions and advantages, according to Streeten (1997) are:

(1) They are good at reaching and mobilizing the poor and remote communities;
(2) They help empower poor people to gain control of their lives, and they work
with and strengthen local institutions;
(3) They carry out projects at lower costs and more efficiently than the government
agencies and
(4) They promote sustainable development. In this article two aspects will be
discussed, first, the relationship between NGO and empowerment as a particular virtue
of NGOs, and second, the strategy and program undertaken by NGOs that contribute to
sustainable community development.

In other words, the purpose of this paper is to shed some light on the NGOs’ program
regarding issues of empowerment and sustainable community development. In
particular, the paper seeks to highlight participation of NGOs in promoting sustainable
community development. Thus, this article will review some literature regarding the
NGOs’ programs, and highlight how these programs would affect community
empowerment, and finally contribute to sustainable community development.
NGOs are professionally-staffed organizations aiming at contributing to the reduction
of human suffering and to the development of poor countries (Streeten 1997). They do
this in various ways, e.g. by funding projects, engaging in service provision and
capacity building, contri-buting to awareness, and promoting the self-organization of
various groups (Baccaro 2001). Meanwhile, Desai (2005) has mentioned that NGOs

75

have an important role to play in supporting women, men and households, and expected
that they can meet the welfare. She accounted some role and functions for NGOs, such
as counseling and support service, awareness raising and advocacy, legal aid and
microfinance. These ser-vices help the people to achieve their ability, skill and know
ledge, and take control over their own lives and finally become empowered. On the
other hand, Stromquist (2002) has noted three major functions for NGOs such as (1)
service delivery (e.g. relief, welfare, basic skills); (2) educational provision (e.g. basic
skills and often critical analysis of social environments); and (3) public policy
advocacy.
Baccaro (2001) shows how particular NGOs can promote the organization and
“empowerment” of the poor, particularly poor women, through a combination of
microcredit, awareness-raising, training for group members, and other social services.
Empowerment is the ability of individuals to gain control socially, politically,
economically and psychologically through (1) access to information, knowledge and
skills; (2) decision making; and (3) individual self-efficacy, community participation,
and perceived control (Rappaport 1987; Zimmerman and Rappaport 1988). In the long
term, the aim of NGOs is to promote sustainable community development through
activities that promote capacity building and selfreliance. Langran (2002), has
mentioned that NGOs through capacity building help to sustain community
development. NGOs are often created in order to expand the capacities of people
(Korten 1990). Furthermore, NGOs are praised for promoting community self-reliance
and empowerment through supporting community-based groups and relying on
participatory processes (Korten 1990; Clark 1991; Friedmann 1992; Fowler 1993;
Edwards and Hulme 1994; Salamon 1994).
On the other hand, sustainable development has emerged over the past few decades as
an important paradigm for community development. However, as Bradshaw and Winn
(2000) have noted, sustainability is rooted largely in an environmental approach,
particularly in the industrialized countries. But, the goal of sustainable development is
to find a balance between three pillars - social, economic and environmental - of
communities (Sneddon 2000). The Rio Conference interpreted sustainable
development as a single process with three dimensions. In addition, the Johannesburg
Plan of Implementation defined it as three distinct processes, of “economic
development, social development and environmental protection— as interdependent
and mutually reinforcing pillars” (United Nations 2002). These dimensions were

76

originally introduced with the aim of identifying areas in which social, economic and
environmental goals are interrelated (Holmberg and Sandbrook 1992). However, these
dimensions of sustainable development have done little to reduce the complexity of the
concept and has itself introduced a contradiction.
Hibbard and Tang (2004) in their study in Vietnam, have noted the importance of
NGOs’ roles in sustainable community development. One of the roles was that NGOs
balance the social, economic and environmental factors in promoting sustainable
development. Another important role of NGO that they discovered was decentralization
of the central government which helps the local communities to acquire more power in
order to make their own decisions. But, sometimes the local communities lack
specialists to do professional work and resources that are important for the particular
projects. In this situation, NGO assists local staff with drafting sustainable development
plans that are functional under the umbrella of a central government policy. Finally,
they concluded that sustainable community development is process-oriented, and it
requires extensive community participation and relies on network to share resources,
knowledge and expertise.
From the literatures, it could be summarized that NGOs play an important function in
promoting sustainable community development. Sustainable community development
emphasizes on a balance between environmental concerns and development objectives,
while simultaneously enhancing local social relationships. Sustainable communities
meet the economic needs of their residents, enhance and protect the environment, and
promote more humane local societies (Bridger and Luloff 1997). As Bridger (1997) has
mentioned, sustainable community development includes five dimensions. The first
dimension emphasises on increasing local economic diversity.
The second is self-reliance which entails the development of local markets, local
production, local processing of previously imported goods, and greater cooperation
among local economic entities. The third dimension involves a reduction in the use of
energy, coupled with the careful management and recycling of waste products. The
fourth dimension focuses on the protection and enhancement of biological diversity and
careful stewardship of natural resources. Finally, the fifth dimension is related to the
commitment of the sustainable communities to social justice.
Through the functions of providing microfinance, initiating capacity building and self
- reliance, NGOs could promote empowerment among community members, and
eventually community sustainable development. Specifically, the discussions are on the

