Introduction-and-History-of-Bacteriology-converted.pdf

Presentation

1. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF
BACTERIOLOGY
Faculty: Dr. Rakesh Sharda

6. THE SCOPE AND RELEVANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY
◼Livingthingstoosmalltobeseenwiththeunaided
eyearecalledmicroorganisms
◼MicroorganismsareeverywhereonEarth
◼helpedtocreatethebiosphere
◼continuetosupportthelifeprocessesonearth.
◼liveinsomeofthemostunusualandseemingly
inhospitableplaces.
◼oneoftheoldestlivingorganismsontheEarth
◼ofallthecellsthatmakeupthenormal,healthy
humanbody,morethan99percentarethecellsof
microorganismslivingontheskinorinthegut,etc.

7. •Therearethreemajortypesofcellilarmicroorganisms
(bacteria,protists,fungi).
•Thesethreetypesofmicroorganismshavetwodistinctways
ofgettingcarbontouseasbuildingblocksforbodystructures
(AutotrophandHeterotroph).
•AutotrophsgetthecarbonfromCO
2intheatmosphere.
•Autotrophsaremoreplant-like,andareknownasproducers.
•Heterotrophsmustingesttheircarbonintheformof
otherorganicmaterialsrangingfromdeadorlivingplantsto
meatfromanimals.
•Heterotrophscanbeconsideredmoreanimallike,andare
knownasconsumers.

8. More
plant-like
(producer)
More
animal-like
(consumer)
Gets carbon from atmosphere Gets carbon from organic materials
Autotroph Heterotroph

9. Bacteria on head of pin © 1999 The Centre for
Microscopy and Microanalysis
Microorganisms can range in size from very small, such as these
bacteria on the point of a pin…..

10. !
© ARS
to exceptionally large. Some bacterial cells can be the size of a
fly’s head.

11. Microorganisms inhabit diverse habitats ranging from very salty
environments such as the Great Salt Lake…. (orange color are salt
loving bacteria)

12. Photo courtesy of NOAA
to deep sea vents at the bottom of the ocean (white on column)…

13. to very hot environments such as this hot spring (orange)……

15. to as a normal flora in human mouth
more prokaryotes inhabit a human mouth than the total number
of people who have ever lived

16. MICROBES AND HUMAN WELFARE
◼ Microorganismsdegradedeadplantsandanimals(saprophytes;
saprophytic)andrecyclechemicalelementstobeusedbyliving
plantsandanimals.
◼ Elementcyclingonearth,especiallycarbonandnitrogen.
◼ Importantinthenutritionofallorganisms.;theruminant
animalswouldnotsurviveifitwerenotforthebacteriapresent
intheirguts.
◼ Bacteriadecomposeorganicmatterinsewage.
◼ Fermentsubstratestoproduceimportantmetabolites
◼ Makeproductssuchasfoodsandchemicals.
◼ Bioremediationprocessesusebacteriatocleanuptoxicwastes.
◼ Biologicalpestcontrol
◼ UsingrecombinantDNA,bacteriacanproducesubstancessuch
assinglecellproteins,vaccines,andenzymes.
◼ Ingenetherapy,virusesareusedtocarryreplacementsfor
defectiveormissinggenesintohumancells.
◼ Geneticengineeringisusedinagriculturetoprotectplantsfrom
frostandinsectsandtoimprovetheshelflifeofproduce.

17. CO
2
Waste
Food nutrients
Dead organic
matter
Respiration
Bacteria in
carbon cycle

18. Bioremediation for an oil spill

19. Spirulina –a rich source of protein

23. Flint et al., 2004
Principles of Virology
Fig. 1.8
Sizes of microscopic and submicroscopic biological entities
and their ability to be examined using various technologies

24. HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY

25. THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
◼Thistheorystatesthatlivingbeingsareproducedspontaneouslyfromnon
livingmatter.Theformationoflifefromnonlivingmatteriscalledabiogenesis.
◼FrancescoRedi(1688)anItalianphysiciandisprovedtheideaofspontaneous
generationbyshowingthatrottingmeatcarefullykeptfromflieswillnot
spontaneouslyproducemaggots.Hefilledsixjarswithdecayingmeatand
coveredthreeofthemwithlids.Afterseveraldaysmeatintheopenjarshad
maggotswhilethemeatinthesealedjarshadnomaggots.
◼Spallanzani(1769),amonk,boiledandsealedbroths.Whenhewascarefulno
microbesdeveloped.
◼Needhamcriticizedthiswork.Hesaidthatfactors,suchasairwasexcludedby
SpallanzanithatpreventedSpontaneousGeneration.
◼RudolphVirchow(1858)claimedthatlivingcellscanonlyarisefrom
preexistinglivingcells.Thisconceptiscalledbiogenesis.
◼LouisPasteur(1861)tookupthechallenge,performedtheclassicalSwan
neckflaskexperiment,utilizedbrothsallowingair(cottonplugs)but
disallowingmicrobesandshowedthatthegermsaccumulatedoncotton.

26. GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
◼Germtheorystatesthatinfectiousdiseasesarecausedby
microbes.ItwasproposedbyRobertKochin1876andsupported
byLouisPasteur.Duringthegoldenageofmicrobiology(1857-
1914)thegermtheoryofdiseasewasproposedinoppositiontothe
thenbeliefthatdiseasewasapunishmentforcrimesorcausedby
demon.
◼JosephListerprovedthatpathogenicmicrobescouldbe
transmittedfrompatienttopatientinsurgicalwardsifphysicians
handswerenotwashed,instrumentswerenotsterilizedand
surgicalwoundswerenotdisinfected(conceptofasepsis),which
furthersupportedthe“GermTheoryofDisease”.

27. MILESTONES IN HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
1677
Observed "little animals" (Antony Leeuwenhoek)
1796
First scientific Small pox vaccination (Edward Jenner)
1850
Advocated washing hands to stop the spread of disease
(Ignaz Semmelweis)
1861
Disproved spontaneous generation (Louis Pasteur)
1862
Supported Germ Theory of Disease (Louis Pasteur)

28. 1867
Practicedantisepticsurgery(JosephLister)
1876
FirstproofofGermTheoryofDiseasewithB.anthracis
discovery(RobertKoch)
1881
GrowthofBacteriaonsolidmedia(RobertKoch)
1882
OutlinedKochspostulates(RobertKoch)
1882
Developedacid-fastStain(PaulEhrlich)
1884
DevelopedGramStain(ChristianGram)

29. 1885
First Rabies vaccination (Louis Pasteur)
1887
Invented Petri Dish (R.J. Petri)
1892
Discovered viruses (Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovski)
1899
Recognized viral dependence on cells for reproduction
(Martinus Beijerinck)
1900
Proved mosquitoes carried the yellow fever agent (Walter
Reed)
1928
Discovered Penicillin (Alexander Fleming)

30. 1975
Hybridomatechnology
1977
DevelopedamethodtosequenceDNA(W.Gilbert&F.
Sanger)
1983
PolymeraseChainReactioninvented(KaryMullis)
1995
Firstmicrobialgenomic sequence published(H.
influenzae)(TIGR)

31. STALWARTS OF MICROBIOLOGY
Leeuwenhoek Edward JennerLouis Pasteur
(Microscopy) (Vaccinology) (Microbiology)

32. Robert Koch Joseph Lister Alexander Fleming
(Med. Microbiology) (Antisepsis) (Antibiotics)
STALWARTS OF MICROBIOLOGY

33. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
◼Showedthatboiledbrothdidnotbecomecloudy(turbid)when
airbutnotdustcouldcontactthebroth.
◼Builtelegant"swan-necked"flasks,whichtrappeddust(and
microorganisms)alongtheircurvednecks,thusshowingthat
neitherairnorbrothweresufficienttoallowthegenerationof
microorganisms(TheoryofBiogenesis)
◼Showedthatcottonplugs(aprimitiveair-filtrationdevice)could
preventmicrobesfromreachingotherwiseair-exposedsterile
broths
◼Inventedpasteurization,theheatingoffoodstoeliminate
harmful microorganisms while retainingnot-harmful
microorganisms
◼Hewasresponsiblefortheassociationofspecificmicrobeswith
diseases
◼Hedevelopmentthevaccinesforanthrax,fowlcholera,rabies
andswineerysipelas.
◼HediscoveredStaphylococcus,StreptococcusandPneumococcus
FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY

34. Robert Koch (1843-1910)
•Identifiedthebacteriathatcauseanthrax,tuberculosis,
cholera.
•Contributedsignificantlytothedevelopmentofpure
culturetechnique.
•Introductionofagartomicrobiology.
•Koch'sPostulates,awayofascribingaparticular
infectiousdisease toaparticular,causing
microorganism.
•Delayedtypeofhypersensitivity.
FATHER OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

35. Koch-Henle’s Postulates
1.Themicroorganismsmustbepresentin
everycaseofthediseasebutabsentfrom
healthyorganisms
2.Thesuspectedmicroorganismsmustbe
isolatedandgrowninapureculture.
3.Thesamediseasemustresultwhenthe
isolated
4.Thesamemicroorganisms mustbe
isolatedagainfromthediseasedhost.