Introduction-construction management_Construction Management (2180611) (Semester-8), Civil Engineering

Project
A Project is defined as a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product/service/results.
Product
The product in case of a construction project is the constructed facility such as a building, a bridge, a highway, a dam, a canal, a factory etc.

1. Prepared by
Prof. Ashish Makwana
Civil Engineering Dept. -MEFGI
Prof. Ashish Makwana 1

2. PRESENTATION
OUTLINE…
1.ConstructionProject
2.PhasesofaConstructionProject
3.ImportanceofConstructionandConstruction
Industry
4.IndianConstructionIndustry
5.ConstructionManagement
6.ImportanceofPlanning,SchedulingandControlling
Projects
Prof. Ashish Makwana 2

3. CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
Project
AProjectisdefinedasatemporary
endeavourundertakentocreateaunique
product/service/results.
Product
Theproductincaseofaconstruction
projectistheconstructedfacilitysuchasa
building,abridge,ahighway,adam,a
canal,afactoryetc.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 3

4. Constructionprojects
Constructionprojectsinvolvevarying
manpowerandtheirdurationcanrange
fromafewweekstomorethanfiveyears.
Eachconstructionprojectis‘unique’
and‘temporary’innatureandsoisthe
managementinvolved.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 4

5. Construction projects
Unique Features of a Construction Project
Onetimeactivity
Astartandfinish
Complexity
Involvementofseveralpeopleonanadhoc
basis
Limitedsetofresources
Highcost
Atimeframeforcompletion
Prof. Ashish Makwana 5

6. Highriskoffailure
Difficultyindefiningqualitystandards
Sequencingofactivitiesandphases
Nopractice/rehearsals
Uniquenessofpeoplerelationship
Lackofexperienceofclient/owner
Feedbackmechanism
Highlevelofsubcontracting
Uncertaintyexists
Prof. Ashish Makwana 6

7. PHASES OF
A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
Briefingstage
Designingstage
Tenderingstage
Constructionstage
Commissioningstage
Prof. Ashish Makwana 7

8. 1.Briefingstage
•Thisstageisalsocalledthe‘Report
stage’.
•Itisthestagewhereideasoriginatedby
individualsarestudiedwithregardtocost
andbenefitssoastoestablishthe
economicviability/socialutilityofaproject.
Purpose
•Thepurposeofthebriefingstageisto
enabletheclienttospecifyproject
functionsandpermissiblecosts.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 8

9. Activities(Briefingstage)
•Toappointaprojectcommittee,if
necessary.
•Toappointaprojectmanagerwhowillhave
acontinuingresponsibilitytotheclient
throughouttheconstructionproject.
•Tocarryouttechnicalandnon-technical
investigationsothatalternativeproposals
maybegivendueconsideration.
•Tostudythevariousalternativesand
identifythemostfeasibleone.
•Topreparetheprojectreportwhichisthe
outcomeofthefirststage.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 9

10. Feasibilityreport
•Technicalanalysis
•Economicanalysis
•Financialanalysis
•Ecologicalanalysis
Prof. Ashish Makwana 10

11. 2.Designingstage
•Itisaveryimportantstageinthefieldof
constructionbecauseanymodificationofthe
projectafterthisstagewouldprove
expensive.
•Arealisticanddetailedcostestimateof
theprojectcanbepreparedduringthe
designstage.
Purpose
•Thepurposeofthisstageistocompletethe
projectsummary anddeterminethe
methodofconstructionandestimated
costssoastoobtainnecessaryapprovals
fromtheclient.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 11

12. Activities(Designingstage)
•Todeveloptheprojectsummaryforthe
finaladoptionofthemostsuitablealternative.
•Tocarryouttechnicalinvestigationssuch
as,
–Soilinvestigation
–Topographicinvestigation
–Materialssurveys
–Marketsurveys
•Topreparedetaileddesign,working
drawings,specifications,billofquantities,
finalcostestimateandpreliminary
constructionprogramme.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 12