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functions related to provision of microfinance, initiation of community capacity
building and selfreliance. Eventually, sustainable community development will be
achieved, particularly when community is empowered. The “bottom-up approach” in
community development would likely bring about empowerment to the community and
finally sustainable community development. According to Finger (1994), the bottom-
up approach emphasizes community participation, grassroots movements and local
decision making. It argues that community participation and grassroots initiatives
promote participatory decision making and local self-reliance (Panda 2007).In bottom-
up approach, people are able to define their own problems and having ability and
capacity to solve it through organizing and participating themselves.

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CHAPTER-3
Research Methodology

Social work methodology refers to the process of planning, organizing, and
implementing social work interventions aimed at improving the well- being of
individuals, families, groups, and communities. The methodology involves a range of
skills and techniques that social workers use to engage with clients and help them
achieve their goals. Here are some key elements of social work methodology:

Assessment: The first step in social work methodology is to conduct an assessment of
the client's needs, strengths, and resources. This involves gathering information through
interviews, observation, and reviewing relevant documents. Social workers use various
tools and methods to assess individuals' needs, strengths, and challenges. Social
workers use a variety of assessment tools and techniques to identify clients' needs,
strengths, and resources. This may include interviews, surveys, observation, and
standardized assessment tools.

Goal-setting: Based on the assessment, social workers collaborate with clients to
develop achievable and measurable goals that will address their needs and improve their
well-being.

Intervention planning: Once the goals have been established, social workers design
interventions that are tailored to the unique needs of the client. Interventions may
include counseling, case management, advocacy, or referral to other services.

Implementation: Social workers implement the interventions, regularly monitoring
progress and making adjustments as needed.

Evaluation: After the intervention has been implemented, social workers evaluate its
effectiveness and impact on the client's well- being. This feedback informs future
interventions and guides ongoing work with the client. Social workers evaluate the

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effectiveness of their interventions and make necessary adjustments to achieve positive
outcomes.

Advocacy: Social workers advocate for social justice and promote the well-being of
marginalized groups by working towards changes in policies and systems that affect
their clients. Social workers use advocacy techniques to help clients to access the
resources and services they need to address their problems. This may involve
advocating for clients' rights, working with community organizations, and collaborating
with other professionals.

Self-awareness and ethical practice: Social workers are aware of their own values,
biases, and limitations, and engage in ongoing self-reflection to ensure ethical practice.
They adhere to professional codes of ethics and standards of practice, and maintain
confidentiality and respect for clients' autonomy.

Social work is an essential profession that aims to help individuals, families, groups,
and communities to enhance their well-being, overcome social problems, and achieve
their full potential. Social work methodology involves a systematic and evidence -based
approach to understanding and addressing social issues. This report aims to discuss the
methodology of social work, including its principles, approaches, and techniques.

Principles of Social Work Methodology:

Social work methodology is guided by several principles that inform its practice. These
principles include:

Human dignity and worth: Social work methodology is based on the principle that every
person has inherent worth and dignity, regardless of their background or circumstances.

Empowerment: Social work methodology aims to empower individuals, families, and
communities to take control of their lives and make positive changes. Social work
methodology emphasizes the importance of empowering individuals, families, and
communities to take control of their own lives and to advocate for their own needs and
rights.

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Social justice: Social work methodology seeks to promote social justice by addressing
social inequalities and advocating for social policies that promote equality and fairness.

Respect for diversity: Social work methodology recognizes and respects the diversity
of individuals, families, and communities, including their cultural, ethnic, and religious
backgrounds.

Partnership and collaboration: Social work methodology emphasizes the importance of
working in partnership and collaboration with individuals, families, communities, and
other professionals to achieve common goals.

