Introduction: Phonetics and Phonology.pt

Introduction to Linguistic Science

1. Phonetics & Phonology Saturday: 12-15 Room: 44 Course Facilitator: Dr Salama Embark [email protected] [email protected]

2. Course Description Reading Books Main Reference: English Phonetics & Phonology by Peter Roach 3 rd edition ( 1983-2000) Extra Readings A course in Phonetics by Peter Ladefoged. 3 rd edition (1975-1993) Perfecting your English Pronunciation by Susan Cameron (2012). Phonology Theory and Analysis by Larry M. Hyman (1975)

3. Course Outline Lecture 1: Introducing the course the Production of Speech Sounds Lecture 2: consonants & Vowels Lecture 3 : voicing & Consonants Lecture 4: The Phoneme Lecture 5: Fricatives & Affricates Lecture 6: the Syllable Lecture 7: Mid-Term Exam Lecture 8: strong & Weak Syllables Lecture 9: stress in simple and complex words Lecture 10: weak Forms Lecture 11: aspects of connected speech (phythm, Assimilation, Elisions & Linking Lecture 13: Intonation Lecture 14: Final Exam

4. Definition of Phonetics Phonetics is the science of speech sounds, which aims to provide the set of features or properties that can be used to describe and distinguish all the sounds used in human language (Peter Roach, 2000). The branch of linguistics concerned with the study of speech sounds with reference to their distribution and patterning The system of sounds of a particular language. sourceThe American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin

5. Types of Phonetics Articulatory phonetics : the study of the production of speech sounds by the articulatory and vocal tract by the speaker Acoustic phonetics : the study of the physical transmission of speech sounds from the speaker to the listener Auditory phonetics : the study of the reception and perception of speech sounds by the listener

6. Definition: Phonology Phonology is the study of the properties of sound systems, the principles that govern the ways in which speakers of different languages organize speech sounds to express meanings. Phonology is the study of the way sounds function in languages, including phonemes, syllable structure, stress , accent , intonation , and which sounds are distinctive units within a language; The way sounds function within a given language. Source: Phonology - Critical Concepts in Linguistics by Charles W. Kreidler

7. Branches of Phonology Segmental phonology :- It analyses speech into discrete segments, such as phonemes. Supra- segmental phonology :- It analyses those features which extend over more than one segment such as intonation , stress. Diachonic phonology :- It studies the patterns of sound system through the history of language. 4. Synchronic phonology :- It studies the patterns of sound regardless of the process of historical change.

8. Phonetics & phonology Phonetics is the study of sound in speech; phonology is the study (and use) of sound patterns to create meaning. Phonetics focuses on how speech is physically created and received, including study of the human vocal and auditory tracts, acoustics, and neurology. Phonology relies on phonetic information for its practice, but focuses on how patterns in both speech and non-verbal communication create meaning, and how such patterns are interpreted. Phonology includes comparative linguistic studies of how cognates, sounds, and meaning are transmitted among and between human communities and languages. Source;http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/phonetics-and-phonology-51

9. More….. Phonology is concerned with the functional properties of speech sounds Phonetics is concerned with the physical aspects of speech sounds

10. Three stages in speech chain The production of the message The transmission of the message The reception of the message Articulatory phonetics Acoustic phonetics Auditory phonetics

11. The Speech Organs Pharynx Oral Cavity Nasal Cavity Uvula Tongue (tip/blade/front/ middle/back/root) Hard Palate Soft Palate (Velum) Alveolar Ridge (teeth-ridge) Teeth (upper &lower) Lips (upper &lower) Epiglottis

12. Process of Producing Speech The air breathed in → lungs → the air pressed out → mouth cavity windpipe (trachea) → larynx → pharynx → ↘ nasal cavity

13. Voice Production organs of speech - in the mouth and throat. air pushed out from the lungs through the larynx and epiglottis vibrates the vocal cords - producing a continuous tone whose pitch can be changed by varying the shape of the larynx . Consonants - modified by the tongue and lips, are formed when air is emitted suddenly or when it is cut off firmly. Voice production occurs in the larynx During breathing the vocal cords are held apart, but as speech commences, the cartilages of the larynx are drawn together by the action of muscles and a "chink" is created. The tension of the vibrating cords, changed by the tilting of the cartilages, alters the pitch of the spoken sound. High notes are produced by the vibration of tight vocal cords and low notes are produced by vibrating loose cords.

14. Definition of Consonants &Vowels Consonants : the sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air- stream at some point of the vocal tract . Vowels : the sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.

15. Place of Articulation When describing the place of articulation, what we usually consider is the place within the vocal tract where the articulators form a stricture

16. The place of articulation Bilabial e.g. [p], [m]. Labio-dental e.g. [f]. Dental e.g.[ð] Alveolar e.g. [t] Palatal e.g..[j]. Palato-alveolar e.g. [ʃ] Velar e.g. [k]. Glottal e.g. [h] Retroflex . Uvular, Pharyngeal

17. Consonant Articulation Places Manners lips (labial) stop/plosive teeth (dental) fricative alveolar ridge (alveolar) nasal hard palate (palatal) lateral soft palate (velar) glide/approximant uvula (uvular) trill pharynx (pharngeal) tap/flap larynx/glottis (glottal)

18. Give the IPA symbol for each of the consonants described below 1) voiced bilabial plosive b 2) voiceless alveolar plosive t 3) voiceless dental fricative Ѳ 4) voiced bilabial nasal m 5) voiceless labio-dental f fricative

19. A Diagram of English Vowels

20. Types of Vowels monophthong e.g. [ u ] diphthong e.g. [ au ] [ u ə] triphthong e.g. [ au ə]

21. PHONEMIC CHART