13. 3.Tenderingstage
•Duringthisstagetendersareinvitedand
thecontractisawardedatthebest
availabletermsagreedmutuallybetween
theowner’steamandthecontractors.
Purpose
•Thepurposeofthetenderingstageisto
appointacontractorwhowillundertake
theconstructionworkonthemostsuitable
termsandconditionsofquality,costand
completiontime.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 13

14. Activities(Tenderingstage)
•Toinvitetendersfromthecontractorsforthe
constructionworkandtoawardthecontract.
•Pre-qualificationofcontractorsinvolvesan
investigationofthepotentialofcontractor’s
financial,managerialandphysicalresources,
contractor’sexperienceofhandlingsimilar
projects,etc.
•Topreparecontractdocuments,tobe
signedbytheclientandthecontractor.
•Holdingapre-bidconferenceandproviding
thenecessaryinformation.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 14

15. Activities(Tenderingstage)
•Negotiatingcontractpricewithqualified
contractor.
•Reviewingdocumentssubmittedby
contractor.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 15

16. 4.Constructionstage
•Theconstructionstageinvolvesthe
executionofconstructionworkasper
thedesign,drawingandwithinagreed
limitsoftime,costandspecifiedquality.
ConstructionPlanningActivities
•Constructionschedule
•Manpowerschedule
•Materialdeliveryschedule
•Plantandequipmentschedule
Prof. Ashish Makwana 16

17. ControlofsiteoperationsActivities
•Supplyofmaterialsandequipment
•Supervisionforqualitycontrol
•Co-ordinationamongsub-contractors
•Supervisionforqualitycontrol
•Supplyofnecessarydrawings
Prof. Ashish Makwana 17

18. 5.Commissioningstage
•Itisthestageinwhichtheperformance
ofthestructureisevaluatedandthe
proposednatureofmaintenanceand
repairareconsidered.
Purpose
•Thepurposeofthisstageistoensurethat
theconstructionworkhasbeencarried
outasperthedrawingand
specificationsandallthefacilities
developed functionproperlyas
envisagedinthedesign.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 18

19. Activities(Commissioningstage)
•Tokeepvariousrecordsofactualwork.
•Toinspecttheconstructionwork
thoroughlyandhaveanydefectsrectifies.
•Toprepareoperatinginstructionsand
maintenancemanuals.
•Tocarryouttestsforperformance,such
aswatertightness,strengthetc.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 19

20. IMPORTANCE OF CONSTRUCTION
AND CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
•Constructionisanimportantpartofreal
estateandinfrastructuresuchas:
•Realestate
–Residential
–Industrial
–Corporate
–Commercial
Prof. Ashish Makwana 20

21. •Infrastructure
–Roads
–Railways
–Urbaninfrastructure
–Ports
–Airports
–Power
•Theimportanceofconstructioncanbegauged
fromthefactthatcostofconstructionof
certaininfrastructureprojectsmaybeashigh
as60to80%ofthetotalprojectcost.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 21

22. •Constructionisrecognizedasthebasicinput
forsocio-economicdevelopmentofacountry.
•Sinceconstructionindustryisdependentona
numberofindustries,itsgrowthinother
industriesaswell.
–Developmentofbuildingmaterialsindustry
–Developmentofconstructionequipments
industry
Prof. Ashish Makwana 22

23. •Constructionproductssuchasbuildings,
bridges,roads,powerplantshavealonglife
ascomparedtotheproductsofother
industries.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 23

24. INDIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
FactorsinfavourofIndianconstructionindustry
•Availabilityofcheaplabour
•Availabilityofqualifiedprofessionals
•Largenumberofconstructioncompanies
•Actualshortageofhousing
•Boostfromthegovernment
•Growthinindustrialsector
Prof. Ashish Makwana 24

25. INDIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY (continued..)
FactorsagainsttheIndianconstructionindustry
•Lowproductivity
•Lowratioofskilledtounskilledworkers
•Highcostoffinance
•Complicatedtaxstructure
•Presenceofsmallcontractorswholack
financialandtechnologybackup
•NegligibleinvestmentinR&D
•Competitionfrommultinationalcompanies
Prof. Ashish Makwana 25

