Introduction of agriculture

Introduction of agriculture

1. WELCOME TO UNACADEMY I AM YOUR COACH DHANENDRA KUMARA QUALIFICATION - MSC-AGRICULTURE DEPT-GENETIC AND PLANT BREEDING JRF QUALIFIED UNDER 100 RANK GEST LECTURER- IGKV RAIPUR CHHATTISHGARH sesamum indicum ( Til ) Crop Researcher

2. An Introduction to Agriculture Agriculture helps to meet the basic needs of human and their civilization by providing food, clothing, shelters, medicine and recreation. Hence, agriculture is the most important enterprise in the world. It is a productive unit where the free gifts of nature namely land, light, air, temperature and rain water etc., are integrated into single primary unit indispensable for human beings. Secondary productive units namely animals including livestock, birds and insects, feed on these primary units and provide concentrated products such as meat, milk, wool, eggs, honey, silk and lac .

3. Introduction of Agriculture Agriculture is Latin word Agriculture is a backbone of our country or india economy. Agriculture is the activity of man for the production of food, fiber, fuel, furniture , fodder Agriculture is a science and arts and business of production crops and livstocks for man use and enmployment Agriculture is arts- Because- physical and mental skill of former ex- fertilizer application ,disease management . Science - many science subject involve Business – to source of income

4. Major applied subjects LIFE SCIENCE , SOCIOLOGY,RURAL SOCIOLOGY CHEMESTRY ,PHYSICS,MATH, BOTANY,ZOOLOGY, ECONOMICS,BUSINESS MANAGEMENT METROLOGY PLANT GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING BIOTECNOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY AGRO- HORTI-CULTURE ETC.

5. SOME IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY The term agriculture and related subjects are derived from the words of: 1 -Agriculture- Latin word- `ager' or ` agri ' meaning `soil' and ` cultura ' meaning 'cultivation' 2. Agronomy- Greek word- ` agros ' meaning 'field' and ` nomos ' meaning 'manage' 3 . Horticulture- Latin word- ' hortus ' meaning 'garden' and cultura ' meaning 'culture or growing' 4. Pomology - Latin -Greek word- Combination of Latin word ` ponum ' meaning 'fruit' and greek word 'logy' or 'logos meaning 'discourse, treatise, or science'.

6. 5. Olericulture - Latin word- ` oleris ' meaning 'pot herb' and english word 'culture' meaning 'cultivation' 6. Floriculture- Latin word- • 7. Extension- Latin word- 'ex' meaning 'out' and ` tensio ' meaning 'stretching' 8. Soil Science- Latin word- `catena' meaning 'chain' 9 . Soil- Latin word- `so/um' meaning "ground' 10. Monsoon - Arabic word- ` mausim ' meaning 'season' 11. Biodynamics - Greek word- `bios' meaning 'life' and 'dynamics' meaning 'energy'

7. 14. Pedology - Greek word- ` pedon ' meaning 'soil or earth' 15. Pedogogy - Greek word- 'paid' meaning 'child' and ` agogus ‘ meaning 'leader‘ Evolution of Agriculture & related terms 1 A Competitive book of Agriculture 16. Market- Latin word- ` marcatus ' meaning 'place of trade, traffic or merchandise'. 17. Evolution- Latin word- ` evolutio ' meaning 'unrolling or rolling out' 18. Enzyme - Greek word- 'en' meaning 'in' and ` zyme ' meaning 'ferment/living' 19. Credit- Latin word- 'credo' meaning 'I trust you'.

8. 20. Society- Latin word- ` societas ' which was derived from noun ` socius ' meaning 'comrade, friend,ally '. 21. Vulgarization- French word- 'vulgarize' meaning 'popularize' 22. Cell — Latin word- ` cellula ' meaning 'small compartment' 23. 'In- vivo' and 'In- vitro ' — Latin word- 'In -vivo' meaning `within the living' and 'In -vitro' meaning 'within the glass' 24. Plastid — GreA word- plastikas ' meaning 'formed or moulded ' 25. Ecology- Greek word- ' Oikos ' meaning 'house/dwelling place' and 'logos' meaning 'study'

