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1. INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS ELIZABETH C. BARRERA Instructor Hello Language

2. CHAPTER 1: FOUNDATIONS ON THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE

3. DEFINITION OF LANGUAGE AND VIEWS Lesson 1 SECTION INTRODUCTION

4. Language is used as linguistic communication, speech communication, cognitive ability, and culture-based. LANGUAGE DEFINED TEMPLATE WORDARTS

5. VERBAL COMMUNICATION As speech communication, language is about the production and reception of sounds. Through the use of the speech organs, humans are capable of transferring information, even in the shortest amount of time.

6. VERBAL COMMUNICATION Sounds are transported through the air in wavelength. The sound is received, translated, and interpreted by the brain. Language indeed is a remarkable means to communicate. It is innate to humans

7. WORDS LANGUAGE Language as a cognitive ability is professed as an instrument of thinking, where language mirrors the mind. Although all humans are equipped with the same configuration of the speech organs, not all people are as eloquent, or as good at playing with their words and using a particular language. MENTAL PROCESS

8. MENTAL PROCESS All people have certain native tongues, but not all people communicate the same. All people learn a language at some point, but not all people use language the same way. This is attributed to how each of the human brains functions similarly but works differently.

9. LINGUISTIC COMMUNICATION Language, as linguistic communication, is perceived as sets of signs and a system of symbols grounded on pure arbitrary concords.

10. LINGUISTIC COMMUNICATION Although the organization of language varies from speakers to speakers of different languages, there is a generic set-up that sounds form into words, as words make up phrases, clauses, and series of indefinite, and meaningful sentences. The configuration of language is complex yet methodical.

11. Language is a means of communicating the culture of a particular community or members of society. A particular expression could be acceptable to a specific community of people but not to others whose practices are formed from different orientations. NUMBERS NUMBERS CULTURE-SHAPED

12. In studying a particular culture, one needs to look into their beliefs, practices, and values. Looking at what is acceptable for people and what they approve of is a good way to interpret their orientations. They always express them through language, thus, language is intertwined with culture. CULTURE-SHAPED

13. Several groups of linguists view language as follows: LANGUAGE VIEWED TEMPLATE WORDARTS

14. STRUCTURALISTS The structuralists believe that language is a structured system of components, an idea with a specific framework. For them, language, as a system, possesses a structure that governs the aspects of every element of a whole.

15. STRUCTURALISTS A structuralist teacher provides drills and activities where students are required to analyze the patterns of sounds, the configurations of word formations, the arrangement of the words in the sentences. Structuralist teachers focus on the students' mastery of the codes and system of language.

16. Language for the transformationalists is a generative and creative process. Language pervades creativity since it is more abstract and has more reflective elements. TRANSFORMATIONALISTS

17. They maintain the sight of language as an actual knowledge and use, that language is internalized when language atmosphere is provided. Transformationalists see language creativity as competence and transformation. TRANSFORMATIONALISTS

18. A transformationalist teacher allows students to use the language in a creative way by using their innate multiple intelligences to be creative and at the same time utilize language. Some may ask the students to role-play a situation or create a game using language or design a pop-art and explain their designs. TRANSFORMATIONALISTS

19. The functionalists view language as an instrument for communication and a vehicle for expression. They argue that structures can be best analyzed when referred to the functions they carry-out in a communicative context. They believe that language is acquired, produced, used, and structured for interactions. NUMBERS NUMBERS FUNCTIONALISTS

20. A functionalist language teacher provides authentic tasks that will allow her/ his students to use the language and attain the function of the interaction. Using the language of the members of the community, such as the students, the students are allowed to express their emotions, persuade people, ask, and give information. NUMBERS NUMBERS FUNCTIONALISTS

21. INTERACTIONISTS Interactionists view language as a product of a human desire to communicate with another and acquire the language which one desires to learn. The interactionists believe that human genetics provides an individual the capability to produce language and his/her social interactions make him/her master the language.

22. INTERACTIONISTS This means that an interactionist teacher, who targets the mastery of his or her students in a second language, will allow his/her students to communicate and interact with each other to practice the use of the target language.

23. EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING QUOTES JEROME BRUNER “We are storytelling creatures, and as children we acquire language to tell those stories that we have inside us.” CHARLES SANDERS PIERCE “The agility of the tongue is shown in its insisting that the world depends on it.” LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN “Language disguises thoughts.”

24. SECTION LANGUAGE NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE Lesson 2

25. THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE LEARNED RELATED TO THE CULTURE OF SOCIETY SPECIES-SPECIFIC, UNIFORMED AND UNIQUE TO HUMANS SYSTEM VOCAL SKILL SUBJECT MEANS FOR COMMUNICATION ARBITRARY

26. LANGUAGE AS SOMETHING LEARNT Language is something that is learned through exposure and practice Although the language is genetically programmed in our brain to make distinctions of the different sounds, things, activities, and notions, language acquisition is produced through active learning and repetitive interactions (Perry, 2020). Language learning, therefore, is behavioral, imitative, and learned through effort.

27. LANGUAGE AS SOMETHING LEARNT As soon as we get acquainted with a particular language and become interested in its system and structures, then we can master its use This means that human beings are capable of learning as many languages as they can when interested.

28. LANGUAGE AS RELATED TO THE CULTURE OF SOCIETY At birth, we are socialized into our various linguistic identities. Because of that social configuration, we speak the same language as the people we belong to. Since people of a particular community or group have one language, most of the time, they understand each other, they share the same sentiments and they form a culture, a society of similar interest.

29. LANGUAGE AS RELATED TO THE CULTURE OF SOCIETY This is how language works. Language influences culture the values, the practices, and the interests of people. Similarly, culture influences language. This is the reason why the longer you watch Kdrama and get very familiar with their verbal and non-verbal cues you tend to get Koreanized , or when you watch Hollywood films, you become westernized, too. This is the influence of language in shaping culture and society.

30. “Language is human.” – Edward Sapir The ability to use and respond to language is genetically inherited by humans. It is species-uniformed since only human beings are capable of acquiring language, set in the right environment. All animals communicate, however, language is an important tool for human communication, hence, it is tough to think of a society without language. LANGUAGE IS SPECIES-SPECIFIC, UNIFORMED AND UNIQUE TO HUMAN

31. Learning a language is similar to learning mathematics. It needs analysis. This is in reference to the fact that language is a system of systems. It is a system of sounds and symbols. There are phonological and grammatical systems in all languages. A careful analysis of these systems would lead you to the proficient use of a particular language. LANGUAGE AS A SYSTEM

32. Language is also a system of non-verbal signs purely based on arbitrary conventions. When speakers or writers desire to communicate they convey their message across in non-verbal signs such as gestures, facial expressions, body movements, and written communication. The receiver of the message who shares the common codes interprets and arrives at the intended meaning. LANGUAGE AS A SYSTEM

33. Language is oral. Speech is primary, writing is secondary, Speech is the fundamental expression of language. A language without speech is unimaginable. Language is spoken first before written. This will be traced back to how language evolved from the sounds produced by the primitive days when men used to hoot or grunt to communicate. The vocal sounds produced by the articulatory device of the human body primarily makes up language. LANGUAGE AS VOCAL

34. Through generations, language has been passed on verbally and eventually in written form. Writing preserves language. When you were a child, you learned to speak it first before you learned to write it. Most probably during our lifetime, we speak more than write. As a whole, the sum of the considerable amount of speech produced is way larger than that of the written works. LANGUAGE AS VOCAL

35. Learning a language is acquiring skills. The macro skills listening and viewing. speaking, reading, and writing are categorized into receptive and expressive language skills. LANGUAGE AS SKILL SUBJECT

36. Language mastery is acquired by learning the skills through constant practice and exposure. In formal setting, language is part of the curriculum, the ultimate goal of which is usage in both verbal and non-verbal communication. LANGUAGE AS SKILL SUBJECT

37. To maximize the language skills acquisition, a language teacher has to devise curricular tasks that will allow the students to be exposed to the language and use it themselves. LANGUAGE AS SKILL SUBJECT