26. InvestmentOpportunitiesinConstructionin
India
•Constructiondevelopmentinresidential,
retail,commercialandhospitalitysectors
•Technologyandsolutionsforsmart
sustainablecities
•Technologyforthepromotionoflowcost
housing
•Greenbuildingsolutions
•Smartcities
•Sustainableandenvironmentalfriendly
buildingmaterialsProf. Ashish Makwana 26

27. •TrainingandSkilldevelopmentof
constructionsectorworkers
•Urbanwatersupply,Sewage,Sewage
treatment,Solidwastemanagement
Prof. Ashish Makwana 27

28. CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
•ProjectManagementistheartandscienceof
mobilisingandmanagingpeople,materials,
equipmentandmoneytocompletethe
assignedprojectworkontime,withinbudgeted
costsandspecifiedtechnicalperformance
standards.
•ConstructionManagementmaybedefinedas
themanagementinwhichgroupofpeopleof
differentcategoriesworkstogether,toexecute
theprojecteconomicallywithoutaffectingthe
qualityinawellplannedandorganisedmanner.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 28

29. ScopeofConstructionManagement
•Planningandestimating
•Executionofworks
•Financialmanagement
•Materialmanagement
•Equipmentmanagement
•Labourmanagement
•Sitelayout
•EquipmentsandMaterialsplantlocation
•Labourrelationships
•Industrialpsychologyforsmoothflowofwork
Prof. Ashish Makwana 29

30. NeedofConstructionManagement
•Co-ordinationbetweendifferentagencies
•EconomyinConstruction
•Developmentofmanagementandmachinery
•SpeedofConstruction
•QualityControlofmaterialsandworkmanship
Prof. Ashish Makwana 30

31. ObjectivesofConstructionManagement
•Completingtheworkwithinestimatedbudget.
•Completingtheworkwithinspecifiedtime.
•TheQualityandworkmanshipshouldbebetter.
•Theworkshouldbeexecutedasperspecification.
•Providingsafeandsatisfactoryworkingconditions
forallpersonnelandworkers.
•Takingsounddecisionsatthelowestpractical
managementlevelthroughdelegationofauthority.
•Motivatingpeopletogivetheirbestwithintheir
capacities.
•Creatinganorganisationthatworksasateam.
•Achievingeconomyintheconstruction.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 31

32. Phases/FunctionsofConstructionManagement
•PlanningandScheduling
•Organising
•Staffing
•Directing
•Controlling
•Co-ordinating
•Communication
Prof. Ashish Makwana 32

33. Planning-Planninginvolvesformulationofanumber
ofalternativeofrealisticworkplansforachieving
specifiedobjectivesandfinallyselectingaplanwhichis
bestsuitedfromthestandpointofavailableresources
andconstraintsimposedupontheproject.
•Planningistheadministrativeprocesswhich
translatesthepolicyintoamethodofachievingthe
objectives.
•Howaprojectwillbecarriedout?
•Whatmaterialswillbeused?
•Whatequipmentandmachinerieswillbeutilized?
•Whatmenandstaffwillbeemployed?
‘What to do?’ and ‘How to do?’
Prof. Ashish Makwana 33

34. Scheduling-Schedulingisthefittingofthefinalwork
plantoatimescale.Itshowsthedurationandorderof
variousconstructionactivities.
‘When to do?’
•Timeplan
•Resourcesplan
•Planforcontrollingproject
•Scheduleofdesignanddrawingpreparation
•Workquantities
•Progressofworkplanned
•Resourceallocations
•Budgetcosts
Prof. Ashish Makwana 34

35. Organising–Organisingisconcernedwithdivisionof
thetotalconstructionworkintomanageablesections
andsystematicallyarrangingvariousoperationsby
delegatingspecifictaskstoindividuals.
Staffing–Organisinginvolvethedivisionoftheproject
workintosectionsandstaffingistheprovisionof
peopletofillthepositionssocreated.
•Staffingfunctions-Recruitingtherightpeople,
Arrangingstafftrainingcourses,Carryingoutproper
staffassessment
Prof. Ashish Makwana 35