9. 26. Entomology- Greek word- ' entomo ' meaning 'insect' means 'cut into(section)' and 'logos' meaning 'discourse' 27. Arthropoda - Greek word- ` arthros ' meaning 'segmented' and ` podu.s ' meaning 'leg' 28. Phytopathology - Greek word- ` phyton ' meaning 'plant' , `pathos' meaning 'ailments' and ` logus ' meaning `knowledge' 29. Fungicide- Latin word- 'fungus' meaning 'fungus' and ` caedo ' meaning 'to kill' 30. Meteorology- Greek word- ` Meteoro ' meaning above the earth's surface' (atmosphere) and 'logy' meaning 'indicating science'

10. Revolutions related to agriculture Green Revolution – over all crop production White Revolution – Milk production Blue Revolution – Fish production

11. Black Revolution – Petroleum Production/crude oil production Brown Revolution – Leather/Cocoa production Golden Fibre Revolution – Jute Production

12. Golden Revolution – Fruits/Overall Horticulture development/Honey Production Grey Revolution – Fertilizer Red Revolution – Meat & Tomato Production

13. Round Revolution – Potato Silver Fiber Revolution – Cotton Silver Revolution – Egg/Poultry Production Evergreen Revolution – Overall development of Agricultur

14. BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURE Crop production - It deals with the production of various crops, which includes food crops, fodder crops, fibre crops, sugar, oil seeds, etc. It includes agronomy, soil science, entomology, pathology, microbiology, etc . The aim is to have better food production and how to control the diseases. Horticulture - Branch of agriculture deals with the production of flowers, fruits, vegetables, ornamental plants, spices, condiments (includes narcotic crops-opium, etc., which has medicinal value) and beverages.

15. Agricultural Engineering - It is an important component for crop production and horticulture particularly to provide tools and implements. It is aiming to produce modified tools to facilitate proper animal husbandry and crop production tools, implements and machinery in animal production. Forestry - It deals with production of large scale cultivation of perennial trees for supplying wood, timber, rubber, etc. and also raw materials for industries

16. Animal Husbandry - The animals being produced, maintained, etc. Maintenance of various types of livestock for direct energy (work energy). Husbandry is common for both crop and animals. The objective is to get maximum output by feeding, rearing, etc. The arrangement of crops is done to get minimum requirement of light or air. This arrangement is called geometry. Husbandry is for direct and indirect energy. Fishery Science - It is for marine fish and inland fishes including shrimps and prawns.

17. A. Crop Improvement ( i ) Plant breeding and genetics ( ii) Bio-technology B. Crop Management ( i ) Agronomy ( ii) Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry ( iii) Seed technology ( iv) Agricultural Microbiology ( v) Crop-Physiology ( vi) Agricultural Engineering ( vii) Environmental Sciences ( viii) Agricultural Meteorology

18. C. Crop Protection ( i ) Agricultural Entomology ( ii) Plant Pathology ( iii) Nematology D. Social Sciences ( i ) Agricultural Extension ( ii) Agricultural Economics Allied disciplines ( i ) Agricultural Statistics ( ii) English and Tamil ( iii) Mathematics ( iv) Bio-Chemistry etc.

19. Home Science - Application and utilization of agricultural produces in a better manner. When utilization is enhanced production is also enhanced. e.g., a crop once in use in south was found that it had many uses now. On integration, all the seven branches, first three is grouped as for crop production group and next two for animal management and last two as allied agriculture branches. Broadly in practice, agriculture is grouped in four major categories as,

20. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN ANCIENT INDIA- AGRICULTURE IN CIVILIZATION ERA Excavations, legends and remote sensing tests reveal that agriculture is 10,000 years old. Women by their intrinsic insight first observed that plants come up from seeds. Agriculture began some 10,000 years ago. The successional stages in food procurement and production appear to be as follows:

21. Hunting and Gathering Domestication (of animals and plants) Root crop culture Shifting cultivation Subsistence Agriculture Commercial Agriculture

22. Shifting Cultivation A primitive form of agriculture in which people working with the crudest of tools, cut down a part of the forest, burnt the underneath growth and started new garden sites. After few years, when these plots lost their fertility or became heavily infested with weeds or soil-borne pests, they shifted to a new site. India, shifting cultivation existed in different states, with different names as jhum cultivation in Assam, podu in Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, kumari in Western Ghats, walra in south east Rajasthan, penda bewar in Madhya Pradesh and slash and burn in Bihar.

23. B. Mixed Farming It is the farming comprising of crop and animal components. Field crop-grass husbandry (same field was used both for cropping and later grazing) was common. It is a stage changing from food gathering. to food growing.

