Introduction to Abnormal Psychology PSYCH-004- .pptx

Abnormal psychology

1. Abnormal Psychology PSYCH-004 Lithmi Wijewardana Certhe - Common Law (UoL) , HND- Psych. And Criminology , BSc (Hons) Psychology

2. Question : What is considered as abnormal thoughts/behavior?

3. Abnormal Psychology Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with abnormal behavior, or the patterns of emotion, thought, and behavior that can be signs of a mental health condition. It is the study of mental disorders (also called mental illness, psychological disorders or psychopathology) – what they look like (symptoms), why they occur (etiology), how they are maintained, and what effect they have on people’s lives. Rather than the distinction between normal and abnormal, psychologists in this field focus on the level of distress that behaviors, thoughts, or emotions might cause.

4. Abnormal Behavior Actions, thoughts and feelings that are distressing or harmful Not able to function in everyday life Not only strange and unusual 20% of USA population It is not a single symptom, but a syndrome (pattern of symptoms that appear together)

5. If a behavior is creating problems in a person's life or is disruptive to other people, then this would be an "abnormal" behavior. In such cases, the behavior may require some type of mental health intervention. Generally, the following characteristics are observed: Abnormal behavior occurs infrequently . However, statistical infrequency alone is not a sufficient definition. Some healthy, desirable, and beneficial behaviors also occur infrequently. And other uncommon behaviors or characteristics have no bearing on how a person behaves or functions. So just because something is unusual or uncommon does not mean it should be defined as abnormal. Abnormal behavior creates distress . These behaviors may disturb the individual, or they may be upsetting and disruptive to others.

6. Historical views Supernatural theories Possessed by evil spirits Severe consequences Treatment: prayer, fasting, purgatives (help the person vomit out the evil spirit), destroy their bodies to drive out Satan Image source: http://mentalillness.umwblogs.org/stone-age/

7. Historical views Biological theories Hippocrates: biological disorders of the body cause abnormal behavior The body contains 4 important fluids (humors) Blood Phlegm Black bile Yellow bile Imbalance in fluids results in illness and abnormal behavior He set the foundation for natural causes (rather than supernatural) Image source: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/hippocratic-oath-today.html

8. Historical views Psychological theories Pythagoras s aid that abnormal behavior is caused by Psychological factors such as stress He placed individuals in temples to receive rest, exercise, good diet, someone to talk to, practical advice Image source: http://www.cntraveler.com/hot-list/2012/spas/caudalia-vinotherapie-spa-alentejo-portugal

9. Contemporary views Abnormal behavior is due to Biological causes: genetic predispositions, abnormal functioning of nervous system Psychological causes: stress, abnormal social learning Social causes: inadequate social support

10. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Provides common set of definitions of mental disorders Diagnostic criteria Multi axial system (give more than one diagnosis). Five axes: clinical disorders: most mental disorders personality disorders and mental retardation general medical conditions psychosocial and environmental problems: adverse living conditions, stressful circumstances global assessment of functioning: how well the person is functioning in life DSM-I (1952) DSM-II (1968) DSM-III (1980) DSM-III-R (1987) DSM-IV (1994) DSM-IV-TR (2000) DSM-5 (2013)

11. How harmful are abnormal psychological problems? 9 in top 10 leading causes of disability are either psychological disorders (e.g. depression) or strongly associated with them (e.g. alcohol) 50% of all disability experience is related to abnormal psychological problems

12. Stigma We have negative perceptions of people with abnormal psychological problems They make us uncomfortable We might be afraid of them Consequences: Stigma makes mental health problems worse, lose social support Prevent patients to seek health Fight stigma It is easier to think of mental problems through the continuity hypothesis ; emotions can get out of hand vs. mentally ill, losing your mind Education http://www.imagebase.net/Concept/Test-012-copy

13. Insanity It is not psy chological term A legal definition concerning a person’s inability to tell right from wrong , hence they cannot be found guilty in trial understand trial proceedings . hence, they can’t stand trial, unable to help their defense understand whether the person is a direct danger to self or others . hence, they can be put in mental institution without their will

14. Anxiety disorders Image source: http://www.dailywt.com/10-sings-you-may-have-an-anxiety-disorder/ High level of negative emotions Nervous, worried, tense, scared, anxious

15. Phobias Intense, irrational fear for a specific situation / object that that the individual will often go to great pains to avoid. According to the American Psychiatric Association, a phobia is an irrational and excessive fear of an object or situation. In most cases, the phobia involves a sense of endangerment or a fear of harm. For example, those with agoraphobia fear being trapped in an inescapable place or situation. Specific phobia: scared of a specific thing Social phobia: scared of social interactions, especially with strangers or situations they may be evaluated negatively Agoraphobia: fear of open spaces; leaving your home or other familiar places

16. Examples of specific phobias Acrophobia - Fear of Heights Claustrophobia - Fear of Enclosed Spaces Nyctophobia - Fear of the Dark Ophidiophobia - Fear of Snakes Herpetophobia - fear of reptiles Arachnophobia - Fear of Spiders Astraphobia - Fear of Thunder and Lightning Nosophobia - Fear of Having a Disease

17. Phobia Symptoms Phobic symptoms can occur through exposure to the feared object or situation, or sometimes merely through thinking about the feared object. Typical symptoms associated with phobias include: Breathlessness Dizziness, trembling, and increased heart rate Fear of dying Nausea Preoccupation with the feared object A sense of unreality

18. Activity Choose any 3 Phobias and discuss it in detail with your classmate.

19. Generalized anxiety disorders Generalized anxiety disorders : Vague, uneasy sense of general tension and worry for no apparent reason that makes the individual very uncomfortable because of its long duration Panic anxiety disorder : Panic attacks ; pattern of anxiety in which long periods of calm are broken by very uncomfortable attack of anxiety that are not tied to a specific situation. Increase in breathing Rapid heartbeats, like having a heart attack 5% of population Image source: http://www.nativeremedies.com/ailment/symptoms-of-panic-attacks.html

20. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a specific type of anxiety disorder. Most people worry at times about their health, job, money, or family, but people with GAD experience anxiety about these things and more, in a way that is persistent, excessive, and intrusive. Often, people with GAD struggle to relax and have trouble concentrating on tasks. They may experience physical symptoms including restlessness, sweating, difficulty swallowing, and using the restroom a lot. While symptoms of anxiety can be debilitating, with proper treatment—including medication and psychotherapy—people can learn to manage their symptoms and live a more productive life.