36. Directing–Thedirectingfunctionisconcernedwith
trainingsub-ordinatestocarryoutassignedtasks,
supervisingtheirworkandguidingtheirefforts.
•Theessenceofdirectingliesintheabilityto
motivatepeopleindividuallyandasgroupstoutilize
theircreativeeffortsinachievingspecified
objectives.
Controlling–Controllingisnecessaryforensuring
effectiveandefficientworking.
•Itinvolvesaconstantreviewoftheworkplanto
checkonactualachievementsandtodiscoverand
rectifydeviationsthroughappropriatecorrective
measures.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 36

37. Co-ordinating–Thisisaprocesswheretheframework
oftheorganizationismadetooperatesmoothlywith
theflowofinformation,decisionsandresultsinevery
direction.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 37

38. Importance of Planning, Scheduling and
Controlling projects
Prof. Ashish Makwana 38

39. Planning
•Planningaimsatformulationofatimebasedplanof
actionforco-ordinatingvariousactivitiesand
resourcestoachievespecifiedobjectives.
•Planningistheprocessofdevelopingtheproject
plan.
Benefits(Planning)
•Projectplanclearlydefinesproject’sscopeofwork.
•Projectplanaidsthemanagementinperformingits
functionsefficientlyandeffectively.
•Projectplanidentifiescriticalactivities.
•Projectplanprovidestheyard-stickformeasuring
progressandevaluatingresourcesperformance.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 39

40. Benefits(Planning)…
•Aprojectplanmaintainscontinuityofwork,specially
whenprojectorganisationistemporaryandits
staffingistransientinnature.
•Projectplansprovidethebasisofcoordinatingthe
effortsofclients,consultants,architects,designers,
quantitysurveyors,suppliers,contractorsandthe
projectstaff.
•Projectplancreateshealthyenvironment.
•Itcommitsindividualstotasksandmotivatesthem
toachievechallengingtargets.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 40

41. Benefits(Scheduling)
•Schedulesimplifyaprojectplan.
•Schedulevalidatestimeobjectives.
•Scheduleaidsintheoptimizationofresources
employed.
•Scheduleenablesforecastingofinputresourceslike
man,materialsandmachinery.
•Schedulebringsoutimplicationsoftimeand
resourcesconstraints.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 41

42. Benefits(Controlling)
•Thecontrolsystemaidsthemanagementatvarious
levelstoperformitsfunctionsefficientlyand
effectivelyforachievingtheoverallprojectobjectives.
Benefits(AteachlevelofmanagementforControlling)
(a)Operationalcontrolatsupervisorylevel
(b)Administrativecontrolatmanageriallevel
(c)DirectionalControlatGeneralManager(GM)/
ProjectManager(PM)level
(d)Strategiccontrolatcorporatelevel
Prof. Ashish Makwana 42

43. Benefits(Ateachlevelofmanagement for
Controlling)…
(a)Operationalcontrolatsupervisorylevel
•Minimizingunproductivemanhours
•Preventingwastageofmaterials
•Economizingplantandmachineryutilization
•Reducingactivityexecutiontime
Prof. Ashish Makwana 43

44. (b)Administrativecontrolatmanageriallevel
•Updatingtheworkquantitiesstatusanddetermining
thebalancescopeofwork
•Analyzingprojecttimestatus
•Evaluatingproductioncoststatusandforecasting
futuretrends
•Calculatingincomestatusandforecastingcash
inflows
•Computingbudgetstatusandforecastingcashinflows
Prof. Ashish Makwana 44

45. (c)DirectionalControlatGeneralManager(GM)/
ProjectManager(PM)level
•Analyzingprojecttime–costbehaviourandmaking
decisionsontimesavingwhenrequired
•Reviewingprojectcostandprofitability,andmaking
profitabilityimprovementdecisions
•Auditingmanagement’sperformance
(d)Strategiccontrolatcorporatelevel
•Determiningoverallprofitability
•Budgetingandallocatingfundsandresources
•Updatingthecompany’splanningnormsandunit
ratesforsecuringfutureworks
Prof. Ashish Makwana 45

