Introduction of Secondary metabolities (Volatile oil, Resin).pptx

PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)�Unit-IVPart-3INTRODUCTION OF SECONDARYMETABOLITE�(Volatile oil, Resin)
Volatile OIl: Occurrence & Distribution Properties of Volatile oil
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Classification Of volatile oil
Based on the functional group present Identification test
Resin: Distribution
Uses Properties of resin
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Classification of resins
On the basis of their formation:
Physiological Resin:
Pathological resin
Chemical classification of resins according to their functional groups given below:
Resin acids Glucoresins
Resin esters Resenes
Resin alcohols
Resin phenols
Glucoresins
Resenes Identification test of resin

1. PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T) Unit-IV Part-3 INTRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITE (Volatile oil, Resin) Name: Mrs. Pooja Deepak Bhandare Assistant Professor Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy Besa Nagpur

2. Volatile Oil Odorous Volatile principle of plant & Animal source. At ordinary temperature evaporate (whom exposed to oil) → Ethereal oil Represent essence of active constituent → Essential oil Plant containing essential oil/aromatic oil → Aromatic plant Chief constituent of volatile oil → derived of terpenes (mainly Monoterpenes & Sesquiterpenes) & their oxygenated products (Terpenoids) Terpenoid odour responsible for odour & flavour

3. Occurrence & Distribution : Special secretary part/ tissue (entire or any part). Examples → Trichomes- Mint stem& leaves, oil duct/cell →Umbelliferous fruits. Mentha →Eucalyptus leaves, Rind →orange, lemon. Heart wood → sandal wood, Petal → Rose. Pharmaceutical Application: → Flavouring & Performing → Antisep tic (Eucalyptus) → Insect repellent (Citronella → Carminative →Counter irritant (oil of winger green) →Sedative ( Jatamansi )

4. Properties of Volatile oil Physical Properties Volatile in nature Produce characteristic odour and flavour. Solubility- Immiscible with water Fairly soluble- Alcohol Freely soluble- Ether, Chloroform etc Lighter than water (Density lower than water) Exception- Clove oil (heavier) Mostly colourless liquid Chemical Properties Chemical derived from terpene (mainly monoterpene & Sesquiterpene & their oxygenated derivatives- Terpenoids) Terpene made up Isoprene unit (C5H8) Open chain or cyclic unsaturated compound, have one or more double bond. Thermal decomposition →Isoprene as one of product Have olefinic bond easily oxidised by all oxidising agent Terpenoids undergo additional reaction with hydrogen & halogen acid

5. Classification Of volatile oil On the basis of the functional group present

6. Identification Natural drug containing volatile oil can be tested by Thin section of drug + Alcoholic solution of Sudan III develop red colour obtained by the Globules indicate the presence of Volatile oil Thin section of drug + Few drops of tincture alkana → Re colour indicate presence of volatile oil Volatile oil produce → temporary stain when smeared on paper → stain disappear after some time Specific Chemical test for volatile oil. Camphor – Powder natural camphor + vanillin & H 2 SO 4 solution[1:100] → Yellow change to red violet & finally blue. Pappermint oil- Few drop + HNO3{in glacial acetic acid ] → Heat on water bath → Blue color → copper color fluorescence 5 min

7. Resin Resin are solid/semisolid amorphous product of complex chemical nature containing large number of carbon atoms. Natural source – mostly plant [ whole /plant specific part or exudes by plant as a result of injury /incision Examples –Asafoetida, Benzoin , Ginger , Podophyllum ,capsicum etc. Rarely animal examples Shellac or Lac , Fossils Examples –Copal Chemical nature –Mixture of essential oil, oxygenated products of terpenes & carboxylic acid [complex mixture of hydrocarbon acids , alcohol, ester]

8. Distribution – Generally spermatophyta [seed plant ] rare pteridophyte End product of metabolism [higher plants] Occurrence – Secreted in specialized structure [internally or surface of different part of plant ] Resin Cell - Ginger ,glandular hair –cannabis Schizogenous or schizolysogenous duct or cavities-Pine wood Uses Flavouring agent Carminatives- Ginger , Asafoetida Stimulant /Diuretics- Colophony Anticancer- Podophyllum Cathartic- Jalap , Ipomoea Antiseptic Anti-inflammatory- Guggul, Turmeric

