Introduction and scope of statistics

biostats

1. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF STATISTICS By: Mrs.Keerthi S amuel , Asso.Professor . Vijay M arie college of Nursing

2. INTRODUCTION Statistics is all related to numbers.An aggregate of numerical facts is statistics. The word statistics is derived from the Italian word statista meaning political state or government. Shakespeare first used the word statist in his drama hamlet followed by Achenwell who used the word statistic to mean the political science of different countries.

3. INTRODUCTION Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) was the first nurse statistician who applied statistics to improve healthcare. During Crimean war she used statistical data from British army files to show that improved sanitary conditions led to fewer military deaths. This statistical evidence persuaded the British government to introduce field hospitals and provide nursing care to the soldiers.

4. STATISTICS- DEFINITION “It is a branch of mathematics dealing with collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of numerical data. Its objective is to analyze and Interpret information correctly sukhpal kaur “It is a field of study concerned with techniques or methods of collection of data, classification , summarizing, testing the hypothesis and making recommendations only when a part of data is used” Mahajan

5. BIOSTATISTICS-DEFINITION “ It is a term used when tools of statistics are applied to the data that is derived from biological sciences such as medicine” “ It is a branch of statistics that involves application of statistical science to research in health related fields including medicine,biology , public health, nursing and pharmacy.

6. STATISTICS-USES To summarize and present numerical data. To examine the relationships (Ex: disease and cause) To make predictions (Ex: value of a dependent variable can be predicted on basis of an independent variable using regression techniques) To formulate and to test the hypothesis To construct concepts and to develop theories To present the information To make comparisons and to find similarities and differences

7. STATISTICS-USES To draw conclusions about populations based only on results of sample- often research is conducted by taking a sample from the whole population. It helps us to interpret the data for the entire population. Well used in epidemiology and public health since these fields are concerned with communities or populations. Medical sciences are based on probability , this probability can be studied in statistics

8. STATISTICS-SCOPE IN NURSING

9. Scope in Nursing- contd ….. Anatomy and physiology: to find out what is normal or healthy in a population and to find limits in normality in variables such as weight and pulse rate- the mean pulse rate is 72/min but upto what limits it may be normal on either side of mean has to be established with certain appropriate techniques. To find the difference between means and proportions of normal at 2 different places or in different periods. Ex: the mean height of boys in Gujarat is less than the mean height in Punjab and if the difference is due to nutrition, natural variation or anything else has to be decided. To find correlation between 2 variables like height and weight can be found.

10. Scope in Nursing- contd ….. Medicine: to compare the efficacy of a particular drug, opration or line of treatment- for this the percentage cured in the experimental and control groups is compared and difference due to chance or is found by applying statistics. To find association between 2 attributes (cancer and smoking) To identify signs and symptoms of a disease.( Cough in typhois is found by chance unlike fever which is found in all the cases. The proportional incidence of one symptom or another indicates whether it is a characteristic feature of the disease or not)

11. Scope in Nursing- contd ….. Pharmacology: To find out the action of the drug when given to animals and humans to see whether the change produced are due to the drug or by chance. To compare the action of two different drugs or two successive dosages of the same drug. To find the relative potency of a new drug with respect to a standard drug.

12. Scope in Nursing- contd ….. Community Medicine and Public Health: To test usefulness of sera and vaccines – percentage of attacks and deaths among vaccinated and unvaccinated samples to find whether th difference observed is statistically significant. In epidemiological studies- role of causative factors is statistically tested. Deficiency of iodine as an important cause of goiter in a community is only conformed after comparing the incidence of goiter cases before and after giving the iodised salt.

13. SCOPE OF STATISTICS IN OTHER FIELDS

14. Scope in -OTHER FIELDS Social Sciences Man Power Planning Crime Rates Income & Wealth Analysis of Society In studying Pricing, Production, Consumption, Investments & Profits etc. Planning Agriculture Industry Textiles Education etc. For ex. Five Year Plans in India.

15. Scope in Other Fields contd ….. Mathematics : Extensive use of Differentiation, Algebra, Trigonometry, Matrices etc in modern business analysis. Statistics now treated as Applied Mathematics. Economics : Family Budgeting Applied in solving economic problems related to production, consumption, distribution of products as per income & wealth related patterns, wages, prices, profits & individual savings, investments, unemployment & poverty etc.

16. Scope in Other Fields contd ….. 5. Business Management Trend Analysis Market Research & Analysis Product Life Cycle Marketing Marketing Policy Decisions depend on forecasting, demand analysis, time & motion studies, inventory control, investments & analysis of consumer data for production & sales.

17. Scope in Other Fields contd ….. Production Designs Methods of Production Technology Selection Quality Control Mechanisms Product Mix Quantities T i me S c h ed u l e s f o r M a n u f a c t u r in g & Di s t r i b u t i o n

18. Scope in Other Fields contd ….. Finance Correlation Analysis of profits & dividends, assets & liabilities Analysis of income & expenditure Financial forecasts, break-even analysis, investment & risk analysis Sales Demand Analysis Sales Forecasts

19. Scope in Other Fields contd ….. Personnel Wage plans, Incentive plans, Cost of living, Labour turnover ratio, Employment trends, Accidental Rates, Performance Appraisals etc . Accounting & Auditing Analysis of Income, Expenditure, Investment, Profits and Optimization of Production etc Forecasting costs of production & price Other Areas Insurance , Astronomy, Social Sciences, Medical Sciences , Psychol