46. ConstructionProjectCategories
•Buildingconstruction
•Infrastructureconstruction
•Industrialconstruction
•Special–purposeprojects
Prof. Ashish Makwana 46

47. Buildingconstruction
•Residentialbuildings
•Commercialbuildings
•Educationalbuildings
•Recreationalbuildings
•Hospitalsandhotels
•Warehouseandmarketingfacilities
Prof. Ashish Makwana 47

48. Infrastructureconstruction
•Highwaysandexpressways
•Damsandcanals
•Airports
•Railways
•Bridges
•Oil/gaspipelines
•Largewatersupplyandseweragenetworks
•Docksandharbours
•Nuclearandthermalpowerplants
Prof. Ashish Makwana 48

49. Industrialconstruction
•Constructionofsteelplants
•Petroleumrefineries
•ChemicalandFertilizerplants
•Consumergoodsfactories
•Automobileandaircraftindustry
Prof. Ashish Makwana 49

50. Special–purposeprojects
•Environmentalworks
•Emergencies
•Remedialworks
•Installationandcommissioningofequipment
Classificationofprojectsbasedoncompletiontime
•Largedurationprojects(over10years)
•Mediumdurationprojects(3to10years)
•Shortdurationprojects(fewmonthsto3years)
•Specialshorttermprojects(lessthan1year)
Prof. Ashish Makwana 50

51. Classificationofprojectsbasedonprojectvalue
•Megavalueprojects(sayover$1000million)
•Largevalueprojects($100millionto$1000million)
•Mediumvalueprojects($10millionto$100million)
•Smallvalueprojects(lessthan$10million)
Prof. Ashish Makwana 51

52. Classificationofprojectsbasedonplantand
equipment
LightConstruction
•Residentialbuildings
•Educationalbuildings
•Recreationalbuildings
•Commercialbuildings
•Schools,hotels
•Smallbridges,watertanks
•Shoppingcenters
Prof. Ashish Makwana 52

53. Classificationofprojectsbasedonplantand
equipment…
HeavyConstruction
•Dams,barrages,tunnels
•Highways,railways,airports
•Harbours
•Multispanbridgeswithwell/pilefoundations
Prof. Ashish Makwana 53

54. ResourcesforConstructionIndustry
•Manpower
•Money
•Materials
•Machinery
Prof. Ashish Makwana 54

55. ResourcesforConstructionIndustry
•Manpower–Manpowerintheformoftechnicaland
managerialpersonnelandworkforceinvarious
tradesisessentialtocarryoutprojectactivities.
•Money–Adequatefundsshouldbeavailablefor
smoothimplementationoftheproject.
•Materials–bricks,steel,stones,timber,aggregate,
scaffolding,cement,watersupplyandsanitary
fittings,lime,petrol,oil,lubricants
•Machinery–batchingandmixingplants,Mixers,
crushers,Trucks,dumpers,tractors,Rollers,Powers,
Cranes,excavators,hoist,Pumps,generators
Prof. Ashish Makwana 55

56. StakeholdersofaConstructionProject
(ConstructionTeam)
•Owner
•Engineers/Architects
•Contractors
Prof. Ashish Makwana 56

57. Owner–Theownerinabuildingorengineeringproject
maybeanindividual,groupofindividuals,privateor
publicundertaking.
Responsibilitiesoftheowner
•Theownerissupposedtoprovidenecessarysiteon
whichtheproposedworkistobeconstructed.
•Theownershouldappointanengineer,tolookafter
thetechnicalrequirementsofthework.
•Theownershouldsupplynecessaryplansand
workingdrawingsthroughhisarchitecttothe
contractorintimesothattheworkisnot
unnecessarilydelayed.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 57

58. Responsibilitiesoftheowner…
•Theownershouldrespecttheconditionsofcontract
concerninghispowersandduties.
•Theownershouldprovidenecessaryworkfrontto
thecontractorsothatworkisnotdelayed.
•Theownershouldmakenecessaryarrangementfor
thefundsrequiredfortheconstructionofthework
sothatregularpaymentsshallbemadetothe
contractor.
•Itisdesirablethattheownershouldpassallthe
instructionstothecontractorthroughhisengineer.
•Theownershouldsupplymaterialsandissue
machinery,ifitisapartofthecontract.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 58

