Intro. p'cology

Diploma in Pharmacy course
1st Chapter- Introduction to pharmaccology
Miss. Rani S. Dhole

1. Annasaheb Dange College Of D.Pharmacy, Ashta Presented by- Miss. Rani S. Dhole (Assistant Professor)

2. Chapter-I Introduction to Pharmacology and Scope of Pharmacology

3. Brief Overview of Subject: General Pharmacology : Introduction to Pharmacology, Scope of Pharmacology. Routes of administration of drugs : their advantages and disadvantages. Various processes of absorption of drugs and the factors affecting them. Metabolism, distribution and excretion of drugs. General mechanism of drugs action and their factors which modify drugs action. Pharmacological classification of drugs . Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System Drugs Acting On Autonomic Nervous System Drugs acting on eye Drugs acting on respiratory system.

4. Brief Overview of Subject: Autocoids Drugs acting on Cardio vascular system. Drugs affecting on renal function. Hormones and hormone antagonists Drugs acting on digestive system Chemotherapy

5. Big ideas- Basic concepts in Pharmacology and toxicology Pharmacology of drug acting on nervous system Autocoids and related drugs, NSAIDS Drugs acting on respiratory system Drugs acting on cardiovascular system Diuretics and Anti-diuretics

6. Pharmacology Pharmakon -Drug Logos- Science Study of source, MOA, toxicity and ADME Interaction between exogenously administered chemical substance with living system. DRUG

7. Divisions- Pharmacodynamics What Drug does to the Body Physiological and biochemical effects of drug. Eg -

8. Division: Pharmacokinetics What Body does to the Drug Study of movement & alteration of drug by body ADME of drug

9. Pharmacotherapeutics - Deals with cure of disease Application of p’cological information with knowledge of disease for its prevention Clinical Pharmacology - Scientific study of drug in men P’kinetic and P’dynamic investigation

10. Chemotherapy - Deals with study of drugs capable of destroying infecting organism or malignant cells with no/minima l effect on host cell Eg- Antibiotics, Sulphonamides Pharmacy-

11. Toxicology - Study of poisonous effect s of drugs / chemicals Detection, prevention and treatment of poisoning Study of adverse effects of drugs Pharmacopoeia-

12. Pharmacoepidemiology - Study of effects of drugs on large number of peoples Pharmacogenomics - Scientific study of genetic material in drug response

13. Absorption - Movement of drug from its site of administration into bloodstream Distribution - Reversible transfer of drug between blood and extra vascular fluids and tissues of body Distributed- Interstitial and intracellular fluids Metabolism - Sum of all chemical processes that occur in body Elimination- Process of removal of drug from body

14. Adverse Drug Reaction - Any noxious or unintended effect of drug which occurs at doses normally used in man for prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment of disease Eg - Kidney stone- Sulphonamides Renal failure- NSAID’s (Diclofenac, Ibuprofen) Side effect- Any  effect  of a drug, chemical that is in  addition to its intended effect , that effect is either therapeutic or harmful. Eg- Omeprazole – Mild diarrhea Nimesulide - Dizziness Paracetamol – Loss of appetite

15. Drug Tolerance- Decrease in responsiveness to pharmacological effect drug after its repeated administration. Drug interaction - Alteration in effect of one drug by another drug when they are administered simultaneousl y Aspirin + Antacid Insulin + Aspirin Contraindication- Specific situation in which a drug, procedure, or surgery should not be used because it may be harmful to the person Eg- Hypertension- Adrenaline MAO inhibitor- Cheese,milk

16. Antibacterial- Anything that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or their ability to reproduce. Eg- Sulphonamide, Azithromycin Antiseptic - a substance that are applied directly to living tissues to inhibit the growth of microorganisms Eg- Iodine, Formaldehyde, Hydrogen peroxide Drug Abuse - Use of drugs other than therapeutic purposes mainly for addiction and dependence Eg- Cocaine, Nicotine, Diazepam

17. Analgesic- Group of drugs used to achieve analgesia Eg- Diclofenac, Ibuprofen Antineoplastic - Drugs used to prevent or inhibit the development of a neoplasm  (tumor) Eg- Vincristine, vinblastin, Methotrexate Antidote - Substance that stops the harmful effects of a poison. Eg- Activated charcoal- Oral toxins Chelators - Heavy metal poisoning 100% Oxygen- Carbon monoxide poisoning Atropine- organphosphorus poisoning

18. Sedative- Drugs that reduces excitement and calms subject(Individual) without inducing sleep Eg- Phenobarbitone, Diazepam, Laxative - Drugs that promote evacuation of bowels Used to treat constipation Eg- Isapghula , Methylcellulose, Castor oil, Sodium CMC Hypnotics - Drugs that induce sleep similar to natural sleep

19. Antagonism- When one drug decreases or abolishes action of other drug Phenomenon of opposite actions of two drugs on the same physiological system Eg- Histamine + Adrenaline Charcoal + Alkaloids Synergism - Phenomenon where action of one drug is facilitated by other drug at same time Eg- a. Levodopa + Carbidopa - inhibition of peripheral metabolism b. Nitrous oxide + Halothane- as general anasthetic c. Codeine + aspirin - as analgesics

20. Therapeutic index Therapeutic index= Where LD 50 = Median lethal dose ED 50 = Median effective dose   ratio  between the dose of a drug that causes a lethal effect and the dose that causes a therapeutic  effect LD 50 ED 50

21. Sources of Drug Minerals Animal Plant Synthetic Micro-organism

22. Nature of Drug Alkaloid Glycoside Fixed oils Volatile oils Gums Tannins