INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.pptx

Its an introductory study outline for Anatomy and Physiology

1. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY PREPARED BY ERLISON LORENZ M. OGNILLA RN, LPT, MAT

2. Siena College of Taytay, Inc. COLLEGE OF NURSING

3. What is Anatomy? body’s structure –shape and size of bones relation of body part structure and its function –bone cells surrounded by hard, mineralized structures enabling it to provide strength and support

4. What are the levels in which Anatomy can be studied? Developmental Anatomy- structural changes- conception to adulthood Embryology- changes from conception to the end of the 8 th week of development Cytology- structures of cells Histology- tissues

5. What are the levels in which Anatomy can be studied? Gross Anatomy- study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope systemic anatomy, the body is studied system by system. In regional anatomy, the body is studied area by area. Within each region, such as the head, abdomen, or arm, all systems are studied simultaneously.

6. What are the levels in which Anatomy can be studied? Surface Anatomy- involves looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures deeper inside the body. E.g - sternum, ribs- chest Anatomical imaging uses radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures.

7. What is Physiology? scientific investigation ->processes or functions of living things. understand and predict the body’s responses to stimuli and how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in a constantly changing environment Cell physiology Systemic physiology (cardiovascular physiology, neurophysiology) Pathology- deals with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from disease

8. What are the Functional and Structural Organization of Human Body?

9. What are the Functional and Structural Organization of Human Body? -determines the structural and functional characteristics of all organisms involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules - molecule’s structure determines its function .

10. What are the Functional and Structural Organization of Human Body? -basic structural and functional units of all living organisms. organelles are smaller structures that carry out particular function - nucleus is an organelle that contains the cell’s hereditary information .

11. What are the Functional and Structural Organization of Human Body? -group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them. characteristics of the cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue -four basic tissue types: (1) epithelial, (2) connective, (3) muscle, and (4) nervous.

12. What are the Functional and Structural Organization of Human Body? -composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions.

13. What are the Functional and Structural Organization of Human Body? -group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.

14. What are the Functional and Structural Organization of Human Body? -any living thing considered as a whole—whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human

15. Organization -specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions. -Living things are highly organized.

16. Metabolism -ability to use energy and to perform vital functions. -refers to all of the chemical reactions taking place in the cells and internal environment of an organism.

17. Responsiveness -ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes. e.g. moving toward food or water and moving away from danger or poor environmental conditions -production of sweat when body temperature rises

18. Growth -increase in size or number of cells-> overall enlargement of all or part of organism e.g. exercise can enlarge muscle cells as compare with untrained muscles -adult skin has more cells than an infant -bone grows because of increase in cell number and deposition of mineralized materials around the cells

19. Development -changes organism undergoes from fertilization to death -involves growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis - Differentiation involves changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state.* - Morphogenesis change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism.

20. Reproduction -formation of new cells or new organisms. -Reproduction of cells allows for growth and development. -All living organisms pass on their genes to their offspring.

21. ANATOMICAL LANGUAGE

22. ANATOMICAL POSITION Choose a partner and demonstrate anatomical position Describe how the body was positioned and explain its importance

23. ANATOMICAL POSITION

24. BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS Planes are flat surfaces that divide the body or organs in order to expose internal structures. The exposed surfaces produced by planes are called sections. Sagittal ( sagitta = arrow) planes pass vertically through the body or organs and divide them into right and left sections (sagittal sections). If a plane passes vertically through the midline and divides the body into equal right and left halves, the plane is a midsagittal plane, but if a plane divides the body into unequal right and left portions, it is a parasagittal plane.

25. BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS A frontal or coronal plane passes vertically through the body or organs and produces anterior and posterior sections (frontal sections). A transverse plane passes horizontally through the body and produces superior and inferior sections (transverse sections or cross-sections). Oblique planes pass through the body at an angle forming oblique sections.

26. BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS We often look at sections of individual organs, such as blood vessels, intestines, or long bones. Sections that are produced by a plane running along the long axis of a long narrow structure are called longitudinal sections. Sections that are produced by a plane running perpendicular to the long axis are called cross-sections. Because blood vessels and intestines twist and bend, one body plane may produce longitudinal sections, cross-sections, and oblique sections of these structures.

