Intoduction to plant breeding

objectivs, concepts, definitions, challanges etc

1. Sub.:- Fundamentals of Plant Breeding Course No. :- APB- 5211 Credit hours:- 3(2+1) Lec . Topic :- Introduction to Plant Breeding. Presented by:- Lt. Roshan Parihar , Asstt . Professor Deptt . of Genetics & Plant Breeding Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur, C.G. BTC College of Agriculture & Research Station , Sarkanda , Bilaspur ,(CG)-495001

2. O B J E C T I V E S OF PLANT BREEDING

3. Plant Breeding is defined as changing the biological makeup of plants and crops to increase their yield and usefulness using various plant breeding methods. or "Plant Breeding is the art and science of changing the traits of plants in order to product desired characteristics." – (Sleeper and Poehlman , 1995). or "Plant Breeding is the genetic improvement of plants for human benefit. or Plant breeding is a science based on principles of genetics and cytogenetic. It aims at improving the genetic makeup of the crop plants Definitions' of Plant Breeding

4. Art part of Plant Breeding Ability of breeder to make a distinction between desirable and undesirable character Viz. shattering Vs. Non shattering Pods or spike, More tillering vs. low tillering ,. The selection skill doesnot have any underlying scientific facts. Science Part of Plant Breeding With the advent of inheritance laws , and the genetic role it become easy to transfer desirable traits through crossing methodolgy , or through Biotechnological approach, Mutation, Polyploidy.

5. Plant Breeding : Plant Breeding aims to improve the various characteristics of plants so that they become more desirable agronomical and economically. Thus the chief objective of plant breeding is to develop such improved varieties of the crop plants that will be commercially successful. Generally a successful variety is one with a total balance of traits that makes it more profitable for the growers than any other one they might choose Therefore, specific objectives would vary greatly depending on the crop and region. Some of the main objectives of plant breeding may be summarised here.

6. Objectives of Plant Breeding : Higher Yields Improved Quality Disease and insect resistance Change in maturity duration Agronomic characteristics Photo and thermo sensitivity

7. Objectives of Plant Breeding : Synchronous Maturity Non-shattering Determinate Growth Dormancy Moisture Stress and Salt Tolerances Elimination of Toxic substances

8. 1. High Yields : Most of the breeding programmes aim at higher crop yields. In fact, higher yields will always remain one of the main objectives of the breeding programme. This is achieved by developing more efficient genotypes, e.g., Hybrid varieties . 2 . Improved Quality : The quality of the plant produce determines its suitability for various uses therefore quality is an important aspect for plant breeders. E.g., milling and baking quality in wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) and cooking quality in Rice ( Oryza sativa )

9. 3. Disease and Insect Resistance : Resistant varieties offer the cheapest, the most convenient, an d e n vironm e ntal l y saf e me t ho d o f dise a s e a n d management. In some cases, they offer the only i nsect f e asi b l e varieties, or varieties Breeding for early maturing crop suitabl e for dif f eren t date s o f planting may be important objectives in many crops. This would permit a new crops rotations and often extend the crop area. For example, the development of wheat varieties suitable for late planting has permitted rice-wheat rotation. means of control e.g., rusts in wheat . Resistant varieties not only increase production but also stabilise it. 4. Change in Maturity Duration :

10. 5. Agronomic Characteristics: Modification of agronomic characteristics, su c h a s pla n t height, tillering, branching, erect or trailing habit, etc.., is often desirable. For Example, dwarfness in Cereals is generally associated with the lodging resistance and fertilizer responsiveness. 6. Photo- and Thermo Sensitivity: Development of photo insensitive and thermo insensitive wheat, and photo insensitive rice varieties has permitted their cultivation in new areas. Rice is now cultivated in Punjab while wheat is major Rabi crop in west Bengal. In case of wheat, photoperiod insensitivity is due to genes ppd1 and ppd2 which show polymeric gene action.

11. 7. Synchronous Maturity : Synchronous maturity is highly desirable crops like Mung ( Vigna radiata ), where several pickings are necessary 8 . Non-shattering Characteristics : This feature would be of great value in a crop like mung where shattering is a major problem in case of many commercial varieties 9 . Determinate Growth : Development of varieties with determinate growth habit is desirable in crops like mung, pigeon pea( Cajanus cajan ), cotton( Gossyipium Spp.).

12. 10. Dormancy : In some crops, seeds germinate even before harvesting if there are rains at the time of maturity e.g., mung, barley etc. A period of dormancy in such crops would check the losses due to preharvest rains. But in some crops, it may be desirable to remove dormancy. 11. Moisture Stress and Salt Tolerance : Development of varieties for rained areas and for saline soils would be helpful in increasing the crop production in India. The major proportion of calcium up to 70% of cropped area and there are 7 to 20 million hectares are salt affected (Saline) Soils.

13. 12. Elimination of toxins : Som e c rops h a ve the toxic substances, which must be eliminate d to make them sa f e for the c o ns u m pti o n . F o r example, Khesari (lathyrus sativus) seeds have a neurotoxins, β-N-oxalyl-α,β-diaminopropionic acid(BOAA) that causes paralysis of lower limbs. Similarly, brassica oil has erucic acid, which is harmful to human health. Removal of such toxic substances would increase the nutritional value of these crops. Others : Tr a ditionall y m aiz e is a k h ari f cro p . But scientis t s ar e n o w able to grow maize as Rabi and Zaid crops.

14. International Agricultural Res. Centres under CGIAR CIAT - International Center for Tropical Agriculture ,Columbia CIFOR - Center for International Forestry Research,Indonesia CIMMYT - International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center,Mexico CIP - International Center for Potato, Peru ICARDA - International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Lebanon ICRISAT - International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, India IFPRI - International Food Policy Research Institute, Wash,DC IITA - International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria ILRI - International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya IPGRI - International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Italy IRRI - International Rice Research Institute, Phillipines IWMI - International Water Management Institute, Srilanka WARDA - West Africa Rice Development Association, Liberia World Agro-forestry Centre (ICRAF ),Kenya World Fish Center, Malasiya

15. Beirut, Lebanon Beirut, Lebanon

16. Thanks