Approaches to Social Work Methodology:

Social work methodology encompasses various approaches that guide its practice.
These approaches include:

Person-Centered Approach: This approach focuses on the individual's needs and
perspectives, and their unique strengths and challenges. Social work methodology is
based on a person-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of understanding
the unique needs, perspectives, and experiences of each individual. This approach
emphasizes the importance of building a strong working relationship with clients and
involving them in the decision -making process.

Strengths-Based Approach: This approach emphasizes individuals' strengths and
resources, rather than their problems and limitations, and seeks to build on these
strengths to promote positive change. Social work methodology emphasizes the
importance of focusing on clients' strengths and resources rather than their deficits or
problems. This approach emphasizes the importance of empowering clients to develop
their own solutions to their problems.

Systems Approach: This approach recognizes the interdependence of individuals,
families, and communities, and seeks to address social issues by examining and
addressing the systemic factors that contribute to them.

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Ecological Approach: This approach recognizes the interconnectedness of individuals,
families, communities, and the environment and seeks to address social issues by
considering the impact of social and environmental factors on individuals and
communities.

Techniques of Social Work Methodology:

Social work methodology uses various techniques to achieve its goals. These
techniques include:

Intervention: Social workers use a range of interventions, such as counseling, advocacy,
case management, and community organizing, to help individuals, families, and
communities overcome social issues.

Methodology of social work refers to the systematic process and techniques that social
workers use to help individuals, families, groups, and communities to address their
social problems and improve their well-being. It is a multidisciplinary field that draws
on theories, concepts, and techniques from various social science disciplines, including
sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, and political science.

The following are some of the key concepts and principles that inform social work
methodology:

Holistic approach: Social work methodology takes a holistic approach to addressing
social problems, recognizing that social problems are interconnected and that solutions
must address multiple aspects of an individual's life, including their social, economic,
and cultural contexts.

Evidence-based practice: Social work methodology emphasizes the importance of
using the best available evidence to guide social work practice. This involves
conducting research and evaluating the effectiveness of social work interventions to
ensure that they are based on sound evidence and are effective in achieving their goals.

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Some of the key techniques and tools used in social work methodology include:

Case management: Social workers use case management techniques to coordinate
services and resources for clients and to ensure that clients receive the support they
need to address their problems.

Counseling and therapy: Social workers use counseling and therapy techniques to help
clients to address emotional and psychological issues that may be contributing to their
social problems.

Community organizing: Social workers use community organizing techniques to
engage community members in addressing social problems and to build support for
social change.

Social work methodology refers to the process of planning, organizing, and
implementing social work interventions aimed at improving the well- being of
individuals, families, groups, and communities. The methodology involves a range of
skills and techniques that social workers use to engage with clients and help them
achieve their goals. Here are some key elements of social work methodology:

Overall, social work methodology is a client-centered, strengths-based approach that
emphasizes collaboration, empowerment, and social justice. It involves a range of
skills, techniques, and knowledge from various disciplines, including psychology,
sociology, law, and economics. Social workers apply this methodology in a variety of
settings, such as hospitals, schools, social service agencies, and community
organizations

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Conclusion

Overall, social work methodology is a client-centered, strengths-based approach that
emphasizes collaboration, empowerment, and social justice. It involves a range of
skills, techniques, and knowledge from various disciplines, including psychology,
sociology, law, and economics. Social workers apply this methodology in a variety of
settings, such as hospitals, schools, social service agencies, and community
organizations.

Social work methodology is a systematic and evidence-based approach to
understanding and addressing social issues. Its principles, approaches, and techniques
guide social workers in their practice, helping them to promote human dignity, social
justice, and empowerment. The methodology of social work is an essential aspect of
the profession, and social workers' knowledge and skills in this area are critical to their
success in helping individuals, families, and communities achieve their full potential."

Social work methodology is a complex and multidisciplinary field that involves a range
of techniques and tools aimed at helping individuals, families, groups, and communities
to address their social problems and improve their well-being. It is based on a person-
centered, strengths-based, and holistic approach that emphasizes the importance of
empowering clients to develop their own solutions to their problems. Social workers
use a variety of techniques and tools, including assessment, case management,
counseling and therapy, advocacy, and community organizing to achieve their goals
.

