Introduction of seed production

Introduction of seed production

1. Introduction of Seed production Introduction contains the topics 1.Definition and scope of seed and seed technology . 2.Concept of Seed Quality. 3.Categories and classes of seeds. 4.Brief history of its development in India. 5.Relevant organizations in India and abroad.

2. 30/07/2014 2 What is seed? A seed, stands for any of the following used for sowing or planting, i . Seeds of food crops including edible oil seeds and seeds of fruit and vegetables ii. Cotton seeds iii. Seeds of cattle fodder iv. Jute seeds v. Seedlings, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, roots, cuttings, all types of grafts and other vegetatively propagated material for food crops or cattle fodder.

3. 30/07/2014 3 Seed: A true seed is a reproductive unit that develops from ovules and contains an embryo sporophyte and food reserves; the food is located either in embryo itself or in some external storage tissue; it is the fertilized mature ovule. Definitions

4. 30/07/2014 4 Seed 2. A mature ovule consisting of an embryonic plant together with a store of food, all surrounded by a protective coat. 3. Any plant part used for the purpose of further propagation or multiplication.it is also termed as Propagule .

5. Concept of seed technology Difference between seed and grain is vital. The main concept is to harness the potential of embryo , the embedded living portion with in the food storage tissue. Its main work is to protect the biological entity and look after its welfare. When we deal the second component ,the food storage tissue welfare and quality than we deal the food technology

6. 30/07/2014 6 Difference between scientifically produced seed and the grain (used as seed) S. No Scientifically produced seed Grain (used as seed) 01 It is the results of well planned seed production programme. It is the part of commercial produce, saved for sowing/ planting purposes. 02 03 It is the result of sound Scientific knowledge, organized effort, investment on processing, storage and marketing facilities. The pedigree of the seed is ensured. It can be related to the initial breeders seed. No such knowledge or effort is required. Its varietal purity is unknown .

7. 30/07/2014 7 Difference between scientifically produced seed and the grain (used as seed) 4 The seed is tested for planting quality, namely, germination, purity admixture of weed seeds and other crop seeds, seed health and seed moisture content. Routine seed testing is not done 5 The seed is scientifically processed, treated and packed and labeled with proper lot identity. The grain used as seed may be manually cleaned. In some cases, prior to sowing it may also be treated. This is not labeled 6 During production effort is made to rogue out off types, diseased plants Objectionable weeds and other crop plants at appropriate stages of crop growth which ensures satisfactory seed purity and health. No such effort is made. Hence, the purity and health status may be inferior.

8. Concept of Seed quality fo'ks"krk ] xq.k ] Genetic purity (Trueness to the parent type) identical in plant agronomic and other characters. Physical purity ( Seed lot should be of same kind , free from inert matter,broken grains less than half in size, soil and dust particle,chaff etc). Seed germination and vigour .

9. Planting value (It is the real worth of seed) It is calculated by pure live seed percentage.PLS PLS= Pure seed % ⁄ 100 X Germination % / 100 X 100. Freedom from weeds and other crop seeds. Seed health (Absence of disease and pest on seed lot). Seed moisture (Seed must be dried to safe moisture content)

10. Other seed characteristics Seed size (Should be higher) Seed weight (Should be higher) Seed specific gravity (Should be higher) Seed colour (seed shine indicates seed quality and health ) SEED QUALITY : It is the degree of excellence in regard to the characteristics referred above that determines the seed quality

11. Role of Seed / Seed Technology A carrier of new technology . (112 % in cereals, 124 % in potatoes, 142 % in sugar beet reported in central Europe) A basic tool for secured food supply. A principal means to secure crop yield in less favorable areas of production. A medium for rapid rehabilitation of agriculture in case of natural disaster.

12. 30/07/2014 12 What is Seed Technology ? Seed technology is the creation and application of the knowledge on seed for its better usage in agriculture . That discipline of study having to do with seed production, maintainence , quality and preservation (Cowan 1973)

13. 30/07/2014 13 Goals/Aims of Seed Technology Rapid multiplication of popular varieties. Timely supply of improves seeds/ Propagules in time and space. Assurance of high quality seeds. Availability of seeds at a reasonable price

14. 30/07/2014 14 Scope of Seed Technology / dk;Z { ks =] volj ] Provision of scientific technique for Seed production . Provision of guidelines to maintain the seed certification standards. Adequate and timely supply of seeds on the market. Provision of technical knowledge to check the govt. statutory guidelines of seed standards.

15. 30/07/2014 15 Classes of seed/ chtks dk ntkZ Nucleus or Basic Seed / ukfHkd cht BREEDER SEED iztud cht FOUNDATION SEED/ vk / kkj cht CERTIFIED SEED

16. pj.k /Stages I of Seed production Nucleus Seed BREEDER SEED FOUNDATION SEED CERTIFIED SEED Farmers field

17. Stages II of Seed production Nucleus Seed I BREEDER SEED I FOUNDATION SEED I CERTIFIED SEED I Farmers field Nucleus Seed II BREEDER SEED II FOUNDATION SEED II CERTIFIED SEED II

18. 30/07/2014 18 Nucleus or Basic Seed Nucleus seed (or basic seed) is the original or first seed (= propagating material) of a variety available with the producing breeder or any other recognized breeder of the crop. This seed has 100% genetic and physical purity along with high standards of all other seed quality parameters.

19. 30/07/2014 19 BREEDER SEED Breeder seed is the progeny of the nucleus seed and is the source for foundation seed. Its production is directly controlled by the originating plant breeder who developed the variety, or any other institution or qualified breeder recognized by the authorities.