38. Communication is branded as a process of conveying and exchanging messages from person to person using a medium, mostly done for the society to function cohesively. It is a basic human necessity. LANGUAGE AS A MEANS OF COMMUNICATION

39. Language, similarly, is the greatest form of intelligent interaction for the gifted individuals of the universe humans. Communication and language are mutually linked since the beginning of time. Now that people are living in an organized global community, interaction has become progressively possible. LANGUAGE AS A MEANS OF COMMUNICATION

40. We are born with no name, but once christened, a name is assigned to us, which makes up our identity. The same principle is applied when it comes to language. Language is arbitrary in the sense that language meanings existed as they are. LANGUAGE AS ARBITRARY

41. Language is a structure of conventional symbols. Each symbol embodies a stretch of sounds with which a sense could be associated. If language was not randomly created, there could only be one language in the entire world, fixed and unchanging. LANGUAGE AS ARBITRARY

42. CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE CONVENTIONAL & NON-INSTINCTIVE PRODUCTIVITY AND CREATIVITY DUALITY DISPLACEMENT HUMANNESS UNIVERSALITY

43. CONVENTIONAL AND NON-INSTINCTIVE Just like any other conventional practices naturally acquired, language is non- instinctive and conventional. Language is brought about by evolution and strengthened with convention. It is a silent pact that each generation transmits to the next. Like all human institutions, language flourishes and perishes, it expands and transforms.

44. CONVENTIONAL AND NON-INSTINCTIVE It adapts with the change of time. Every language is a convention in the community, a product of a cooperative mind. People communicate spontaneously and patterns of communication are not planned.

45. CONVENTIONAL AND NON-INSTINCTIVE Language is non-instinctive since none is born with the spontaneity to speak any language. It is learned through interaction and socialization. Language is not biologically automated but culturally determined. A word does not make sense unless it is collectively understood by the users.

46. PRODUCTIVITY AND CREATIVITY As the needs of the people change, language evolves as a means of adapting to the demands of the people who use it. Old English has a distinct feature compared to modem English, in the same way, that the language of the Millennial is different from the language of the alpha generation.

47. PRODUCTIVITY AND CREATIVITY The structural features of human language can be fixed to create new expressions, which are understood by both speakers and listeners. Man uses concurrent linguistics to produce complete novel ideas and expressions. This makes language productive and creative

48. DUALITY Human language comprises of two sub-systems: the sound system and the meaning system. Predetermined sound combinations create units of meaning. Different combinations of sounds produce syntactic categories, units, and constituents that create more sophisticated and meaningful utterances.

49. DUALITY Language duality is what gives language expressive power since meaningless sounds are combined according to rules to form meaningful words ( Luden , 2016.

50. DISPLACEMENT Unlike animal communication that is context-bound, human language is context free. Human beings are capable of narrating events and situations without actually living them at the moment. For human language, a stimulus is not directly induced, objects may not necessarily be tangibly present at the place and time of speaking. This is called displacement.

51. DISPLACEMENT The property of displacement explains why humans are capable of recalling stories that happened or even creating stories that may not be realistically possible, such as fiction.

52. HUMANNESS Language is innate to human beings. No species other than humans are gifted with language. Humans are endowed with physical attributes for them to acquire language. Language has complex structures of sounds and meanings, which animals could not comprehend.

53. HUMANNESS Although animals could communicate with each other, it is limited to signs and sounds. A bee could determine the distance and sources of honey by instinct or a dog can bark when he is excited or angry. Yet these messages are limited. Humans could clearly distinguish concrete identifiable symbols through the use of language, however, animal communication is often non-discrete.

54. UNIVERSALITY Although each language has a unique style of functions in terms of sounds, vocabulary and structures, language is equal in all the parts of the universe.

55. UNIVERSALITY A linguistic universal is a systematic occurrence of the linguistic patterns across national languages. All languages have nouns, although the structural arrangement may vary in the same way that all languages have vowels and consonants.

56. UNIVERSALITY Linguists identified two universals: the absolute, where all elements apply to every known language, and the implicational, where only particular features apply to different languages.