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Weekly Activities

Week Activities Carried out during Internship
Week 1
st

(25-08-22 to 31- 08-22)
a. Visited NGO and went through orientation
b. Understanding the functional issues and working
of the organization
c. Finalized the places & theme of working
Week 2
nd

(01-09-22 to 07- 09-22)
a. We did survey on various condition such as health
issues, education level, environment of
village,etc. village to village in an area provided
to me

Week 3
rd

(08-09-22 to 14- 09-22)
a. Detail action plan and presentation given to NGO
representative.
b. Awareness pamphlets designed, after finalized by coordinator send it for printing.
Week 4
th

(15-09-22 to 21- 09-22)
a) A Non- Formal Education Camp organized at villages for
poor children.
b) After that an event organized on Awareness on health &
hygiene
Week 5
th

(22-09-22 to 28- 09-22)
a) A Mega Health Camp Organized
b) Drawing Competition among primary school students of
different villages.

Week 6
th

(29-09-22 to 08-10-22)
a) Awareness & plantation program
b) Fruits & food distribution
c) Final report and presentation submission to NGO

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WEEK 1
The first day when I reached the NGO office, a few other interns were also sitting in
the lobby area. One ma’am asked me to take a seat there too. We had to wait for some
time, and after a while, one by one, we were called by the head of the office inside their
cabin. When I went inside the cabin, there was a sir and a ma’am who was sitting inside.
I gave my introduction to them, and they explained to me about the work their NGO
does. They were very sweet and friendly, and I felt pretty comfortable talking to them.

The main tasks involved:
Content Writing
Graphic Designing
Fundraising
Social media marketing
Donation drive
Teaching children at school and raising general awareness amongst them
Conducting Surveys on women who needed vocational training skills

WEEK 2
We had a meet on Week 2 in which all the tasks that we were going to do was discussed
in brief.
We were divided into two groups of 6- 6 students.

Main Tasks
We worked in four different departments, viz. – social work, HR, finance and
marketing.

TASK 1
a) Approaching our nearby street vendors (4- 5) and making them aware of the
importance of hygiene and how this will have a positive impact on their business.

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b) Guiding them with some marketing ideas for better sale of their product e.g. T-shirt
branding, online food supply idea.

Maintaining quality product, quality packing, and usage of ecofriendly
cups/glasses/plates instead of plastic.

TASK 2
a) Planting 5 trees in a forest/open ground/road divider/park and posting photos on our
social media handle with the plants.

Further, introduction, ecological values and also creating awareness among the people
regarding the importance of trees and encouraging them to go green by planting more
and more plants.

TASK 3
a) Inviting applicants for internships, selecting their CV and scheduling an online
interview with the applicants.
b) Making a social media strategy for UMEED and helping them in connecting
with more people via different social media platforms.

WEEK 3

The Third assignment given to me was tree plantation. In the tree planting I was so
excited, but it’s drizzling that day and we have to walk on the way to the site it was
muddy and walking through the muddy path was a new experience for me, I was
thinking that time if only I brought my slippers but I didn’t and so we walk to the
location where we wait for the next instructions. Then after that a long walk through a
muddy path again they said to group into four but our group only consists of three but
we still go on.
And there on the planting site another new experience for me is planting the plants it
was tiring but fun, the way we look for persons with planting and they let us plant it by
ourselves. I’m having so much fun that I didn’t notice that I already planted four
seedlings and still planting some more, but halfway I felt very tired already and was

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only walking along with the others, a thought came to me “I should’ve brought my
water”, that time I was just walking and following the people in front of me on their
way to get to the village but still planting on my way there.
This time I was really tired I can say that I’m almost out of gas and I have only one
thing on my mind… to get to the village of course to get cleaned, failed to mention that
we’re so unclean that time, I have mixed feelings that time – happy because I became
a part of this tree planting, and scared because this time I’m just walking and not
planting thinking if it’s okay to just walk to the village, and last but not the least hungry
and thirsty because of the hard work.
In the end I was able to plant 12 seedlings and I got to the village safely, after seeing
others accidentally slide I became cautious. W e got cleaned up and get ready to eat, it
was a boodle fight! Even while eating I was having fun. Then it was time to go home
going through the muddy path again, and reaching the van, we had a stop over to clean
the mud, and then on the way to office again this time I drift to unconsciousness and
when I woke up we were already in our office, that day I go home with a new
experience, an unforgettable experience.