59. Responsibilitiesoftheowner…
•Theownershouldmakearrangementstorecordthe
measurementofitemsintimebeforetheyare
coveredupinthesubsequentexecutionofwork.
•Theownershouldnotinterferewiththeprogressof
theworkandshouldnotpasssuchinstructionswhich
willleadtotheproblemsofextraitems,liquidated
damages,etc.
•Theownershouldnotsuspendtheworktemporarily
unlessitappearstobeinhisinteresttodoso.
•Totakeoverpossessionofthecompletedworktimely
fromthecontractor.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 59

60. Engineersandarchitects
•Thisincludesstructural,mechanicaland
electricalengineers,architects,quantity
surveyors,specialistssuchasstructural
consultants,safetyandmaintenanceplanners,
soilinvestigatorsetc.
Responsibilityofengineer
•Toorganizeandsupervisetheexecutionofwork
andtoseethattheyaresuitablyand
economicallycarriedoutwithspecifiedquality
ofmaterials.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 60

61. Responsibilityofengineer…
•Itisthedutyoftheexecutiveengineerto
prepareestimateofproposedworksthroughhis
subordinatesandsubmitthesametohis
superintendingengineer.
•Theengineerisresponsibleforexplainingthe
plansandprovisionsofthespecifications.
•Theengineerisresponsibleforgivingalllines
andlevelsrequiredinconnectionwiththework.
•Itishisdutytoinvitetendersforworksvalued
withinhispower,afterobtainingadministrative
andtechnicalsanction.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 61

62. Responsibilityofengineer…
•Incertaincomplicateditems,theengineer
shouldgivethesequenceofoperationsand
shouldexplainmethodofconstructionindetail
tothecontractor.
•Itisdutyoftheengineertoprepare
specificationsfortheworkandtoseethatthese
specificationsareaccurate,properand
reasonableforthework.
•Theassistantengineerisresponsiblefortaking
detailedmeasurementofworksduringprogress
andtoenterthesameinM.B.andpreparebills
forpayment.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 62

63. Responsibilityofengineer…
•Toseethatmachinerylikelytobeusedonworks
areproperlymaintenanceandsafelyhouse.
•Tokeeptoolsandplantsinworkingconditions
andarrangetoprotectsurplusstockfrom
deterioration.
•Topreventencroachmentongovernmentlands
underhisdivision.
•Theengineerisresponsiblefortheactsofhis
assistantsorotheragenciesemployedbyhim.
•Itisalsothedutyoftheengineertoassistthe
courtoflaworthearbitratorduringthehearing
ofthedispute. Prof. Ashish Makwana 63

64. Contractor
•Thecontractormaybeanindividualundertaking
smallorbigneedtheservicesofqualified
engineers.
Responsibilitiesofthecontractor
•Thecontractorisresponsibletoprovideallthe
materials,labour,equipments,etc.required
undertheprovisionsofthecontractforthe
executionofthework.
•Thecontractorshouldcarryouttheworkasper
plansandspecificationsandasperdirections
givenbytheengineer.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 64

65. Responsibilitiesofthecontractor…
•Thecontractorshouldinformthesupervising
engineerbeforetakingupanynewitemand
beforecoveringupofanywork.
•Thecontractorshouldappointaqualified
persononsiteoftheworktowhominstructions
anddirectionscanbeimparted.
•Thecontractorisresponsibleforanydamageto
thepersonsoradjoiningpropertiesduring
executionofthework.
•Thecontractorshouldsubmitthebillsofwork
asandwhenrequired.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 65

66. Responsibilitiesofthecontractor…
•Thecontractorisresponsibletorespectallthe
prevailinglabourlawsandshouldmakeregular
paymentstohislabourersaswellastothe
subcontractors.
•Thecontractorshouldgivealltherequired
assistancetotheengineerforestablishingthe
linesandlevelsofthework.
•Thecontractorisresponsibleforarrangingfor
thepermitofthecontrolledmaterialsandfor
payingfeesandroyaltiesfortheuseofpatented
articles.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 66