21. Causes Scientists are not yet sure of the specific causes of GAD, but they believe it arises from a combination of biological and environmental factors. These might include: Differences in brain chemistry and function Genetics Differences in the way threats are perceived

22. Risk Factors Gender: Women are diagnosed with GAD more often than men. Age: GAD can develop at any time, but the risk is highest between childhood and middle age, with the median age being 30. Personality: Those who are timid, have negative affectivity and harm avoidance may be more prone to generalized anxiety disorder. Genetics: GAD appears to run in families and one-third of the risk of GAD is thought to be due to genetics. Experiences: A history of significant life changes, traumatic or negative experiences during childhood, or a recent traumatic or negative event may increase the risk of developing GAD. Chronic medical illnesses or other mental health disorders may also increase risk.

23. Post-traumatic stress disorder Severe anxiety and distress that persists long after traumatic event Many recover, but for others it is chronic Can lead to serious problems (alcohol, suicide) It involves: memories of event that intrude into consciousness and dreams intense emotional and autonomic reactions to reminding stimuli avoidance of stimuli associated with event feeling numbed to the ordinary emotions and pleasures of life difficulty sleeping, hyperarousal, irritability and difficulty concentrating

24. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition in which people experience a variety of symptoms following exposure to a traumatic event. These may include flashbacks, nightmares, intrusive thoughts, anxiety, avoidance, and changes in mood and thinking. An estimated 6.8% of U.S. adults experience PTSD. Symptoms may include re-experiencing the traumatic event, avoiding reminders of the trauma, startling easily, and having negative thoughts and beliefs. Causes of PTSD include abuse, violence, natural disasters, accidents, terrorism, illness, or the sudden death of a loved one. There are effective treatments that can help such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), exposure therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR).

25. Symptoms of PTSD The DSM-5 divides PTSD symptoms into four categories: Intrusion Avoidance of thoughts and behaviors Negative changes in thoughts and mood Changes in arousal and reactivity

26. Intrusion These symptoms are related to intrusive thoughts and memories of the traumatic event. Reoccurring, involuntary, and intrusive upsetting memories of the event Repeated upsetting dreams related to the event Dissociation (for example, flashbacks, feeling as though the event is happening again) Strong and persistent distress to cues connected to the event that are either inside or outside of the body Strong bodily reactions (for example, increased heart rate) when reminded of the event

27. Avoidance People with PTSD may avoid people, places, conversations, activities, objects, or situations that bring up memories of the event. They may also avoid thoughts, feelings, or physical sensations that recall the event.

28. Negative Changes in Thoughts and Mood People with PTSD may experience a pervasive negative emotional state (for example, shame, anger, or fear). Other symptoms in this category include: Inability to remember an important aspect of the event Persistent and elevated negative evaluations about oneself, others, or the world (for example, "I am unlovable," or "The world is an evil place") Elevated self-blame or blame of others about the cause or consequence of the event Loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities Feeling detached from others Inability to experience positive emotions (for example, happiness, love, joy)

29. Changes in Arousal and Reactivity People with PTSD often feel constantly "on guard" or like danger is lurking around every corner (also known as hypervigilance). Related symptoms include: Difficulty concentrating Heightened startle response Impulsive or self-destructive behavior Irritability or aggressive behavior Problems sleeping

30. Causes PTSD is caused by exposure to trauma. However, it's not clear why some people develop PTSD after traumatic events while others do not. There are some risk factors that can make someone more likely to develop it than others. For example, genetics may play a role. It's also more common in women than men. Other risk factors include: A lack of social support following the event An experience of past trauma History of mental illness History of substance use

31. Who develops Post-traumatic stress disorder Not everyone who experiences a traumatic event. MORE likely… Those who experienced a more severe stressful event Lower intelligence More mental health problems prior to event Exposed to previous trauma Genetic predisposition People with less social support after event Females that were raped

32. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Obsession = anxiety provoking thoughts that don’t go away Compulsion: irresistible urge to engage in specific irrational behaviors, such as washing your hands, repeatedly touching a spot in your shoulder, checking the locks on doors, etc. 2% of population

33. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by obsessions and compulsions that interfere with daily life. OCD was formerly classified as an anxiety disorder because people affected by this mental illness often experience severe anxiety as a result of obsessive thoughts. They may also engage in extensive rituals in an attempt to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. In the newest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), OCD was moved to its own disorder class of "Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders."

34. Symptoms of OCD Symptoms of OCD usually appear gradually and can be long-lasting if not treated. People with OCD may experience symptoms of obsessions, compulsions, or both. Such symptoms interfere with many areas of life including school, work, relationships, and normal daily functioning.

35. Obsessions Obsessions are thoughts, images, or ideas that won't go away, are unwanted, and are extremely distressing or worrying ("What if I become infected with a deadly disease?" or "What if I hurt someone?"). Some common symptoms of obsessions include: Distressing violent thoughts or images A need to have everything in a certain order Fear of germs Unwanted thoughts of forbidden or taboo topics such as sex or religion

36. Compulsions Compulsions are behaviors that have to be done over and over again to relieve anxiety. Compulsions are often related to obsessions. For example, if you are obsessed with being contaminated, you might feel compelled to wash your hands repeatedly. However, this is not always the case. Some common compulsions include: Counting things over and over again Excessive washing or cleaning Ordering things in a particular or symmetrical way Repeated checking (such as checking that the door is locked or that the oven is off)

37. Causes The exact causes of OCD are not known, but there are a few factors that are believed to play a role. Biological factors: Abnormal neural circuits in the brain are associated with OCD. If you have OCD, certain parts of your brain may have difficulty inhibiting and "turning off" obsessive thoughts and impulses to turn off. As a result, you may experience obsessions and/or compulsions. The breakdown of this system may be related to serotonin and other neurotransmitter abnormalities.​ Family history: You may also be at greater risk if there is a family history of the disorder. Research has shown that if you, a parent, or a sibling have OCD, there is about a 25% chance that another first-degree family member will also have it. Genetics: Although a single "OCD gene" has not been identified, OCD may be related to particular groups of genes. Stress: Stress of all types including unemployment, relationship difficulties, problems at school, illness, or childbirth can be triggers for symptoms of OCD.