9. Properties of resin Physical Properties Transparent or Translucent in nature (semisolid) Specific gravity greater than water (Heavier than water) On heating Soft and ultimately melt (stick or adhesive fluid Amorphous rarely crystalline Resin+ Oxygen → heat burn with smoky flame Solubility-Soluble in ethanol volatile oil etc practically insoluble in water Chemical Properties Found in a mixture of various chemical compound Complex mixture of resin acid, ester, alcohol, hydrocarbon, etc Enriched with carbon derived nitrogen and contains few oxygen. Slow atmospheric oxidation → Colour darkened and impaired solubility Amorphous mixture of essential oil, oxygenated products of terpene, carboxylic acid Acid resin + Alkaline solution →Soap (Resin soap) Abitic acid colophony Chemical properties based on functional group present.

10. Classification of resins On the basis of their formation: Physiological Resin: Formed as a normal product of metabolism Example: Cannabis, Podopjhyllum , Ginger Pathological resin: Formed as result of wound , injury or abnormal cirumtances Example : Benzoin, Asafoetida , Guggle Chemical classification of resins according to their functional groups given below: Resin acids Glucoresins Resin esters Resenes Resin alcohols Resin phenols Glucoresins Resenes

11. 1. Resin acids: COOH group containing resinous substances which may or may not association with phenolic compounds. These comps are found in free state or as ester dvts . Soluble in aqueous solution of alkalies producing frothy solution. They derivatized to their metallic salts known as resinates , use in soap, paints & varnish industries. Ex. Colophony, Myrrh 2.Resin esters Esters of resin acids or other aromatic acid like benzoic, cinnamic, salicylic acid etc. Converted into free acid by treatment with caustic alkali. Ex. Benzoin, Dragon’s blood

12. 3 . Resin alcohols ( Resinols ) Complex alcoholic comps of higher molecular weight. Found as free alcohols or ester of benzoic, cinnamic acid. Insoluble in aqueous alkali solution but soluble in alcohol & ether. Ex. Benzoin – benzoresinol Storax – storesinol 4. Resin phenols ( resinotannols ) Higher molecular weight occur as free states or ester. Form phenoxides & soluble un aqueous alkali. Insoluble in H2O & soluble in alcohol & ether. Gives + ve reaction with FeCl3 Ex. Balsam of Peru – peruresinotannol Tolu balsam – toluresinotannol

13. 5. Glucoresins Resins combined with sugars by glycosylation & produce glucoresins . On hydrolysis gives glycone & aglycone. 6. Resenes Chemically inert resin products termed as resenes . Found in free state & never forms esters or other derivatives Soluble in benzene, CHCl3 & pet. Ether. Insoluble in H2O. Ex, Asafoetida – asaresene B (50%)

14. Based on association with gums &/or volatile oils given below: 1. Oleoresins : Homogenous mixture of resin with volatile oils. Ex. Ginger , Capsicum, Copaoba,Turpentine 2. Gum resins : Mixture of resins with gums. Ex. Colophony, Cannabis 3. Oleogum resin :Mixture of resin, volatile oil & gum. Ex. Myrrh, Asafoetida, Guggal Balsams: Naturally occurring resinous mixtures contains high amount of balsamic acid like benzoic, cinnamic acid & their esters. Ex. Balsam of Peru Balsam of Tolu

15. Identification test of resin 1.Benzoin: Benzoin + Ether →Shake → Extract →H2So4 (Sumatra benzoin) Deep brown colour (Sian benzoin ) Deep purple colour 2. Colophony Colophony + Acetic Anhydride →one drop of Conc H2SO4 → Purple colour rapidly change to violet colour Colophony + Light petroleum ether → Double the volume of copper acetate solution (dilute) → Petroleum layer → Emerald green colour (due to copper salt of Abitic acid) 3. Myrrh: Myrrh triturate with solvent ether →Filter →Evaporated thin film violet colour on contact with bromine water

16. Thank you!