Intro to Protozoan Notes

Know this for the test

1. Kingdom: Protista Unicellular Eukaryotic Autotrophic w/ cell walls - Algae Heterotrophic w/out cell walls - Protozoans

2. Protozoans are the ancestors of the animal kingdom. We ’ ll discuss the evidence for that when we study the most primitive animals.

3. Many are symbiotic with other organisms that are important to us (ex. Termites & Campanula ).

4. Many are symbiotic with other organisms that are important to us (ex. Termites). Disease vectors – organisms that transmits a disease.

5. Many are symbiotic with other organisms that are important to us (ex. Termites). Disease vectors – organisms that transmits a disease. Many are parasitic upon humans.

6. Protozoan Taxonomy The protozoans, like all organisms, are classified into more specific groups based on….

7. Protozoan Taxonomy The protozoans, like all organisms, are classified into more specific groups. Protozoan taxonomy (classification) is based on…. their mode of locomotion

8. Protozoan Taxonomy The protozoans, like all organisms, are classified into more specific groups. Protozoan taxonomy (classification) is based on…. their mode of locomotion the number and type of nuclei they have

9. Locomotion among protozoans Flagella – long, whip-like; usually one or two

10. Locomotion among protozoans Flagella – long, whip-like; usually one or two Cilia – short, bristle-like; hundreds to thousands

11. Locomotion among protozoans Flagella – long, whip-like; usually one or two Cilia – short, bristle-like; hundreds to thousands Pseudopodia – pseudo = false; pod = foot an extension of the cell membrane into which the cytoplasm flows creating a directional movement.

12. Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Sarcomastigophora ( sarco = meat; mastix = a whip; and phora (Greek) to bear.

13. Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Sarcomastigophora ( sarco = meat; mastix = a whip; and phora (Greek) to bear. sarco – because they are hunters (meat eaters) mastix – refers to the flagellum that some have phora – they may bear a whip (the flagellum)

14. Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Sarcomastigophora Subphylum: Sarcodina (common name is amoeba (plural amoebae) Note the common name isn’t capitalized. Cyt Nuc Cont Pseud Fvac Draw and label this picture.

15. Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Sarcomastigophora Subphylum: Sarcodina (amoebas) Cyt Nuc Cont Pseud Fvac

16. Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Sarcomastigophora Subphylum: Sarcodina (amoebas) Cyt Nuc Cont Pseud Cyt – cytoplasm Cont – contractile vacuole Nuc – nucleus Pseud – pseudopodium Fvac – food vacuole Fvac

17. Amoebae have one kind of nucleus and move by flowing into their pseudopodia. video clip …. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FEMaadwVCQ

18. They capture their food by surrounding it with pseudopodia, which then create a food vacuole. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk

19. They capture their food by surrounding it with pseudopodia, which then create a food vacuole. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk Process is called phagocytosis .

20. They capture their food by surrounding it with pseudopodia, which then create a food vacuole. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk Process is called phagocytosis . Enzymes from the cell’s lysosomes digest the food (bacteria, unicellular algae, and smaller protozoans)

21. After food is digested and the nutrients are absorbed into the cytoplasm, the vacuole (now called a waste vacuole) moves to the cell membrane, opens up, and squirts the wastes into the environment.

22. After food is digested and the nutrients are absorbed into the cytoplasm, the vacuole (now called a waste vacuole) moves to the cell membrane, opens up, and squirts the wastes inot the environment. This is called reverse phagocytosis .

23. Ameoba reproduction is called binary fission (mitosis).

24. Ameoba reproduction is called binary fission (mitosis). DNA replicates and divides into two nuclei

25. Ameoba reproduction is called binary fission (mitosis). DNA replicates and divides into two nuclei Cell membrane pinches in and divides the ameoba into two amoebae.

26. Binary fission involves only one parent and the resulting new Amoebae have the same DNA.

27. Binary fission involves only one parent and the resulting new Amoebae have the same DNA. Reproduction involving one parent and no exchange of DNA is called __________ reproduction.

28. Binary fission involves only one parent and the resulting new Amoebae have the same DNA. Reproduction involving one parent and no exchange of DNA is called asexual reproduction.