38. Mind Break https://youtu.be/B46EdJApFmI?si=2Qef2gIEJtO3rkbH

39. Somatoform disorders Experiencing symptoms of physical health problems that have psychological causes

40. Somatic Symptom Disorders/ somatization disorder Chronic and recurrent aches, pains, tiredness and other symptoms of body illness in the absence of a known medical cause. Usually experience other psychological difficulties (anxiety, depression) Dangerous because they go to extremes to alleviate symptoms (too many medicines, alcohol, etc)

41. Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is a condition that causes a person to manifest physical symptoms that can’t be linked to any medical conditions. These symptoms often cause severe distress to a person who has the disorder. Research shows that about five to seven percent of people worldwide have somatic symptom disorder. It also appears to be a lot more prevalent among women than men. A person with this condition often experiences excessive concerns about their health and might exhibit odd or unusual behaviors in response to these concerns. People with SSD will feel overly concerned about any physical symptoms they exhibit and falsely connect them to signs of a more severe illness. They’ll also feel a lot of anxiety about symptoms they have. In cases where a medical condition can be linked to a person with SSD’s symptoms, their fears might be overstated. This condition can develop at any age.

42. Symptoms of Somatic Symptom Disorders The symptoms a person with somatic symptom disorder experiences typically varies from person to person. Symptoms range in severity, and people with this condition usually experience a range of symptoms. However, some of the most common symptoms of the disorder include: Pain, areas where the pain is being felt vary from person to person Pain during sex Shortness of breath Fatigue Weakness Lightheadedness Abdominal pain Digestive problems such as diarrhea or constipation

43. Causes of Somatic Symptom Disorders There’s no singular cause for SSD, as with many mental health conditions. The disorder, however, has been linked to experiencing childhood abuse and trauma. One theory on why the condition might affect more women than men is that women are more often exposed to abuse and trauma. People with anxiety and a low pain threshold are also more susceptible to developing SSD. Certain risk factors make a person more susceptible to developing the condition than others. They include: Drug and alcohol abuse Childhood trauma Sexual abuse Living through chronic illnesses in childhood Having other mental health conditions such as anxiety or depression

44. Hypochondriasis/Illness Anxiety Disorder Milder form of somatization disorder Preoccupation with health Overreact to minor coughs and pains Going to unreasonable lengths to avoid germs and cancer-causing agents

45. Illness anxiety disorder (IAD), formerly known as hypochondriasis, is a condition marked by an excessive fear of having a serious medical condition despite having few or no symptoms. People who have IAD often go to doctors about symptoms they believe are linked to a medical problem or may believe that mild symptoms are more serious than they really are. While there may not be a medical illness present, the concerns that people with IAD have are very real, and the anxiety they feel can cause serious disruptions in normal daily functioning.

46. Hypochondriasis, or hypochondria, was eliminated in the latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5, now the DSM-5-TR).1 Hypochondria was eliminated from the DSM-5 because the term has negative connotations and is stigmatizing. Instead, most people who would have previously been diagnosed with hypochondriasis now receive a diagnosis of illness anxiety disorder or somatic symptom disorder. However, there are some who feel that hypochondriasis should be reclassified as a phobia since it represents a specific fear of illness.2 While the name has changed, it's not uncommon to still hear someone referred to—usually in a negative manner—as a "hypochondriac" if they are perceived as someone who exaggerates illness.

47. Symptoms of IAD Symptoms of illness anxiety disorder or hypochondriasis center primarily on a preoccupation with the possibility of being ill, often based on normal body functions or mild physical complaints. Common symptoms include: Avoiding people or places out of a fear of contracting an illness Constantly searching the internet for information about symptoms and health conditions Constantly talking to others about health problems Distress that is significant enough to impair normal daily functioning Fear that physical sensations are caused by a serious medical disease Feeling nervous and obsessed with frequently checking health status Heightened awareness of minor bodily symptoms such as headaches, joint pain, or sweating Making doctor's appointments to check up on mild symptoms or normal body functions Significant distress over the possibility of being sick

48. What Causes IAD? The exact causes of illness anxiety disorder are not known, but there are a number of contributing factors that may play a role in the development of this condition. Some of these factors may include:6 A history of illness during childhood Having another mental health condition such as anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or major depressive disorder A history of trauma, abuse, or neglect during childhood The presence of a serious symptom that poses a health threat Stress Feeling uncomfortable when experiencing normal body sensations Some research also suggests that people may have a higher risk of developing IAD if they spend a great deal of time on the internet reviewing the symptoms of different health conditions

49. Conversion disorders Rare Anxiety is “converted” into serious body symptoms Individuals experience serious body symptoms such as functional blindness, deafness, inability to speak and paralysis without apparent physical cause Individuals are ineffective and depend on others

50. Conversion disorder (also known as functional neurological symptom disorder) is a psychological condition that causes symptoms that appear to be neurological, such as paralysis, speech impairment, or tremors, but with no obvious or known organic causes. In the past, these events were often referred to as "hysterical blindness" or "hysterical paralysis." Conversion disorder is a relatively rare mental illness, with 2 to 5 out of 100,000 people reporting symptoms per year. It is categorized as a type of somatic symptom disorder, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), the leading diagnostic guide for the mental health profession.

51. Symptoms There's typically a sudden onset of symptoms that affect voluntary motor or sensory function—and these symptoms can disappear just as suddenly, without any physiological reason. The physical symptoms of conversion disorder are often described as your body's way of dealing with unresolved stress or unexpressed emotions that triggered the disorder. In other words, the physical symptoms distract the person from the emotional duress. Conversion disorder typically affects movement function as well as the senses.

52. Symptoms of conversion disorder can be about any neurological deficit imaginable, including: Abnormal walking or tremors Blindness or double vision Deafness or problems hearing Disturbances in coordination Episode of unresponsiveness Loss of balance Loss of the sense of smell (anosmia) Loss of touch (anesthesia) Loss of voice (aphonia) Numbness or loss of the sensation of touch Seizures or convulsions Slurred speech or inability to speak Temporary blindness or double vision Trouble swallowing or feelings of "a lump" in your throat Weakness or paralysis

53. Causes and Risk Factors While exact causes are not well understood, research suggests that it could be caused by abnormal flow to certain areas of the brain. Conversion disorder may also be a psychological reaction to a highly stressful event or emotional trauma. For example, a soldier who subconsciously wishes to avoid firing a gun may develop paralysis in their hand.

54. Other risk factors of conversion disorder include: Being female (Women have a higher risk of developing the disorder.) Being highly conscientious, hard-working, compulsive and a perfectionist Having a family member with conversion disorder (People with a first-degree female relative—sister, mother, or daughter—with conversion disorder are more likely to develop symptoms than females in the general population.) Having a mental health condition, including mood or anxiety disorders, dissociative identity disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) or other personality disorders Having maladaptive personality traits Having a neurological disease that causes similar symptoms (such as non-epileptic seizures in people that have epilepsy) History of physical or sexual abuse and neglect as a child Research also suggests that people with conversion disorder also tend to have abnormal emotional regulation.