24. C.Advanced Farming Advanced farming practices includes selection of crops and varieties, seed selection, green manuring with legumes, crop rotation, use of animal and crop refuse as manures, irrigation, pasture management, rearing of milch animals, bullocks, sheep and goat for wool and meat, rearing of birds by stall feeding etc. D. Scientific Agriculture (19th Century E. Present Day Agriculture (21st Century)

25. Sustainable agriculture/eco-farming : Sustainable agriculture is one which makes of use of low cost inputs, lower amounts of chemical fertilizers: maintain soil fertility and ecological harmony (FAO, 1989). It is also known as ecological farming/natural farming or organic farming/ permaculture . Precision farming/site specific farming: The target specific use of inputs (like seeds, fertilizers, pesticides etc.) for crop production according to crop requirement on localized basis. Advantages of precision farming: • Minimized the cost of production • Maintains ecological balance • Conserve resources

26. Hydroponics: Growing of plants under 5oil less condition is called hydroponics. Solution culture is being used for raising flowers and vegetables at home.

27. Zero tillage: • Father of zero tillage Glubler B. Triplets (USA), 1950 • Primary tillage completely avoided. • Secondary tillage restricted to seedbed preparation in the row zone only. • Keeps 50-100% of residue on soil surface. • Before sowing, herbicides Paraquat , Glyphosate are used for weed control.

28. Till planting: It is the practice in zero tillage including four operations. 1 Cleaning the crop row Opening of soil for seed insertion 2-Placing of seed 3-Covering the seed These functions are accomplished in one tillage operation.

29. Minimum tillage: Can be defined as a method aimed at reducing tillage to the minimum necessary for ensuring a good seedbed, rapid germination, satisfactory crop stand and favorable growing conditions. Started in USA, because of high cost of tillage due to steep rise in oil price in 1974. Tillage operation is done only for seed bed preparation. Keep 30-50 % crop residues on soil surface. It improves soil condition due to in situ decomposition of plant residue. Weed control can be done by herbicide

30. Global warming: Surface of the earth is warmth from sun heats. Earth absorbs most of sun energy but reflects back some energy in the form of infra red radiation. Green house gases e.g. CO2(55%), Methane (25%), CFC (11%) and N 2 0 (4%). These gases are present in atmosphere. transmit the infrared radiation and reflect back to the earth. This reflected energy falls on the earth surface and keeps it warmer. This is called global warming or green house effect.

31. Year wise Development in agriculture 70 million years ago Trees evolved 40 million years ago Monkeys and apes evolved 10 million years ago Dogs were domesticated in Iraq 8700 B.C. Sheeps were domesticated in Iraq 7700 B.C. Goats were domesticated in Iraq 7500 B.C. Invention of polished stone implements, cultivation of crops like wheat and barley in middle east. 6000 B.C. Cattle and pigs where domesticated in middle east 4400 B.C. Maize was cultivated in Mexico 3500 B.C. Potato was grown in south America

32. 2900 B.C. Plough was used in middle east 2700 B.C. Silk moth was domesticated in China 2300 B.C. Poultry, buffalo and elephant were domesticated in Indus valley. 2200 B.C. Rice cultivation started in India 1800 B.C. Ragi cultivation started in Karnataka (India) 1780 B.C. Kulthi ( Dolichus biflorus ) was cultivated in Karnataka 1725 B.C. Jowar (Sorghum) cultivation started in Rajasthan

33. 1500 B.C. Pulses (Green and Black gram) were cultivated in Madhya Pradesh Cultivation of Barley and Sugarcane started in India. Irrigation from wells started. 1000–1600 B.C. Iron ploughs were in use 15 century A.D. Cultivation of sweet orange, sour orange, wild brinjal , pomegranate was there 16 century A.D. Introduction of crops like potato, sweet potato, cassava, tomato, chillies , pumpkin, papaya, pineapple, guava, custard apple, groundnut, cashew nut, tobacco, American cotton, rubber was done into India by Portuguese

34. Development of scientific agriculture in world 1 . Francis Bacon (1561–1624 A.D.) : Found the water as nutrient of plants 2 . G.R. Glanber (1604–1668 A.D.) : Salt peter (KNO3) as nutrient and not water 3. Jethrotull (1674–1741 A.Daz .) : Fine soil particle as plant nutrient 4. Priestly (1730–1799 A.D.) : Discovered the oxygen 5 . Francis Home (1775 A.D.) : Water, air, salts, fire and oil from the plant nutrients 6 . Charles and Francis (1780 A.D.) : Isolated and characterized Indole -3- Acetic Acid (IAA) 7. Thomas Jefferson (1793 A.D.) : Developed the mould board plough. 8 . Theodore-de-Saussure : Found that plants absorb CO2 from air and release O2; soil supply N2 and ash to plants