20. 30/07/2014 20 FOUNDATION SEED It is the progeny of breeder seed or certified Foundation Seed itself. When it is the progeny of breeder seed it is called Foundation Seed Stage I. When it is the progeny of certified foundation seed-I, it is called; Foundation Seed Stage II

21. 30/07/2014 21 CERTIFIED SEED Certified seed is the seed, which is certified by a Seed Certification Agency notified under section 8 of the Indian Seeds Act (1966) or by any other foreign certification agency provided the concerned agency is recognized by the Government of India through notification in the Official Gazette. Contd ----

22. 30/07/2014 22 CERTIFIED SEED Generally, it is known as the progeny of foundation seed and its production is so handled as to maintain specified genetic identity and purity standards as prescribed for the crop being certified.

23. Types of Certified Seed Certified Seed Certified Foundation Stage I & II Certified Seed Stage I & II

24. Seed multiplication system A. Three - Generation model   Breeder seed - Foundation seed - Certified seed B. Four - Generation model  Breeder seed - Foundation seed (I) Foundation seed (II) - Certified seed C. Five - Generation model  Breeder seed - Foundation seed (I)- Foundation seed (II) -Certified seed (I) -  Certified  seed (II)

25. 30/07/2014 25 Colour of certification tags for different classes of seeds 1. Basic or Nucleus seed: Tag is not used Certificate given by breeder 2.Breeder seed: Golden brown

26. 3.Foundation seed: White tag

27. 4.Certified seed: Blue [shade ISI No.104 Azure blue]

28. NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS NATIONAL SEED RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTRE, VARANASI (Responsible for Quality Seeds Availability , Testing & Quality Control At National Level) STATE FARMS CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD. (SFCI), (Responsible for Quality Seeds Availability by the seed production programme on various states) NATIONAL SEEDS CORPORATION LIMITED (Responsible for seed production of certified & foundation class)

29. PROTECTION OF PLANT VARIETY AND FARMER RIGHTS AUTHORITY (PPV&FR Authority ) It provide for the establishment of an effective system for protection of plant varieties, the rights of farmers and plant breeders and to encourage the development of new varieties of plants CENTRAL SEED TESTING LABORATORY (CSTL) IARI NEW DELHI C.G.  Rajya   Beej   Evam   Krishi   Vikas  Nigam (CGSSC) State seed corporation , they are responsible for seed production and distribution in the state.

30. Seed Certification Agencies, Chhattisgarh State Seed Certification Agency, Indira Gandhi Agri. University Campus, Krishak Nagar, Raipur-492006 ( C.G.) (involved in seed sertification,inspection,seed sampling etc) State Seed Testing Laboratory, Krishak Nagar, Raipur.( Role in seed testing around the state)

31. Cooperatives involved on seed Krishak Bharati Cooperative Limited (KRIBHCO) National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC) National Horticultural Research and Development Foundation (NHRDF)     Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited (IFFCO)     National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Ltd. (NAFED)

32. International organizations The International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) Objectives of the Association (a) To develop, adopt and publish standard procedures for sampling and testing seeds, and to promote uniform application of these procedures for evaluation of seeds moving in international trade.   (b) To promote research in all areas of seed science and technology, including sampling, testing, storing, processing, and distributing seeds , to encourage variety (cultivar) certification, to participate in conferences and training courses aimed at furthering these objectives, and to establish and maintain liaison with other organisations having common or related interests in seed.    

33. HISTORY OF ISTA Who we are   The International Seed Testing Association was founded in 1924 during the 4th International Seed Testing Congress held in Cambridge, United Kingdom. Currently its membership consists of 202 member laboratories, 42 personal members and 43 associate members, from 77 countries/distinct economies around the world (January 1st, 2013). 120 of the ISTA Member Laboratories are accredited by ISTA and entitled to issue  ISTA International Seed Analysis Certificates .   ISTA is independent and acts free from economic interest and political influence , it is unbiased, objective and fair. Furthermore, the hitherto unsurpassed expertise of ISTA is based on the non-profit cooperation of the international community of approximately 400 experienced, competent and energetic seed scientists and analysts. 

34. What ISTA do ?   ISTA continues its role as the developer of seed testing methods. Its major achievements and services provided to date are briefly the following:   - The ISTA International Rules for Seed Testing , guaranteeing worldwide annually updated, harmonised , uniform, seed testing methods - The ISTA Accreditation Programme including Accreditation Standard, Proficiency Testing Programme and Auditing Programme guaranteeing worldwide harmonised , uniform, seed testing - The issuing of the ISTA International Seed Lot Certificates by officially independent ISTA accredited and authorised laboratories - The promotion of research, training, publishing and information in all areas of seed science and technology and cooperation with related organisations such as ISF, OECD, UPOV and many others

35. 30/07/2014 35 AOSCA : Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies the organization of seed certification agencies of the United States and Canada. It is a global network providing seed certification and quality assurance services to the agricultural industry. AOSA : Association of Official Seed Analysts , The organization seed analysts of the United States and Canada

36. INTERNATIONAL SEED FEDERATION , ISF works to enhance the contribution of the seed industry worldwide to meeting the growing global needs for food, feed, fiber, fuel, industrial, ornamental and amenity crop applications. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) It promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world. The OECD provides a forum in which governments can work together to share experiences and seek solutions to common problems. It work with governments to understand what drives economic, social and environmental change.

37. Importance of Seed Production Multiplication of superior varieties. Availability of superior varieties to masses Maintenance of genetic purity. Supply of high quality seeds with excellent quality. Seeds have high germination status. Seeds have high vigour and viability status. Seeds have high physical purity. It maintains the excellent health status of seed