55. Activity List down 5 mental disorders you are aware of and describe one of your choosing.

56. Dissociative disorders Imag http://www.flickr.com/photos/theojunior/12146506273/ Sudden changes in cognition Change in memory, perception, identity

57. Depersonalization Disorder Perceptual experience of one’s body or surroundings becoming distorted or unreal E.g. enlarged hands, leaving one’s body and looking at it from the ceiling Image source: https://www.healthtap.com/user_questions/481914-what-is-the-definition-or-description-of-depersonalization

58. Depersonalization/derealization disorder (DPDR), sometimes referred to as depersonalization/derealization syndrome, is a mental health condition that involves feeling distant or detached from yourself, mentally or physically, and/or having a reduced sense of reality. DPDR can cause you to experience a persistent or recurring feeling of being outside of your body (depersonalization), a sense that what's happening around you isn't real (derealization), or both. Unlike with other psychotic disorders, people with DPDR know that their experiences of detachment aren't real. This can leave them feeling concerned about their mental health.

59. What Is Derealization vs. Depersonalization? Although DPDR is considered a single diagnosis, it has two distinct aspects that may or may not apply to one person. Therefore, DPDR symptoms can vary depending on whether depersonalization or derealization are experienced.

60. Derealization Symptoms Derealization is a sense of feeling detached from your environment and the objects and people in it. DPDR symptoms of derealization can include: Distortion of the distance and the size or shape of objects A heightened awareness of your surroundings Feeling as if recent events happened in the distant past Surroundings that seem blurry, colorless, two-dimensional, unreal, larger-than-life, or cartoonish Episodes of depersonalization/derealization disorder can last for hours, days, weeks, or even months. For some, such episodes become chronic, evolving into ongoing feelings of depersonalization or derealization that can periodically get better or worse.

61. What Does Derealization Feel Like? Someone who is experiencing derealization may feel like the world seems distorted and unreal, as if they're observing it through a veil. They may feel as if a glass wall is separating them from people they care about. This aspect of disassociation can also create distortions in vision and other senses.

62. Depersonalization Symptoms Depersonalization refers to feeling detached from yourself. It may feel as if you're watching your life take place from the sidelines or like you are viewing yourself on a movie screen. DPDR symptoms of depersonalization can include: Alexithymia, or an inability to recognize or describe emotions Feeling physically numb to sensations Feeling robotic or unable to control speech or movement Feeling unconnected to your body, mind, feelings, or sensations Inability to attach emotions to memories or to "own" your memories as experiences that happened to you The sense that your body and limbs are distorted (swollen or shrunken) The sense that your head is wrapped in cotton

63. Main Causes of DPDR Often, people with DPDR have experienced past trauma in their lives, including: Emotional or physical abuse or neglect in childhood Having a loved one die unexpectedly Witnessing domestic violence Severe stress, anxiety, and depression are common triggers for DPDR. A lack of sleep or an overstimulating environment can also make DPDR symptoms worse.

64. Dissociative amnesia Memory loss that is psychologically caused Loss of memory for all or part of the event Occurs after a period of intense stress Memories are recovered in time Image source: http://psych.answers.com/abnormal/avoidant-personality-disorder-the-dos-and-donts-of-managing-your-symptoms

65. Dissociative amnesia is a condition that causes you to forget important information about your life. It’s typically caused by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. It could either cause you the inability to recall information about specific events or personal information such as aspects of your identity.It’s a form of dissociative disorder. Dissociative amnesia is a relatively rare condition. In a small study, it was shown only to affect about 1% of men and 2.6% of women.The memory loss could last for minutes, hours, months, or in some rare cases, years. In severe cases, a person might completely forget their life history, their family, and friends. They might even have apparently purposeful travel or confused wandering known as dissociative fugue.

66. Symptoms of Dissociative Amnesia The main symptom of dissociative amnesia is the inability to recall important autobiographical information. People with this condition either forget specific events or areas in their lives or important information about their identities and those around them. In many cases of dissociative amnesia, the person with the condition might not be aware that they have suffered a memory loss and will only appear to be confused or flustered. Other symptoms of the disorder include:3 Being unable to remember important information about yourself, such as your name and where you live or work Feeling detached from yourself, your emotions, and the people around you A disruption of your daily functioning as a result of your memory loss Forgetting specific periods in your life

67. Causes of Dissociative Amnesia Witnessing the sudden death of a loved one Living through a natural disaster like an earthquake Being involved in a car accident Experiencing a near-death situation Living in a war-torn territory Being physically, mentally, or sexually abused

68. Dissociative fugue states Reversible amnesia for personal identity, including the memories, personality, and other identifying characteristics of individuality usually involves unplanned travel or wandering Is sometimes accompanied by the establishment of a new identity. After recovery, previous memories usually return intact, but there is typically amnesia for the fugue episode. Image source: http://www.comediva.com/how-to-throw-ultimate-breaking-bad-marathon-party/

69. The word "fugue" comes from the Latin word for "flight," which reflects the nature of dissociative fugue in that involves an element of traveling or wondering away from one's present situation. Dissociative fugue is a form of reversible amnesia that involves personality, memories, and personal identity. This type of temporary amnesia may last hours, days, weeks, months, or longer. It involves wandering or unplanned travel, in which the person may establish a new identity in a new location very different from their old life.

70. Symptoms of Dissociative Fugue What are the symptoms of dissociative fugue? They potentially include all of the following depending on the case: During the Fugue State If you're in the midst of a fugue state, you may exhibit the following symptoms: Confusion about your identity Appearing to be unsure about your past Feeling confronted if challenged about your identity However, it's important to note that a person in the middle of dissociative fugue may not show any outward signs that suggest they are experiencing mental illness. That is because, from the perspective of the person, the new identity is their actual identity. It is only when this becomes challenged that issues may present themselves.

71. After the Fugue State Ends Once a dissociative fugue state has passed, you may experience symptoms like: Feelings of depression Periods of grief Feelings of shame Discomfort or anger Feelings of distress about being in an unfamiliar place Feeling as though you have lost time

72. Causes of Dissociative Fugue What are the causes of dissociative fugue? Below is a list of some potential related causes. Generally, these situations involve a history of significant or repeated trauma: Childhood sexual abuse Experience of violence (e.g., rape, torture) Combat violence Suicide attempt Automobile accident Natural disasters Committing a homicide

73. Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality) Shift abruptly and repeatedly from one personality to another Two or more personalities, different from one another The original personality is often conventional, unhappy, moralistic At least one alternative personality is sensual and rebellious The original personality is not aware of the alternatives The alternatives are aware of the original personality Effort to cope with painful memories from abuse during childhood?

74. Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a condition marked by the presence of two or more distinct personalities within one individual. The mental health condition, which used to be called multiple personality disorder, is one of the dissociative disorders listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Dissociative disorders all have a central feature of "dissociation,” or a disruption in the normally integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, and perception. 

75. Dissociative Identity Disorder Symptoms A person with DID will experience the presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities, also known as alters. These personalities recurrently take control of the person's behavior and they often experience a loss of memory of what happened while another personality or alter was in control. Each alter has a distinct set of traits, personal history, and way of relating to the world. These alters may have different names, mannerisms, genders, and preferences than the individual's core personality. Other symptoms that a person with DID may experience include: An inability to recall childhood memories and personal history Feelings of detachment or disconnection Flashbacks or the sudden return of previously forgotten memories Hallucinations Lack of awareness about recent events Losing chunks of time Thoughts of self-harm or suicide

76. Causes of Dissociative Identity Disorder A history of trauma is believed to play a critical role in the development of DID. Approximately 90% of people who have dissociative identity disorder have a history of past abuse. People with DID often report the experience of severe repeated physical and sexual abuse during childhood and also frequently have concurrent symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD), including: Self-harming behaviors Impulsive behaviors Instability in relationships This may be related to the fact that childhood abuse is a risk factor for both conditions. One theory about the development of DID proposes that people with DID have experienced a psychological trauma so severe that the only way to manage that trauma is to develop very strong dissociation as a coping mechanism. Over time, chronic dissociation leads to the formation of different identities or alters.

77. Mind Break https://youtu.be/l4hVtBV5o4s?si=xWBkmeKfqG79Gxc-

78. Mood disorders Image s http://anxietyreliefzone.com/generalized-anxiety-disorder/anxiety-disorders-in-teens-when-should-they-get-help/ Involving depression and/or abnormal joy

79. Major Depressive Disorder Depression, also referred to as clinical depression or major depressive disorder, is a medical condition that is classified as a mood disorder. It can affect how you feel and your ability to function on a day-to-day basis. While everyone tends to feel sad or low from time to time, feeling that way for weeks or months at a time could mean you have depression. Over 8% of adults living in the United States have experienced at least one major depressive episode

80. Major depressive disorder is marked by symptoms such as sadness, loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities, difficulty concentrating, and changes in sleep and appetite. Causes include brain chemistry, genetics, and environmental factors. There are treatments available that can help, including therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes.

81. Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder Everyone experiences depression differently. While some people may have a few symptoms, others may have many. The frequency, severity, and duration of the symptoms can also vary from person to person.

82. These are some of the symptoms of major depressive disorder you may experience: Feeling sad or low Having an "empty" mood Feeling anxious Feeling guilty or helpless Feeling worthless, hopeless, or pessimistic Feeling restless, frustrated, or irritated Losing interest in things you once enjoyed Avoiding your usual activities Having less energy and feeling fatigued Moving or speaking slowly Having difficulty paying attention, remembering, or making decisions Having difficulty sleeping, waking up too early, or oversleeping Experiencing unplanned changes in eating habits and weight Experiencing headaches, cramps, digestive issues, or other aches and pains that don’t have a clear cause and don’t get better with treatment Talking about death, having thoughts of suicide, or attempting self-harm

83. Types of Depression Depression may take different forms, or develop under certain circumstances. Accordingly, it may be classified into different types of depression, one of which is major depressive disorder. The types of depression include: Major depressive disorder: This is a form of depression where the person experiences symptoms for over two weeks. The symptoms affect their ability to eat, sleep, work, and function. Persistent depressive disorder: Also known as dysthymia, this is a form of depression that lasts for over two years. Perinatal depression: This is a form of depression people experience during pregnancy (known as antepartum depression) and after pregnancy (known as postpartum depression).

84. Types of Depression Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): PMDD is a severe, disabling form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) that can cause extreme mood swings.\ Depression with psychotic features: A person may have psychotic depression if they have depression as well as psychosis, which is a condition that can make it hard to distinguish between what’s real and what isn’t. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD): This is a form of depression that occurs in winter, when there is less natural sunlight. Bipolar disorder: While bipolar disorder is not technically a type of depression, it can cause periods of low moods with similar symptoms to major depression.

85. Causes of Major Depressive Disorder The exact causes of major depressive disorder are not fully understood, but experts believe that several different factors cause it. Some factors that may contribute to the onset of major depressive disorder include genetics, stress, certain medical conditions, and brain chemistry. Certain genetic, biological, psychological, and environmental factors can increase the chances of someone developing depression; however, it’s important to remember that anyone can develop depression.

86. Bipolar disorder (manic-depressive psychosis) Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition defined by periods (better known as episodes) of extreme mood disturbances. Bipolar disorder affects a person's mood, thoughts, and behavior. It is a chronic condition, meaning that it is lifelong.Symptoms can be managed, however, with proper treatment. There are two main types of bipolar disorders: bipolar I and bipolar II. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, bipolar I disorder involves episodes of severe mania and often depression. Bipolar II disorder involves a less severe form of mania called hypomania.

87. Symptoms Despite the major difference when it comes to mania in the two types of bipolar disorder, there are quite a few similarities in symptoms. Depressive Episodes In bipolar I disorder, a major depressive episode (one or more) usually occurs, but it is not required. Bipolar II disorder involves one or more major depressive episodes. Both disorders may include periods of euthymia, which is a term used to describe emotionally stable periods. Common symptoms that occur in a major depressive episode include: Insomnia or hypersomnia Unexplained or uncontrollable crying Severe fatigue Loss of interest in things the patient enjoys during euthymia Recurring thoughts of death or suicide

88. Mania Manic episodes last at least seven days. An individual experiencing a manic episode may experience: A marked increase in energy Feelings of euphoria Hallucinations or delusions Increased sexual desire Less need for sleep During a manic episode, individuals may engage in reckless behavior—for example, risky sexual behavior, excessive spending, or impulsive decision-making.

89. Hypomania An individual experiencing a hypomanic episode may experience similar symptoms to those of a manic episode, but their functioning won't be markedly impaired. Many individuals who experience hypomania associated with bipolar II enjoy the increased energy and decreased need for sleep. An episode of hypomania does not escalate to a point that a person needs hospitalization, which may happen with a person experiencing mania—especially if they are becoming a danger to others and/or themselves.