WEEK 4
In the fourth week of my internship the assignment that was given to me was translation
of eBooks from English to Hindi for the students to understand the subjects better in
their own language. I completed this assignment between the dates. These books
consisted some Bare Acts. Further some documents were given to me to translate them
into layman’s language. This took me a total of five days to complete as I used to work
for three hours daily for translating the documents from English to Hindi. I was able to
complete one book and five such documents in this period of time. I used to work from
2:00 pm to 4:00 pm. The assignment given to me was to teach visually impaired
children through calls. I was able to teach them for a period of five days for an hour per
day. I used to read out books to them so that they could make notes and explain them
according to my understanding, if they had any doubts. The books that I read out to
them were of the History subject and the chapters that I was able to clear their doubts
on was World War 1 & 2. I used to read out the books which were sent to me in the

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form of pdf by the organization, to them over a call by the use of google meet. This was
done under the supervision of a volunteer of the organization. I used to conduct this
calls from 4:00 pm to 5:00 pm on the dates.

WEEK 5

The assignment given to was to give an online lecture about how the NGO functions
and the main reason for the working of this organization. I arranged this meeting on Google Meet after preparing a PowerPoint with the details of the Founder of the
organization, the background, reason for its functioning and what group of people does it focus on providing with the help. I invited some of my friends and family to attend
the meeting and explained them about the NGO’s main motive and how it functions
and the group of people that they aim to work for. I held this meeting for about an hour.

WEEK 6
In the sixth week I am involved in these activities which is organized by JV Smileys
Foundation:
a) Distributed foods and fruits to poor peoples who are sleeping road side.
b) Distributed books and pens to poor children ’s.
c) Organized a free health checkup and blood donation camp.

At last I submitted my Final report and presentation to NGO.

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LEARNING EXPERIENCE

We had wonderful experience while working with volunteers of JV Smileys
Foundation. We always heard that it feels great to help others and keep others safe and
we loved to provide our contribution to them. We interned with a positive attitude, good
work ethic and a willingness to get involved wherever it was needed. We learned
a lot while volunteering in the Ngo. The internship with JV Smileys Foundation
can be described through some lasting memories that we managed to collect. When
we first met our mentor, Mrs. Poonam at our NGO before starting our work he wanted
us to know about the background of the NGO and their different centers.

He took us to the different centers which were located in the slum areas, his main
intention was to make us realise about the conditions and the background from which
the students were coming. The children came from a background, where there was no
atmosphere of education. Their parents keep migrating, hence even if they learn
something, they tend to forget. Lack of interest and support hinder their educational
growth. He explained the problems and the situations faced by these children which
made us realise how comfortably we are living. We likewise observed the difficulties
that are engaged with the administration of a NGO. We can envision how hard it must
be to oversee more than 100 children of different age groups. We were given
different task each day so that we had an overall idea and knowledge about the work
done by the Ngo such as teaching students, concentrating on their overall
development, field work, organizing health camp, create awareness etc . By assigning
different task each day it gave us an overview of the work. We learned how to
manage different task simultaneously within given time frame. It was a task to go
around the home and gather the kids. Then they were to be held in a room by one
volunteer, while the other went around looking for some more. While some of them
were very enthusiastic to learn, others considered themselves just too cool to stay put.
One very typical scene would be that two kids would start fighting and while we made
efforts to stop them, others would become spectators. But When we would manage to
get the two kids to negotiate, we would look up only to find the room empty. Members
and employees of the NGO supported us a lot, and gave us ideas also.
Atmosphere there was awesome, close to nature, peaceful, we got to know individuals

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who have dedicated their entire lives for the improvement of society; with no self
- pick up or ravenous rationale behind it. They picked social work as their calling;
since they needed to do it, not for picking up attention or profiting; but rather for the
fulfillment of delight of giving. Respect for them truly. The main thing which we have
learned from this internship is to keep ourselves involved in all these kinds of social
work as it make us realise how beautiful our life become when we are their foe others
in need and it gives us a ray of hope as well as the blessed feeling which is not at all
easy to get these days. Despite all the hurdles it truly moved us to offer back to the
society. our overall experience gave us another angle to look and contribute towards
our society.

In the state of Bihar, where I reside,
I went to visit a care-taking facility for needy
children run by an NGO. There are many children of all age groups there. I was in-
between Jobs, and went there thinking I will donate my time and knowledge in helping
these children as a volunteer, soon I realized I was the one receiving…..

The children I met there were so full of enthusiasm and love for life, just meeting them
filled me with joy and happiness; I loved the time I spent with them.