29. Binary fission involves only one parent and the resulting new Amoebae have the same DNA. Reproduction involving one parent and no exchange of DNA is called asexual reproduction. This means that change (evolution) in amoebae is slow and can only result from mutations.

30. Water vacuoles collect excess water from inside the cell and move to the cell membrane where they open up and release it into the environment.

31. Water vacuoles collect excess water from inside the cell and move to the cell membrane where they open up and release it into the environment. This process is called pinocytosis .

32. You will be responsible for knowing two diseases caused by to species of amoebae.

33. Amoebic Dysentery is a disease caused by an amoeba named Amoeba proteus .

34. Amoebic Dysentery is a disease caused by an amoeba named Amoeba proteus . One gets dysentery by drinking contaminated water (has A. proteus living in it).

35. Amoebic Dysentery is a disease caused by an amoeba named Amoeba proteus . One gets dysentery by drinking contaminated water (has A. proteus living in it). Symptoms: extreme abdominal cramps, diarrhea resulting in severe dehydration, for small children dehydration can lead to death.

36. In September 2013 , health officials in Louisiana investigated reports of people showing symptoms of a serious parasitic amoeba species.

37. New on Sept. 23

38. Phylum: Sarcomastigophora Subphylum: Mastigorphora Common Name: flagellates

39. The flagellates are protozoans that have one nucleus and move by means of one or more flagella . monoflagellate biflagellate polyfllagellate

40. Choanoflagellates are flagellates whose flagellum is surrounded by a collar . Choana = Latin for collar

41. The flagellum beats to create a current that draws their prey (bacteria and smaller protozoans) to the collar.

42. The flagellum beats to create a current that draws their prey (bacteria and smaller protozoans) to the collar. Then pseudopodia pull the food into the cell.

43. Euglena is an excellent example of a phytoflagellate .

44. Euglena is an excellent example of a phytoflagellate . Phyto = plant

45. Euglena is an excellent example of a phytoflagellate . Phyto = plant Euglena has chloroplasts and is capable of photosynthesis .

46. Euglena is an excellent example of a phytoflagellate . Phyto = plant Euglena has chloroplasts and is capable of photosynthesis. If food (bacteria & smaller protozoans) is available it is heterotrophic .

47. If food is not available, it has a eyespot (red in color) that is photosensitive .

48. If food is not available, it has a eyespot (red in color) that is photosensitive . The eyespot guides it to light and it becomes autotrophic .

49. A flagellate that is only heterotrophic (like animals) is referred to as a zooflagellate .

50. A flagellate that is only heterotrophic (like animals) is referred to as a zooflagellate . Trypanosoma invades the circulatory system of mammals and causes the disease known as African Sleeping Sickness .

51. Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Ciliophora Common name: ciliates

52. Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Ciliophora Common name: ciliates Ciliates are characterized by….

53. Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Ciliophora Common name: ciliates Ciliates are characterized by…. two kinds of nuclei

54. Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Ciliophora Common name: ciliates Ciliates are characterized by…. two kinds of nuclei cilia for locomotion

55. Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Ciliophora Common name: ciliates Paramecium

56. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4aZE5FQ284 Paramecium feeding…. Note the oral groove, beating cilia, and the forming food vacuoles.

57. Stentor is a funnel-shaped protozoan. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rqD3m9hHhlo

58. Vorticella is a stalked ciliate. The stalk coils and springs to stir the water and any smaller protozoans or bacteria in it so the Vorticella can feed on them. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHb2JaujIPo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjOsc1F4exM

59. Vorticella is a stalked ciliate. The stalk coils and springs to stir the water and any smaller protozoans or bacteria in it so the Vorticella can feed on them. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHb2JaujIPo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjOsc1F4exM

60. Ciliates reproduce asexually by binary fission (mitosis). They reproduce sexually by conjugation .

61. During conjugation two ciliates join by their oral groove, and exchange a portion of the DNA from their macronucleus.

62. Because there are two parent cells and an exchange of DNA it is considered sexual reproduction (as opposed to asexual reproduction which involves one parent and no exchange of DNA).

63. Because there are two parent cells and an exchange of DNA it is considered sexual reproduction (as opposed to asexual reproduction which involves one parent and no exchange of DNA). This mixing of genes leads to genetic diversity for the species and genetic diversity is the “raw material” for evolution.