90. Causes While the exact cause of bipolar disorder remains unclear, genetics is believed to play a major role. This is evidenced, in part, by studies of twins in which one or both had a bipolar I diagnosis. In 40% of identical twins (those with identical gene sets), both twins were found to have bipolar disorder compared to less than 10% of fraternal twins (who don't share all of the same genes)

91. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a long-term mental health condition. It’s not the most common mental illness, but it can be the most chronic and disabling. Symptoms may be difficult to diagnose and treat because the person may not be aware they are showing signs of schizophrenia. Symptoms like delusions and hallucinations can vary from person to person. Even with a proper diagnosis and effective treatment, schizophrenia can be challenging to manage because someone may think they no longer need medication or other support. There is no cure for schizophrenia, but most symptoms can be effectively treated and quality of life improved. This article will discuss everything you need to know about schizophrenia, including early signs, causes, diagnosis process, treatment, outlook, and whether schizophrenia can be prevented.

92. Schizophrenia types It is a broad class of psychotic disorders, broken down into 3 subtypes Paranoid schizophrenia : false beliefs or delusions that seriously distort reality. Exceptional importance of self (e.g. being Jesus Christ) and hence others are out to get them. Hallucinations (see, hear or feel things that are not there). Disorganized schizophrenia: delusions and hallucinations have little recognizable meaning because the speech and thoughts are so disorganized. Withdrawal from human contact, silliness of emotion, childlike. Catatonic schizophrenia : abnormalities in social interaction, posture and body movement. Long periods of catatonic blankness, like statues, no talking, not seem to be listening. Frequently, periods of agitation and anger .

93. Types of Schizophrenia Symptoms Symptoms of schizophrenia are categorized by type. Each type has an impact on personal, family, social, educational, and career functioning.

94. Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia (Psychotic Symptoms) Positive symptoms are symptoms that deviate from a person’s typical way of thinking, behaving, and experiencing reality (i.e., abnormally present symptoms).Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include: Psychosis (losing touch with reality) Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there) Delusions (believing in things with no logical evidence to support them)

95. Disorganized Symptoms of Schizophrenia Disorganized symptoms include: Disorganized or illogical thinking Disorganized or unusual speech Bizarre, agitated or slower than usual movements

96. Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia include:3 Difficulty paying attention Lack of concentration Memory issues Problem-solving challenges People experiencing cognitive symptoms may not pay attention and process information from conversations or remember medical appointments and other significant events or dates.

97. Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia Negative symptoms in schizophrenia are symptoms in which some aspect of functioning has been withdrawn or lost (i.e., abnormally absent). Negative symptoms may be mistaken for signs of depression. They include: Social withdrawal Difficulty showing emotions Loss of enjoyment, interest, or motivation

98. What Causes Schizophrenia? Research suggests a combination of risk factors related to genetics and environmental factors influence whether or not someone may develop schizophrenia. Genetic factors can be seen in twin studies. Researchers have found that even if identical twins are raised separately, if one sibling has schizophrenia, the other has a 1 in 2 chance of developing it. For nonidentical twins, there is a 1 in 8 chance. Environmental factors include: Pregnancy and birth complications Childhood trauma Migration or moving to a new country Social isolation Urbanicity (the impact of living in urban settings over time) Substance use or substance use disorder Severe stress

99. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Begins in childhood , but does not always end there Inattention symptoms : Can’t sustain attention No attention to details Careless mistakes Distracted easily Not complete tasks Disorganized Loses pencils, pen, assignments Not listen when being spoken to Avoids tasks that require sustained attention Forgetful Hyperactivity – impulsivity symptoms Twists and turns when seated Runs or climbs excessively Restlessness Difficulty in sitting quietly and playing Talks excessively Answers before the questions is completed Has difficulty waiting his/her turn Interrupts others

100. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a type of neurodivergence usually diagnosed during childhood. It is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Understanding the traits of ADHD can help parents distinguish between what might be considered developmentally appropriate rambunctiousness and inattention and the genuine inability to sit still and focus. It can also help adults recognize whether they may have undiagnosed ADHD.

101. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Associated with difficulties at school Difficulties in relationships Accidental injuries Diagnosis when the individual exhibits 6+ of either group of symptoms that cause problem in at least 2 areas of life Difficult to diagnose: Symptoms are variation of normal behavior Other mental problems are characterized by restlessness and attention problems

102. Types of ADHD There are three different presentations for ADHD: Predominantly inattentive presentation Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation Combined presentation Each type is characterized by a different set of traits.

103. Symptoms of Inattention Children and adults who are inattentive have difficulty staying focused and attending to tasks that they perceive as mundane. Tasks are more likely to be seen as mundane when they do not provide the ADHD brain with enough dopamine. Some common examples of these include cleaning bedrooms, doing homework, or sitting at the dinner table. Because of this, they may procrastinate doing work that requires a great deal of mental energy. Many times, this procrastination is not by choice and is because of the lack of dopamine fueling the task activation center. People who experience traits of inattention may:

104. Be easily distracted by sights and sounds Shift from one activity to another and get bored easily if the activities are not geared towards an ADHD brain Appear forgetful and even spacey or confused Make more mistakes Struggle to stay on task and pay attention if the activities are not geared towards an ADHD brain Have difficulty following instructions, finishing projects, and staying on task if the activities are not geared towards an ADHD brain Have trouble organizing tasks Lose belongings frequently

105. Symptoms of Hyperactivity and Impulsivity Hyperactivity is the symptom most people think of when they hear the term "ADHD." Children and adults who are hyperactive have very high activity levels, which may present as physical, verbal and/or internal monologue overactivity. Traits of hyperactivity and impulsivity include: Being constantly in motion as if driven by a motor Fidgeting to maintain focus Always having something to say, talking quickly, interrupting others, monopolizing conversations Difficulty sitting still or remaining seated when not provided appropriate stimulation

106. Other ADHD Symptoms In addition to the diagnostic criteria, there are additional common ADHD experiences. While these are not taken into account during the diagnostic process, they frequently affect the quality of people's lives. For example, people with ADHD are often accused of not trying or not appearing to care, which can be hurtful and untrue. They may also experience: Different progress speeds Hyper-focus Forgetfulness Financial problems Sleep problems Low self-esteem

107. What Causes ADHD? What causes ADHD is not well understood, although there is research that suggests that genetics likely play an important role. Other factors that may be linked to having ADHD include: Brain injury Environmental conditions during fetal development or in early life, such as exposure to lead Use of alcohol or tobacco during pregnancy Premature delivery or low birth weight

108. Personality disorders Schizoid Antisocial Schizotypal Paranoid Histrionic etc Psychological disorders that result from personalities that developed improperly during childhood

109. Activity Find out the different clusters personality disorders fall into and discuss the traits of each cluster.

110. Schizoid personality disorder Schizoid personality disorder (SPD) is a chronic and pervasive condition characterized by social isolation and feelings of indifference toward other people. People who have this disorder are often described as distant or withdrawn. They have limited social expression and tend to avoid social situations that involve interaction with other people. They find it difficult to express emotions and lack the desire to form close personal relationships. This type of personality disorder is believed to be relatively rare and tends to affect more men than women. People with schizoid personality disorder are also at risk of experiencing depression.