35. History of Agriculture in India 1947 CTRI at Rajmundry (Tobacco)/Food Policy Committee 1949 CPRI at Patna 1956 CPRI shifted to Simla 1950 IARI established at New Delhi 1951 Fertilizer factory at Bihar 1952 IISR at Lucknow (sugarcane) 1955 NDRI at Karnal (Dairy) 1956 PIRRCOM Project for intensification of regional research on cotton, oil seeds and millets. (Central Cotton Research Institute–Regional Centre) 1959 CAZRI at Jodhpur (Rajasthan) (Arid zone) 1960 IADP (Intensive Agriculture District Programme )

36. 1960 IRRI, Philippines 1962 IGFRI at Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh; G.B. Pant Nagar Agricultural University and Technology at Pant Nagar 1963 CTCRI, Trivandrum (Tuber crops)/National Seed Corporation (NSC) 1965 IAAP (Intensive Agriculture Area Programme ) 1966 HYVP at Bangalore (Horticulture) 1969 CSSRI (Central Soil Salinity Research Institute) at Karnal (Haryana) 1970 CPCRI at Kasargod (Kerala) (Plantation crops)/Drought Prone 1971 TNAU (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University) at Coimbatore) and All India Co- ordinated Project for Dry land Agriculture

37. Important years related to agriculture: 2004: International Year of Rice (OBC, Bank -08) 2005: International Year of Physics 2006: International Year of Desert and Desertification 2007: International Year of Water 2008: International Year of Potato 2009: International Year of Fiber 2010: International Year of Biodiversity 2011: International Year of Forest, and : International Year of Chemistry 2012: International Year of Co-operative 2012: Year of Horticultural (declared by Ministry of Ag. & Food Processing, Govt. of India).

38. Contribution of Agriculture Experts : I. Dr. M. S. Swaminathan : Wheat breeder Father of Green Revolution in India, Ex. Member of Planning Commission World Food Prize (1987) given by FAO Was honored as a 'Millennium prize' by former Prime Minister A. B. Vajpai in 88th National Science Congress held on 3-7 Jan, 2001 at IARI, New Delhi. Ex. President of National Commission on Farmers of India. The book entitled" Wheat Revolution" Written by him.

39. 2. Dr. N. E. Borlaug: • Father of 'Green Revolution' in World • He was American wheat scientist (Plant Pathologist) • Awarded Noble Peace Prize in 1970. 3. Verges Kurien : • Father of White Revolution in India • Ex. Chairman of NDDB, Anand (Gujarat) • Brain behind the scheme 'Operation Flood' (1970-1996) • Magsaysay Award, in 1963. • Got 'World Food Prize' in 1989.

40. 4. S. K. Vashal : • Maize breeder working at CIMMYT. • Awarded" World Food Prize" in the year 2000 for research on QPM (maize rich in amino acids tryptophan and lysine along with Dr. E. Villegas.

41. 5. Dr. K. L. Chadda: Pomologist Father of 'Golden Revolution' in India. 6. Dr. R. S. Paroda : Forage Breeder Ex. D.G. of 1CAR 7. Amrita Patel: Chairperson of NDDB, Anand

42. 8. Sanjay Raja Ram: International wheat breeder. Awarded "Chinas Friendship Mandel "in 2001. 9. Dr. G. S. Khush: Rice breeder. 'Wolf Prize' for agriculture, 2000 for his extra ordinary contribution to plant breeding and genetics especially in rice.

43. Crop Improve Achievements A. Genetically Modified Crops – The crops in which one or many of its traits are altered or enhanced through a process of genetic engineering known as GM crops i.e. Bt. Cotton developed against cotton boll Worms. Bacillus thuringensis is a soil bacterium that produces proteins lethal to insect larvae affecting the digestive system of boll worms The gene responsible for this effect is Cry- lAc .

