Interpersonal Foundations for Communication

Interpersonal Foundations for Communication

1. Unit ii

2. Unit overview Intrapersonal Foundations for Communication Managing Motivation to Influence Interpersonal Communication The Need for Inclusion, The Need for Control, The Need for Affection Interpersonal Perception Upon Communication Interpersonal Perception and Superior Subordinate Relations; The Role of Emotions in Interpersonal Communication Fear in Interpersonal Communication, Anger in Interpersonal Communication.

3. What is interpersonal communication? Interpersonal communication  involves the information, ideas, and feelings being exchanged verbally or non-verbally between two or more people . Face-to-face communication often involves hearing, seeing, and feeling body language, facial expressions, and gestures

4. What are the four types of interpersonal communication? Verbal Listening Written Communication Non-Verbal Communication

5. Bateman and Zeithaml identified six main styles Bateman and Zeithaml identified six main styles of interpersonal communication that are used in business settings:  Controlling Egalitarian Structuring Dynamic Relinquishing Withdrawal

6. Controlling A controlling style is  a form of one-way communication that is used to direct others and gain their compliance . Managers using this style usually do not want feedback, and they tend to employ power and even manipulation to reinforce their message

7. egalitarian style E galitarian style is  a form of two-way communication that involves sharing information rather than directing behavior . It is used to stimulate others to express their ideas and opinions in order to reach a mutual understanding

8. Structuring Structure is important in oral communication because like written communication,  it will influence how your audience receives your message . Having an introduction, body, and conclusion with structured paragraphs is necessary for effective comprehension

9. Wheel network – with leader A wheel network is  a type of network that is found in a variety of groups, teams, and organizations . It is a type of centralized structure of communication that allows information to flow downward, from managers to employees. This pattern of communication consists of one leader who directs the group

10. Dynamic organizations  reflect changes to a business structure over time . The structure and ownership of dynamic organizations can vary by category and period. For example, in a dynamic organization, an entity can be dependent on one parent in one period and a different parent in the next period.

11. Relinquishing style R elinquishing style of interpersonal communication is  deferential rather than directive . It is highly receptive to the ideas of others, to the point of shifting responsibility for communication to the receiver.

12. The need for inclusion Need for inclusion is concerned with having people to interact with who pay attention to you and what you have to say Need is manifested each time you enter a new group of people People may learn to deal with their need for inclusion in one of three basic ways (Ref next slide)

13. The need to control It can be discussed under three types of people People who avoid interpersonal communication People who don’t make decisions Unconsciously they feel incompetent and seek to avoid situations in which they will have to face these feelings of incompetence People of the third type feel comfortable both in a situation where they control others and in situations where others have control over them

14. Schutz’s theory of interpersonal needs Inclusion Expressed inclusion Wanted inclusion I join with others and ask others to join with me I want others to ask me to join them Control Expressed control Wanted control I influence and decide for others I want others to influence and control me Affection Expressed affection Wanted Affection I act towards others in a close and personal way I want others to be close and personal towards me

15. LEAVY’S TRANSACTION PERSPECTIVE Clinical psychologist Timothy Leavy tried to explain interpersonal behavior through ‘Interpersonal Reflex’ On the vertical axis an act of one kind tends to evoke an opposite act, whereas on the horizontal axis act of a given kind tends to evoke the same kind of act Submissive behavior of one person is a bid for dominance by the other. Act of hostility provokes hostility and the act of affection accelerates affection.

16. What is fear? Fear is a vital response to physical and emotional danger that has been pivotal throughout human evolution, but especially in ancient times when men and women regularly faced life-or-death situations The universal trigger for fear is  the threat of harm, real or imagined . This threat can be to our physical, emotional, or psychological well-being. While there are certain things that trigger fear in most of us, we can learn to become afraid of nearly anything.

17. Fear in interpersonal behaviour Fear is the anticipation of physical or psychological pain Eg : A manager may be afraid of making presentations to committees or other groups If the fear is high he may likely perform poorly

18. Phobia A phobia is a distinct fear or anxiety about a certain object or situation, exposure to which consistently provokes fear or causes distress in the sufferer. The fear experienced is almost always disproportionate to the true danger the object or event poses, and people with specific phobias generally know there is no real reason to be afraid and that their behavior is not logical. However, they cannot avoid their reaction.

19. Phobias fall into five broad categories: Fears of animals, such as fear of dogs (cynophobia), spiders (arachnophobia), or bugs ( insectophobia or entomophobia). These fears, known as zoophobias, also include the fear of bats ( chiroptophobia ) and of snakes or lizards (herpetophobia). Fears of the natural environment, such as a fear of heights (acrophobia) or of storms. These phobias also include fear of fire (pyrophobia) and fear of the dark (nyctophobia). Fears related to blood (hemophobia), injury, and injection, such as a fear of needles (trypanophobia) or medical procedures including dentistry ( dentophobia ). Situational fears, such as a fear of flying (aerophobia), a fear of  public speaking ( glossophobia ), or a fear of riding in elevators, which is itself a type of fear of closed spaces (claustrophobia). Others, such as a fear of vomiting or choking, when you face a situation

20. What is social anxiety? Fear often takes forms other than specific phobias. For example, social anxiety disorder, which is also known as social phobia, entails a deep fear of other people’s judgment, evaluation, and rejection that limits sufferers’ enjoyment of life. Individuals with  social anxiety may avoid situations in which they will be exposed to the scrutiny of others, such as giving a speech, eating in front of others, meeting new people, or engaging in group conversations

21. What is anger? Everyone has their own triggers for what makes them angry, but some common ones include situations in which they feel:  threatened or attacked . frustrated or powerless. like how they are being invalidated or treated unfairly.

22. Anger is “an emotional state that varies in intensity from mild irritation to intense fury and rage,” according to Charles Spielberger, PhD, a psychologist who specializes in the study of anger. Like other emotions, it is accompanied by physiological and biological changes ; when you get angry, your heart rate and blood pressure go up, as do the levels of your energy hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline. Anger can be caused by both external and internal events . You could be angry at a specific person (such as a coworker or supervisor) or event (a traffic jam, a canceled flight), or your anger could be caused by worrying or brooding about your personal problems. Memories of traumatic or enraging events can also trigger angry feelings.

23. People use a variety of both conscious and unconscious processes to deal with their angry feelings. The three main approaches are expressing, suppressing, and calming . Expressing your angry feelings in an assertive—not aggressive manner is the healthiest way to express anger. To do this, you have to learn how to make clear what your needs are, and how to get them met, without hurting others. Being assertive doesn’t mean being pushy or demanding; it means being respectful of yourself and others.

24. Anger can be suppressed, and then converted or redirected . This happens when you hold in your anger, stop thinking about it, and focus on something positive. The aim is to inhibit or suppress your anger and convert it into more constructive behavior. The danger in this type of response is that if it isn’t allowed outward expression, your anger can turn inward—on yourself. Anger turned inward may cause hypertension, high blood pressure, or depression Unexpressed anger can create other problems. It can lead to pathological expressions of anger, such as passive-aggressive behaviour (getting back at people indirectly, without telling them why, rather than confronting them head-on) or a personality that seems perpetually cynical and hostile. People who are constantly putting others down, criticizing everything, and making cynical comments haven’t learned how to constructively express their anger. Not surprisingly, they aren’t likely to have many successful relationship behaviours.