111. Schizoid Personality Disorder Symptoms People with schizoid personality disorder typically experience: A preoccupation with introspection and fantasy A sense of indifference to praise and affirmation, as well as to criticism or rejection Detachment from other people Little or no desire to form close relationships with others Indifference to social norms and expectations Infrequent participation in activities for fun or pleasure Not enjoying social or family relationships Often described as cold, uninterested, withdrawn, and aloof

112. Causes of Schizoid Personality Disorder The causes of schizoid personality disorder are not known, although it is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors play a role. Personality is shaped by a wide variety of factors including inherited traits and tendencies, childhood experiences, parenting, education, and social interactions. All of these factors may play some part in contributing to the development of SPD.

113. Antisocial personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a condition characterized by a lack of empathy and regard for other people. People with antisocial personality disorder have little or no regard for right or wrong. They antagonize and often act insensitively or in an unfeeling manner. Individuals with this disorder may lie, engage in aggressive or violent behavior, and participate in criminal activity. Psychopathy is associated with antisocial personality disorder. However, research has shown that not every person with ASPD is a psychopath.1 Approximately one-third of people with antisocial personality disorder meet the criteria for psychopathy.

114. Symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder There are a number of defining symptoms of antisocial personality disorder. People with ASPD: May begin displaying symptoms during childhood; such behaviors may include fire setting, cruelty to animals, and difficulty with authority Often have legal problems resulting from failures to conform to social norms and a lack of concern for the rights of others Often act out impulsively and fail to consider the consequences of their actions Display aggressiveness and irritability that often lead to physical assaults Have difficulty feeling empathy for others Display a lack of remorse for damaging behavior Often have poor or abusive relationships with others and are more likely to abuse or neglect their children Frequently lie and deceive others for personal gain

115. Schizotypal personality disorder Schizotypal personality disorder is marked by a pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits. Individuals with schizotypal personality disorder have little capacity—and perhaps even need—for close relationships. They’re often described as eccentric or bizarre. They may be suspicious and paranoid of others. They come across as “stiff” and don’t seem to fit in anywhere they go.

116. Schizotypal Personality Disorder Symptoms Individuals with schizotypal personality disorders experience extreme discomfort during interpersonal interactions. The disorder also involves distorted thinking and eccentric behavior—which tends to push people away and create even more isolation.

117. Superstitious Beliefs Sometimes, individuals with schizotypal personality disorder are superstitious or preoccupied with paranormal phenomena that are outside what would be expected in their culture. They may think they have special powers or magical control over others (such as thinking the reason their co-worker is leaving early is that they wished an illness upon them). They may also believe their behavior prevents a harmful outcome, such as thinking that they can prevent bad things from happening by placing an object in a certain place. They may experience perceptual alternations, such as hearing someone mumbling their name or sensing that a spirit is present. Their speech may be vague or incoherent at times. They may use strange phrases or talk in a way that confuses others.

118. Strange Behavior They might also appear constricted and show little emotion during their interactions. They may have unusual mannerisms, such as an unkempt manner of dress. An individual with this disorder may wear ill-fitting clothing or bizarre clothing combinations (winter boots with shorts) and may be unable to participate in the normal give-and-take of a conversation. They may occasionally express sadness over their lack of close relationships but their behavior suggests they have little desire for close connections. They often interact with people when they have to but prefer to keep to themselves. They might also experience transient psychotic episodes during times of extreme stress (lasting minutes to hours) but they do not have regular hallucinations or delusions (such as in the case with schizophrenia)

119. Paranoid personality disorder Paranoid personality disorder is a chronic and pervasive condition characterized by disruptive thought, behavior, and functioning patterns. People with paranoid personality disorder experience pervasive patterns of suspicion even though they have no reason to experience such distrust. This disorder is thought to affect between 1.21 to 4.4% of U.S. adults.1 Individuals with paranoid personality disorder are at a greater risk of experiencing depression, substance abuse, and agoraphobia.

120. Symptoms of Paranoid Personality Disorder Individuals with paranoid personality disorder typically experience symptoms that interfere with daily life. The primary characteristic of this condition is a chronic and pervasive distrust and suspicion of others. Other symptoms of paranoid personality disorder include: Feelings that they are being lied to, deceived, or exploited by other people May believe that friends, family, and romantic partners are untrustworthy and unfaithful Outbursts of anger in response to perceived deception Often described as cold, jealous, secretive, and serious Overly controlling in relationships in order to avoid being exploited or manipulated Look for hidden meanings in gestures and conversations Find it difficult to relax Often hold negative views of other people Overly sensitive to criticism Overreacts in response to perceived criticism

121. Histrionic personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is a psychological disorder in which a person has a pattern of extreme emotionality and attention-seeking behavior. Its name comes from the word histrionic, which means “dramatic or theatrical." In addition to displaying attention-seeking behavior, histrionic personality disorder is characterized by shallow emotions and manipulative behavior. It begins in early adulthood (when personality begins to form) and is obvious in different situations.

122. Symptoms of Histrionic Personality Disorder Being very suggestible and quick to respond to fads Displaying exaggerated symptoms of weakness or illness Displaying excessive, shallow emotions Engaging in attention-seeking behaviors (i.e., constantly “performing”) Experiencing fleeting moods, opinions, and beliefs Needing others to witness the person's emotional displays for validation or attention Using sexually provocative behaviors to control others or gain attention Using threats of suicide to manipulate others

123. Narcissistic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior characterized by self-centeredness, lack of empathy, and an exaggerated sense of self-importance. It is one of several different types of personality disorders recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which many mental health professionals use to diagnose this and other disorders. The disorder causes significant impairments in personality in terms of functioning and is accompanied by several other pathological personality traits. As with other personality disorders, this condition negatively impacts life in various areas, including social, family, and work relationships.

