Intersection,types

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1. INTERSECTION PRESENTED BY AGLAIA

2. Road Intersection An intersection is the area shared by the joining or crossing of two or more roads . I t is also a point of large number of major conflicts , besides a point of decision . These conflicts may be due to the crossing maneuvers of vehicles moving in different directions. They are mainly of 2 types Grade separated intersection At grade intersection INTERSECTION

3. Grade Separated Intersection This are the intersections at which the vehicles crosses at different levels. They cause less hazard and delay than grade intersections. The objective of this is to eliminate all grade crossing conflicts and to accommodate other intersecting maneuvers by merging, diverging and weaving at low relative speed . It increases the capacity of roads and reduce the congestions. INTERSECTION

4. 1. Underpass It is an underground passageway, completely enclosed except at the openings,commonly at each end . A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic. If an underpass is constructed for pedestrians and/or cyclists beneath a road or railway, allowing them to reach the other side in safety, then such a construction is termed as a Subway . INTERSECTION

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6. 2. Overpass It is also known as a flyover, is a bridge, road, railway or similar structure that crosses over another road or railway. A pedestrian overpass allows pedestrians safe crossing over busy roads without impacting traffic. And Railway overpasses are used to replace at-grade crossing as a safer alternative. Overpasses allows for unobstructed rail traffic flow from mixing with vehicular and pedestrian traffic. INTERSECTION

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8. 3. Trumpet Interchange It is used where one highway terminates at another highway. They are trumpet shaped intersection. These involve at least one loop ramp connecting traffic either entering or leaving the terminating expressway with the far lanes of the continuous highway. Trumpets are suitable at the locations where the side road exists on only one side of the freeway, and traffic is relatively low. The principal advantages are low construction cost and are useful for highways as well as toll roads. INTERSECTION

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10. 4. Diamond Interchange It is the simplest form of grade separated intersection between two roadways . The conflicts between through and crossing traffic are eliminated by a bridge structure. The left turn crossing movement conflicts are considerably reduced by eliminating the conflict with the traffic in opposite direction . it is suitable for locations where the volume of left turn traffic is relatively low. It requires a minimum amount of land and is economical to construct. The single point of exit from the major roadway eases the problem of signing . INTERSECTION

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12. 5. Cloverleaf Interchange A  cloverleaf interchange  is a two-level interchange in which left turns are handled by ramp roads . To go left vehicles first continue as one road passes over or under the other, then exit right onto a one-way three-fourths loop ramp (270°) and merge onto the intersecting road . The objective of a cloverleaf is to allow two highways to cross without the need for any traffic to be stopped by red lights, even for left and right turns . The limiting factor in the capacity of a cloverleaf interchange is traffic weaving. INTERSECTION

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14. 6. Partial Cloverleaf Interchange It is a modification that combines some elements of a diamond interchange with one or more loops of a cloverleaf to eliminate only the more critical turning conflicts. This is the most popular freeway -to- arterial interchange. It is usually employed when crossing roads on the secondary road will not produce objectionable amounts of hazard and delay . It provides more acceleration and deceleration space on the freeway . INTERSECTION

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16. 7. Directional Interchange A Directional interchange provides direct paths for left turns . These interchanges contain ramps for one or more direct or semi direct left turning movements. They are the basic patterns that use the least space, have the fewest or least complex structures, minimize internal weaving and appropriate for the common terrain and traffic conditions . limitations high cost of construction It requires large amount of land compared to the others. INTERSECTION

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18. GRADE INTERSECTION An  intersection  is an at-grade junction where two or more roads or streets meet or cross at same level. They are classified as Un channelized intersection C hannelized intersection Rotary intersection INTERSECTION

19. 1. Channelized intersection Vehicles approaching an intersection are directed to definite paths by islands, marking etc. and this method of control is called channelization . It provides more safety and efficiency. It reduces the number of possible conflicts by reducing the area of conflicts available in the carriageway. The presence of traffic islands, markings etc. forces the driver to reduce the speed and becomes more cautious while maneuvering the intersection . It also serves as a refuge for pedestrians and makes pedestrian crossing safer. INTERSECTION

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21. 2. Unchannelized intersection Thye  are the lowest class of intersection, easiest in the design but most complex in traffic operations resulting in maximum conflict area and more number of accidents, unless controlled by traffic signals or police . When no additional pavement width for turning movements is provided, it is called plain  intersection.   But when the pavement is widened at the   intersection  area, by a traffic lane or more, it is known as flared  intersection. INTERSECTION

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23. 3. Rotary Intersection The rotary intersection of roads is also called as traffic rotary which is nothing but enlarged intersection of roads where vehicles cross roads or change their direction without stopping. All vehicles coming from different roads move in single direction around the central island and diverges into required exit. INTERSECTION

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25. Design elements 1. Design Speed It should be passed with low speed which will results the safety without any collision . Speed restriction board should be provided on the road towards rotary intersection . 2. Shape of Central Island The shape of Central Island should not contain any corners. It should be formed by curves to allow the comfortable rotations around it. The shape is dependent upon number of roads meeting at that junction . The shapes generally provided are circular, elliptical, turbine and tangential. INTERSECTION

26. 3. Radius of Rotary Roadway The radius of roadway is dependent upon the shape of Central Island and the frictional force. If it is circular shape, radii are similar at all points and if it is elliptical or tangent radii is different at different points . 4. Weaving Angle and Weaving Distance The weaving angle should be small but minimum of 15 o is maintained. The weave length should be at least four times the width of weaving section. INTERSECTION

27. 5. Width of Carriageway at Entry and Exit The width of carriage way at entry and exits is dependent of volume of traffic in that particular region or area. minimum width of 5.0 meters should be maintained for rotary intersections. 6. Width of Rotary Roadway The width should be equal to the effective width of weaving section. INTERSECTION

28. 7. Curves at Entrance and Exit E ntry curve radius can be provided as same as radius of central island. the vehicle accelerates at exits hence the radius of curve at exit should be greater than the radius of curve at entrance . 8. Sight Distance The sight distance provided at rotary intersections should be as higher as possible and value must be less than the stopping sight distance. INTERSECTION

29. 8. Camber and Super Elevation if the vehicle is changing its direction to its opposite side ,the vehicle may over turn or slip, to overcome this, minimum cross slope is provided which is nothing but camber. This camber acts as super elevation in case of rotary roadways . INTERSECTION

30. Thank you  INTERSECTION For more…. Mail to [email protected]