Image Source: I- India 1

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“Bringing a smile on a child’s face gives a deep satisfaction, which cannot be expressed
in words, only experienced.” My work here made me to delve into these children’s
world, understand their perspective, thinking, and wishes. This made me feel like a
child again. I learned the importance of life’s little things we take for granted from these
children and I also learned what it means to be happy, whenever I receive a smile from
these children, it fills my heart with happiness; this made me realize the meaning of the
old saying, “Children are a gift from God”. Being in there service gave me so much
happiness and contentment that this place now feels like a temple. More giving than
any of the numerous temples I have visited.

Before working here, I was an impatient person with constant worry and dissatisfaction
with life. After working with them for a few days my perspective took a complete U-
Turn, I became an understanding and a very patient person. My tolerance reached
levels, which was unimaginable by me a few weeks back. All this happened because of
the interactions with these children.
Many of these children are battling life-threatening ailments, with such courage and
bravery that they would humble any grown-up who blames his lot in life. On seeing
there love and enthusiasm in the face of such adversities, I too became infected with
these characteristics. Thus these children cleared my misconception that I was giving
as a volunteer. They make me laugh, cry and sing, filling my heart with love and they
freed my heart from the chains of worry. I have become stronger and at the same time
more sensitive women.

Image Source: I- India 2

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I wrote this peace to reach out to anyone who is reading and encourage them to love and help
any needy children they come across. You will be receiving far more than you can imagine; I
believe the chance and ability to help these children is a God’s gift which many people miss
out on.

After interning with this NGO, I got to learn and experience a lot of things. I realized
that an NGO works really hard for the betterment of the people and it keeps functioning
under all circumstances. A great example being during the time of a Pandemic of
COVID-19 going on this year this NGO and various NGO’s are yet functioning for the
wellbeing and safety of the people. Interning with an NGO doesn’t only help us in the
field of law, but it also helps us to explore fields other than law. This internship gave
me an opportunity to be exposed to the problems faced by the physically and mentally
disabled community in our society and how the community tackles them individually
as well as the help with the organization. The problem is not only faced on the basis of
discrimination but even on the basis of education, activities, jobs, etc. NGO’s like these
are helping this section of the society to develop skills and make their own future
choices and even helps them to get educated.

The assignments assigned to me helped me to understand in detail how a visually
impaired student studies on a daily basis without being able to read. During my
internship experience, I was able to develop my video creation and editing skills as I
got a fair chance to use it as I created and edited various videos for the organizations
social media sites. I particularly found the assignments assigned to me to be useful in
improving my translation skills as well. It helped me to make my languages stronger.
Although I found the translation to be a bit challenging in the initial stages as it was my
first time translating books and documents from English to Hindi. I found it to be
valuable in developing my languages. Presenting the PowerPoint in the online meeting
that I conducted helped me in improving my presenting as well as speaking skills. It
further helped me to gain knowledge about the objectives of the organization and the
reason for the formation of the organization. Conducting online lectures for the visually

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impaired children helped me in brushing up my reading skills and my knowledge in the
subject History especially in the chapters World War 1 and World War 2.

During the course of my internship, I spoke to the founder of the organization, Dr Amit
Kumar, and took his view on how he looks at the community and why he chose to form
this organization. I even had the opportunity to speak to some of the children as I was
given small tasks to help them teach and clear their doubts regarding some simple
subjects. I noticed that the children looked forward for the online sessions and after
what they told me I came to know that they are good at various activities such as
painting, playing chess, etc. There were visually impaired children who had scored
really well in their exams with the help of the recorded books that they referred to for
studying. This showed that no matter what barriers they face on a daily basis, the NGO
tries its best to help them succeed in their passion and aims to give them a bright future
by developing skills and helping them to take their own decisions. Teaching the
children was a really good experience that I got from this internship as it wasn’t only
me who was teaching them, even I got to learn a lot from them. I saw that they do not
consider themselves as a person with any disability rather they enjoy their life and at
the same time work really hard for a brighter future. This was just an online internship
due to the Pandemic, but I would really be glad if I could get an opportunity to be a
volunteer of this organization and help them by taking active part in the functioning of
the organization.

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SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
SUMMARY

This project report aims to explore the field of social work and its importance in
promoting social welfare and addressing social problems. The report begins with an
introduction to social work, its historical development, and its role in society. It then
discusses the different fields of social work, such as healthcare, education, and
community development, and their respective roles in promoting social welfare.