44. GM cotton is only crop permitted by Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) under Ministry of Environment and Forestry first permitted on March, 2002. •Bt . Cotton varieties developed by Mahyco : MECH-12, MECH-162, MFCH-184 for Southern States and RCH-134, RCH-138 suitable for Northern India. • Mahyco collaborated with Monsanto to developed Bt. Variety Bollgourd-1, using Cry -I Ac gene. •Recently Bt. Variety developed as Bollgourd-ll , having both genes of Cry I Ac and Cry 2 Ab gene.

45. Important question 1-First transgenic crop was: Bt. Tobacco ( 1987) 2- Country having first position for transgenic plants is : USA 3- Rank of India for transgenic plants is: Fourth 4-The position of transgenic plants in world (in area): 5-Soyabean (> 60 %) > Maize > Cotton > Canola. 6-Mostly GM traits are used as herbicides resistant traits followed by quality improvements and insecticides resistant traits.

46. B . Genetically modified mustard: These are glyphosate resistance mustard developed by Pro- I. Agro Seed Company Ltd. (an ancillary Company of Bayer ; Crop Science, Germany ). • Project on Indian mustard oil with higher B -carotene is Initiated by: TERI (Tata Energy Research Institute ). Varieties developed of Bras,s.ica juncea at "{ ER! unnat and TERI- uttam . C. Golden Rice: (RPSC, AO Exam - 2012)- It is genetically modified rice. Having a -carotene (precursor of Vit -A) rich rice . D.Super Rice: Developed by Dr. Gurdev Singh Khush at IRRI, which would bring an improvement of 25% of over present day varieties .

47. E . Hybrid Rice: • FIRST time in World developed in China in 1974 by Prof. Long Ping Yuan, hence known as 'Father of Hybrid Rice'. • India is second to developed hybrid after China i.e. MGR- 1(earlier named as CoRH-1) developed first by TNAU, Coiinbatore and PRH-1 & P14II-6 developed by IARI. F. Hybrid Mustard : Developed by DRMR (Directorate of Rapeseed and Mustard Research ), Bharatpur (Rajasthan) • Varieties developed by DRMR are: NRC-HB-506 ( first hybrid mustard in India ). Other is: NRC-HB-1

48. G. Super Wheat: • The research on super wheat is in progress at DWR, Karnal • It was expected to come by 2005, yield increase 15-20 per cent 11 . Green Revolution: • The term G.R. coined by William S. Gaud in 1968 of USAID ; to describe the productivity based improvement in food production particularly in wheat and rice. Main components in green revolution are High yielding varieties, use of chemical fertilizers and plant protection chemicals.

49. ICAR at Glance ICAR : Established: 16 July 1929 -16 July is also known as ICAR day . It is an autonomous organisation under the Department of agriculture research and education (DARE ). Headquarter: New Delhi Union Minister of Agriculture and Farmer welfare is the ex-office President of the ICAR society (President- Radha Mohan Singh).  Secretary, Department of Agricultural Research & Education Ministry of Agriculture, Govt , of India & Director General, ICAR-the Principal Executive Officer of the Council. (Present DG – Dr. T. Mahapatra )  Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board, Chairman (acting)-Dr. A K Srivastava  Directorates /Project Directorates -13 National Bureaux-6 [New- NBAII, Bengaluru and NBAIM, Mau (UP)]  Deemed Universities-4  State Agriculture Universities- 64  Central Agricultural Universities-3 ( Imphal , Jhansi and Bihar)

50. National Research Centers (NRCs) 15 ( Newly added: National Research Centre on Integrated Farming (ICAR-NRCIF), Motihar )  AICRPs- 59  Institutions- 64  Network projects-19  Chairman of National Commission for Farmers- Dr. M.S. Swaminathan  ATARI (Agricultural Technology Application Research Institutes) – 8  KVKS- 692  The Council launched a new initiative “ Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay Unnat Krishi Shiksha Yojana ” for training of farmers in organic farming and sustainable farming.

51. Milestone:  1996: Establishment of National Gene Bank at New Delhi.  Initiation of the first All-India Co- ordinated Research Project on Maize in 1957  Status of Deemed University accorded to Indian Agricultural Research Institute in 1958  First State Agricultural University on land grant pattern at Pantnagar established in 1960.  Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE ) established in 1973.  First Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) at Puducherry ( Pondicherry) was established in 1974 under TNAU. (Number of total KVK : 695) In 2006 Launching of National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP)  ICAR scientists were the first in the world to sequence the pigeon pea genome . In 2006 Launching of National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP)  ICAR scientists were the first in the world to sequence the pigeon pea genome.