124. Symptoms of Narcissistic Personality Disorder Five common signs of narcissism include an inflated sense of self, a constant need for attention, self-centeredness, lack of empathy, and preoccupation with power and success. Some of the symptoms associated with NPD include: Belief that one is unique or special and should only associate with other people of the same status Constant need for attention, affirmation, and praise Exaggerated sense of one's own abilities and achievements Exploiting other people for personal gain Feeling envious of others, or believing that others are envious of them Lack of empathy for others Persistent fantasies about attaining success and power Preoccupation with power or success Sense of entitlement and expectation of special treatment

125. Types of Narcissistic Personality Disorder While the DSM-5 does not differentiate between different variations of the condition, there is evidence that the expression of symptoms can vary considerably. Some researchers have suggested that there are at least two distinguishable subtypes of NPD: Grandiose- overt narcissism is characterized by boldness, arrogance, and grandiose personality traits. People with this type of NPD are more likely to lack empathy, behave aggressively, exploit others, and engage in exhibitionist behaviors. Vulnerable- covert narcissism is characterized by hypersensitivity and defensiveness. People with this type of NPD may seek approval, but socially withdraw if it is not given. They may also experience low self-esteem.

126. Borderline personality disorder Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious psychological condition characterized by unstable moods and emotions, relationships, and behavior. During a BPD episode, a person may act impulsively, engage in risky behaviors, switch moods quickly, have higher levels of anger, appear numb, or experience paranoia. An estimated 1.4% of the adult population has borderline personality disorder, with roughly three-quarters of the diagnoses occurring in women. However, it is suggested that this is due to high rates of misdiagnosis in men.

127. Symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder Borderline personality disorder can interfere with a person's ability to enjoy life or achieve fulfillment in relationships, work, or school. Because it is a personality disorder, someone may not show signs of BPD until their personality develops, with diagnoses occurring only after patients are over 18 years of age. Symptoms of borderline personality often appear and can create significant problems in the following areas:

128. Behaviors: BPD is associated with a tendency to engage in risky and impulsive behaviors, such as going on shopping sprees, excessive drug or alcohol use, engaging in promiscuous or risky sex, or binge eating. They're also more prone to engage in self-harming behaviors, such as cutting or burning and attempting suicide. Emotions: Emotional instability is a key feature of BPD. Individuals feel like they're on an emotional roller coaster with quick mood shifts (i.e., going from feeling okay to feeling extremely down or blue within a few minutes). Mood changes can last from minutes to days and are often intense. Anger, anxiety, and overwhelming emptiness are common as well. Relationships: People with borderline personality disorder tend to have intense relationships with loved ones characterized by frequent conflict, arguments, and break-ups. BPD is associated with an intense fear of being abandoned by loved ones. This leads to difficulty trusting others and attempts to avoid real or imagined abandonment, putting a strain on relationships. It's also common for someone with BPD to have a 'favorite person,' or someone they feel they cannot live without.

129. Self-image: Individuals with BPD have difficulties related to the stability of their sense of self. They report many ups and downs in how they feel about themselves. One moment, they may feel good about themselves, but the next, they may think they are bad or even evil. Stress-related changes in thinking: Under conditions of stress, people with borderline personality disorder may experience changes in thinking, including paranoid thoughts (for example, thoughts that others may be trying to cause them harm) or dissociation (feeling spaced out, numb, or like they're not really in their body)

130. Avoidant personality disorder Avoidant personality disorder (AVPD) is an enduring pattern of behavior related to social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and sensitivity to rejection that causes problems in work situations and relationships.

131. Symptoms of Avoidant Personality Disorder common symptoms associated with avoidant personality disorder: A need to be well-liked Anhedonia (lack of pleasure in activities) Anxiety about saying or doing the wrong thing Anxiety in social situations Avoiding conflict (being a "people-pleaser") Avoiding interaction in work settings or turning down promotions Avoiding intimate relationships or sharing intimate feelings Avoiding making decisions Avoiding situations due to fear of rejection Avoiding social situations or events Easily hurt by criticism or disapproval Extreme self-consciousness Failure to initiate social contact Fearful and tense demeanor Feelings of inadequacy

132. Hypersensitivity to negative evaluation Lack of assertiveness Lack of trust in others Low self-esteem Misinterpreting neutral situations as negative No close friends/lacking a social network Self-isolation Social inhibition Unwilling to take risks or try new things Viewing oneself as socially inept or inferior Vigilant for signs of disapproval or rejection

133. Dependent personality disorder Dependent personality disorder is a Cluster C personality disorder.1 It is a mental health condition that can cause a person to be overly dependent on other people for their physical and emotional needs. People with dependent personality disorder often have trouble making decisions for themselves and feel helpless when they’re alone because they feel incapable of taking care of themselves.They tend to have an overwhelming need for someone else to take care of them instead

134. Symptoms of Dependent Personality Disorder These are some of the symptoms of dependent personality disorder; Being uncomfortable when alone Having a major fear of being abandoned Feeling incapable of handling responsibility Needing a lot of advice, assurance, and emotional support Having trouble making even ordinary decisions independently, such as what to eat or wear Being more comfortable when someone else is in charge and making decisions Being overly sensitive to others’ criticism or disapproval Being unable to disagree with anyone for fear of losing their approval Feeling helpless and despaired when relationships come to an end Being reluctant to try anything new or challenging Lacking self-confidence and having a pessimistic outlook

135. Sexual and Gender identity disorders Sexual practice that differs considerably from the norm Image source: http://hqworld.net/gallery/details.php?image_id=13553&sessionid=07448aa8acc039bb553b33356fbe23a7

136. Transvestism Almost always males Dressing in clothes of the other sex They find this sexually stimulating They free themselves from limiting sexual stereotypes With relatively well-adjusted sex lives

137. Gender identity disorder Aka transsexualism The individual feels trapped in the body of the wrong sex May dress in the clothes of the other sex May undergo hormone injections and plastic surgery Possible sex-change operation

138. Fetishism Obtaining sexual arousal primarily or exclusively from specific objects or types of material (e.g. leather, lace) Is considered abnormal if it interferes with sexual adjustment of the person or the partner

139. Sexual sadism and masochism S&M Sexual Sadism: receiving sexual pleasure from causing pain on others Sexual Masochism: receiving pain is sexually exciting Sometimes verbal abuse or degradation, instead of physical pain Many individuals who practice S&M, do so with a consenting partner, and do not cause pain that is medically dangerous In some cases, it involves intense pain or death

140. Voyeurism Obtaining sexual pleasure by watching others undressing or engaging in sexual activities Usually when the other is not aware of their presence Element of danger involved Usually heterosexual males who find it difficult to establish a normal sexual relationship Few commit rape

141. Exhibitionism Obtain sexual pleasure from exposing their genitals to others They want to shock their victims Rarely dangerous in other ways Almost all are heterosexual males Typically married Shy and with inhibited sex lives

142. Forced sexual behavior Rape: forcing sexual activity on an unwilling person Usually males Aggressive impulses, need to feel powerful and dominating rather than sexual desire 18 mil women have been raped in the USA Usually by someone they already know

143. Thank You!