27. OVERVIEW OF ORGAN SYSTEMS INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Provides a protective barrier for the body and aids in production of vitamin D; contains sensory receptors for pain, touch, and temperature; thermoregulation. Major components: skin and skin structures (hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands)

28. OVERVIEW OF ORGAN SYSTEMS SKELETAL SYSTEM Protects major organs; provides levers and support for body movement. Major components: bones, cartilage, and joints

29. OVERVIEW OF ORGAN SYSTEMS MUSCULAR SYSTEM Moves bones and maintains posture. Major components: skeletal muscles and tendons

30. OVERVIEW OF ORGAN SYSTEMS MUSCULAR SYSTEM Moves bones and maintains posture. Major components: skeletal muscles and tendons

31. OVERVIEW OF ORGAN SYSTEMS CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, gases, and wastes in blood. Major components: heart and blood vessels

32. OVERVIEW OF ORGAN SYSTEMS LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM Returns fluid to cardiovascular system; detects, filters, and eliminates disease-causing organisms, including cancer cells. Major components: lymphatic vessels and ducts, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow

33. OVERVIEW OF ORGAN SYSTEMS NERVOUS SYSTEM Controls cell function with electrical signals; helps control body homeostasis. Major components: brain, spinal cord, nerves

34. OVERVIEW OF ORGAN SYSTEMS ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Controls cell function with hormones; helps control body homeostasis. Major components: hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, teste

35. OVERVIEW OF ORGAN SYSTEMS RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Adds oxygen to blood and removes carbon dioxide from blood. Major components: nose, pharynx (throat), larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

36. OVERVIEW OF ORGAN SYSTEMS DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Controls cell function with electrical signals; helps control body homeostasis. Major components: brain, spinal cord, nerves

37. OVERVIEW OF ORGAN SYSTEMS URINARY SYSTEM Removes nitrogenous wastes; maintains body fluid volume, pH, and electrolyte levels through urine production. Major components: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

38. OVERVIEW OF ORGAN SYSTEMS REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Produces gametes; female uterus provides environment for development of fetus. Major components in the male: testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, prostate, penis Major components in the female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands

39. BODY CAVITIES The cranial cavity contains the brain, and it is continuous with the vertebral (vertebra = back) cavity that contains the spinal cord.

40. BODY CAVITIES The thoracic cavity is a space enclosed by the ribs, sternum, and vertebral column. This cavity contains three small cavities: the pericardial cavity (peri- = around; -cardia = heart) and two pleural cavities (pleuro- = side or rib).

41. BODY CAVITIES The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart, and each pleural cavity contains a lung.

42. BODY CAVITIES The mediastinum (media- = middle; - stinum = partition), a central area within the thoracic cavity, extends from the neck to the diaphragm and from the sternum to the vertebral column

43. BODY CAVITIES The organs located in the mediastinum are the heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea, blood vessels, and bronchi. The pleural cavities are located on either side of the mediastinum The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

44. BODY CAVITIES The abdominopelvic cavity consists of two continuous cavities: the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity. The abdominal cavity is the superior portion located between the diaphragm and the brim of the pelvis (hip bones). This cavity contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, kidneys, appendix, and part of the large intestine.

45. BODY CAVITIES The pelvic cavity is the inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity contains part of the large intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, female reproductive organs (ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina), and male reproductive organs (prostate, and part of ductus deferens). It is important to note that the testes and penis are not located in the pelvic cavity but are located inferior to it.

46. ABDOMINAL QUADRANTS AND REGIONS The abdomen is often subdivided superficially into quadrants by two imaginary lines—one horizontal and one vertical— that intersect at the navel. The quadrants formed are the right-upper, left-upper, right-lower, and left-lower quadrants.

47. ABDOMINAL QUADRANTS AND REGIONS In addition to these quadrants, the abdomen is sometimes subdivided into regions by four imaginary lines: two horizontal and two vertical. These four lines create a “virtual” tic-tac-toe grid on the abdomen, resulting in nine regions: epigastric, right and left hypochondriac, umbilical, right and left lumbar, hypogastric, and right and left iliac (figure 1.11b).

48. ABDOMINAL QUADRANTS AND REGIONS The two vertical lines are drawn mid-clavicular (mid-collar bone) and just medial to the nipples, beginning at the diaphragm and extending inferiorly through the pelvic area. The upper horizontal line is drawn across the abdomen, inferior to the ribs and across the inferior portions of the liver and stomach. The lower horizontal line is drawn slightly inferior to the superior portion of the pelvic bones