The report also highlights some of the key challenges faced by social workers, such as
inadequate funding and resources, limited access to social services, and the
stigmatization of individuals and communities. To overcome these challenges, the
report recommends increased investment in social welfare programs, greater public
awareness of the importance of social work, and improved collaboration between social
workers and other stakeholders. Which is a profession that is dedicated to helping
individuals, families, and communities in need. Social workers work in various settings,
including hospitals, schools, community centers, and non- profit organizations. The
report covers various aspects of social work, including the role of social workers, the
importance of social work, and the challenges faced by social workers.

The report begins by defining social work and discussing the different areas of social
work, such as child welfare, mental health, and substance abuse. It also highlights the
importance of social work in addressing various social problems, such as poverty,
homelessness, and domestic violence. The report also discusses the role of social
workers in advocacy, community organizing, and policy development.

The report then explores the challenges faced by social workers, such as burnout,
compassion fatigue, and secondary trauma. It also discusses the importance of self-care
and the need for social workers to maintain a healthy work- life balance.

Finally, the report highlights the future of social work, including the increasing demand
for social workers, the need for more diverse and culturally competent social workers,
and the use of technology in social work practice.

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The purpose of this social work project was to address a community problem and find
solutions to it. The problem identified was homelessness, which is a significant issue
that affects individuals, families, and communities. The project involved research, data
collection, and analysis to understand the underlying causes of homelessness and its
effects on the community.

After conducting research, several interventions were identified that could potentially
help reduce homelessness in the community. These interventions included providing
affordable housing, increasing access to mental health and substance abuse services,
providing employment opportunities, and improving the availability of social services.

The project also involved working with local stakeholders, such as government
officials, nonprofit organizations, and community leaders, to identify resources and
develop a plan of action. Through collaborative efforts, the project team was able to
develop a comprehensive plan that included short-term and long-term solutions to
address homelessness.

This project report focuses on the field of social work, its objectives, methodologies,
and the impact it has on society. Social work is a profession that seeks to improve the
well-being and quality of life of individuals, families, and communities. The project
report discusses the importance of social work in addressing social problems such as
poverty, inequality, discrimination, and social exclusion. It also explores the various
roles and responsibilities of social workers in providing support and assistance to those
in need.

The report highlights the diverse range of social work settings, such as hospitals,
schools, community centers, and government agencies, where social workers operate.
It discusses the various techniques used by social workers to achieve their objectives,
such as counseling, advocacy, community organizing, and policy development. The
report also addresses the challenges faced by social workers in carrying out their duties,
such as limited resources, social stigmatization, and burnout.

The project report concludes that social work is a crucial profession in addressing social
problems and promoting social

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CONCLUSION

I spent almost a month and a half with “ JV Smileys Foundation” , and learnt many
things. The experience was full of fun and knowledge all the time. It was really
great to know people from this close, whom I never thought I’ll encounter. The regular
ﬁeld visits helped me understand the people in the rural area in a better way. I
have decided to always be in touch with them and try helping them or
volunteering with anything that I am capable of doing. I would like to conclude that
interning under an NGO that focuses to work for the wellbeing of the disabled
community in our society has helped me to gain knowledge about the problems in our
society that are faced by this community on a daily basis and how we can help them in
various ways. Not only monetarily but even through providing help to them in their
education. I would like to take an active part in helping the society by being a part of
this organization, and it would be a great opportunity if I get to do so.It changes the
way that we see the world. It makes us more active towards the betterment of the
society. This was a really good learning experience for me as it helped me in developing
many skills, although I still feel the need to improve some of my skills. Although it
does not change my future endeavors and the field that I choose to focus on in my legal
career (i.e. Criminal Litigation).I would advise my colleagues to take up a Service
Internship at least once in their academic years as this experience helps us to understand
the problems and challenges faced by people for which the NGO functions and how
there are such organizations which work for the betterment of such people.

Social work is a challenging and rewarding field that requires a deep understanding of
human behavior, social systems, and the dynamics of social change. Social workers
play a critical role in addressing social problems and promoting social justice, and their
work has a significant impact on the lives of individuals, families, and communities.
To be effective, social workers must have a strong foundation in social work
methodology and be committed to the values and ethics of the social work profession.
They must also be able to work collaboratively with clients, colleagues, and other
professionals, and be willing to engage in ongoing learning and professional
development. Overall, social work is a vital profession that makes a significant
contribution to improving the well-being of individuals, families, and communities

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Social work plays a critical role in promoting social welfare and addressing social
problems. It encompasses a wide range of fields and requires a multidisciplinary
approach to effectively address the complex social issues facing individuals and
communities. Although social workers face many challenges in their work, they
continue to make significant contributions to society and improve the lives of those they
serve.