67. Responsibilitiesofthecontractor…
•Thecontractorisresponsibleforthesafetyofall
thelabourersandpersonnelworkingatthesite
andshouldprovidesafetyshoes,helmetsetc.to
theworkmen.
•Tohandoverthecompletedworkinasound
condition.
•Thecontractorshouldsubmithisclaimsforextra
itemsinduetime.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 67

68. InteractionbetweenOwner,Engineerand
Contractor
1.Co-relationbetweentheOwnerandanEngineer
•Astheownerfinancestheprojectandemploysan
engineerwhoagreestoperformhisprofessional
dutieswithreasonableeffortsandskill.
•Ifanengineermakesanunfortunatemistake,in
spiteofdueskill,heisnotliableforhismistake
unlesstheownerprovesthathefailedtoperform
hisdutycarefully.
•Itisresponsibilityoftheengineertoplanthings
fortheownereconomically.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 68

69. 2.Co-relationbetweenanEngineerandContractor
•Thereismuchco-relationbetweenanengineer
andacontractorasthelatterexecutestheworkin
strictsupervisionoftheformer.
•Thecontractorhastoworkasperthedesignand
drawinginconsultationwiththeengineertoavoid
anydispute.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 69

70. Causesofdelayinconstructionproject
•Unexpectedsiteconditions
•Difficultiesinavailabilityofmaterials
•Difficultiesinavailabilityoflabours
•Weatherconditions–heavyrain
•Delayinissueofconstructiondrawings
•LackofliaisonbetweencontractorandEngineer
•Delayinclarifyingbills
•Cashflowandfinancialconstraints
•Disputebetweencontractorandowner/engineer
Prof. Ashish Makwana 70

71. EngineerandConstructionEconomy
•Toadoptsuchconstructionmethodswhichwould
resultinthelowestpracticalcostoftheproject.
•Usingassimpledesignaspossible.
•Makinguseoflocallyavailablematerials.
•Encouragingtheuseofmaterialsofcommercial
sizes.
•Makinguseofcostsavingequipmentsand
adoptingproperconstructionmethods.
•Furnishingadequatefoundationdetails,wherever
necessary.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 71

72. EngineerandConstructionEconomy…
•Usingstandardspecificationswithwhichthe
contractorisfamiliar.
•Providingsuitablechecksoncostsoflabour,
materials,equipments,supervisioncharges,etc.
•Engagingsupervisorswhohavesufficient
judgementandexperienceinconstruction.
•Providingnecessaryworkfronttothecontractor
toavoidanydelayinconstruction.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 72

73. ContractorandConstructionEconomy
•Prebiddingstudiesoftheprojectonthefollowing
aspectswilleffecteconomy.
–Topographyofthearea
–Climate
–Sourcesofmaterials
–Geology
–Availabilityoflabour
–Localservices,power,fuel,water
–Accesstothesite
–Storagefacilitiesformaterialsandequipments
Prof. Ashish Makwana 73

74. ContractorandConstructionEconomy
•Byemployingtrainedandexperiencedstaff.
•Usingalternateconstructionequipmenthaving
highercapacityandefficiencybutloweroperating
cost.
•Maintainingtheconstructionequipmentsin
properworkingconditions.
•Maintaininganatmosphereofco-operationwith
thelabourforce.
•Givingliberalincentivestothelabourforcefor
greateroutput.
•Adoptingreliablesafetymeasurestoreduce
accidents. Prof. Ashish Makwana 74

75. ContractorandConstructionEconomy…
•Holdingperiodicmeetingwithkeypersonneland
concerneddesignengineerstodiscussplans,
proceduresandresults.
•Tosatisfyhimselfwithareasonablepercentageof
profit.
•Appointingsub-contractorsforthespecialized
operations.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 75

76. THANK YOU
Prof. Ashish Makwana 76