To continue advancing the field of social work, it is important to prioritize the needs of
vulnerable populations, advocate for increased funding and resources, and promote
greater collaboration and cooperation among social workers and other stakeholders.
With these efforts, social work can continue to be a powerful force for positive change
and contribute to building more just and equitable societies.

Social work is a critical profession that plays a significant role in addressing social
problems and improving the lives of individuals, families, and communities. Social
workers work tirelessly to help those in need and often face numerous challenges,
including burnout and compassion fatigue. However, with the increasing demand for
social workers and the growing recognition of the importance of social work, the future
of social work looks promising.

As social work continues to evolve, it is essential to focus on developing more diverse
and culturally competent social workers and incorporating technology into social work
practice. Social workers must also prioritize self -care and work towards maintaining a
healthy work-life balance to prevent burnout and other challenges. Overall, social work
is an essential profession that is critical in creating a more just and equitable society.
Social work is an essential profession that helps to create a more equitable and just
society. It is a challenging and rewarding field that requires a high level of skill,
dedication, and compassion. The project report has highlighted the key features of
social work, including its objectives, methodologies, and impact on society. It has also
identified the challenges faced by social workers and the need for continued investment
in the profession.

98

Social work has the potential to make a significant difference in the lives of individuals,
families, and communities. It provides a range of services, including counseling,
advocacy, and community organizing, that can help to address social problems and
promote social justice. The project report has emphasized the importance of social work
education and training, and the need for social workers to receive adequate resources
and support to carry out their duties effectively.

In conclusion, social work is a critical profession that deserves recognition and support.
Its practitioners work tirelessly to improve the lives of others and create a better world.
It is our responsibility as a society to ensure that social work continues to thrive and
make a positive impact on the world.

99

REFERENCES

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Wiley and Sons).
3. M. K. Meyer and E. Prügel (eds.) (1999), Gender Politics in Global Governance,
(Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers).
4. P. J. Nelson (1995), The World Bank and Non- Governmental Organizations.
The Limits of Apolitical Development, (New York: St. Martin's Press and Houndmills:
Macmillan Press).
5. R. O'Brien, A. M. Goetz, J. A. Scholte and M. Williams (2000), Contesting
Global Governance. Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements,
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
6. T. Princen and M. Finger (1994), Environmental NGOs in World Politics.
Linking the Local and the Global, (London: Routledge).
7. T. Risse-Kappen (ed.) (1995), Bringing Transnational Relations Back In. Non-
State Actors, Domestic Structures and International Institutions, (Cambridge:
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7.
Baylis, J. and Smith, S. (2005), (eds.), The Globalisation of World
Politics-

An Introduction to International Relations, Third Indian Edition,
Oxford University Press, pp. 435-437.

8.
Beveridge, W. (1979), 'Voluntary Action in a Changing World',
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Square Press, London.
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Bourdillon, A.F.C. (1945), (ed.), Voluntary Social Services: Their
place in

modern state, Methuen, London, p. 104
10.
Duggal, R. (1988), 'NGOs, Government and Private Sector in
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EPW, March 26, pp. 633- 636.

100

11. Banton M. (1968), 'Anthropological Aspects, Voluntary
Associations',

International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences (Vol.16),
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Macmillan, London p. 358
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Garain, S. (1994), Government - NGO Interface in India: An
Overview, the

Indian Journal of Social Work, Vol. LV, No.3, pp. 337- 345.
14.
Green, A. and Matthias, A. (1997), Non-Governmental
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Health in Developing Countries, Macmillan Press, London pp. 32- 37.
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J. Mathew and J. Verghese, (2011), Non Governmental
Organisations in

India, Yojana, November, p. 12.
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Inamdar, N.R. (1987), 'Role of Voluntarism in Development, The
Indian

Journal of Public Administration, Vol. XXXIII, No. 3, pp. 421-422.
17. Invisible, Yet Widespread: The Non- Profit Sector In India,
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2002, PRIA), (www.pria.org ).
18. Johnson N. (1981), Voluntary Social Services, Basil Blackwell &
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Oxford.
19. Korten, D.C.(1980), 'Community Organization and Rural
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A Learning Process Approach', Public Administration Review, Vol.
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20. Lalitha, N. (1975), Voluntary works in India, NIPCCD: New
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21. Mohanty Manoranjan and Singh, Anil K. (2001),Voluntarism
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Government: Policy, Programme and Assistance, Voluntary
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Network India (VANI)

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