Introduction to Astika and Nastika PPT.pptx

While Astika schools maintain a strong connection to Vedic tradition and often uphold the concept of Brahman (ultimate reality) and Atman (individual self), Nastika schools may reject these concepts entirely or offer different interpretations of them. Despite their differences, both Astika and Nastika schools have played significant roles in shaping Indian philosophical thought and spiritual practices.

1. Introduction to āstika and nāstika in Indian Philosophy "Introduction to āstika and nāstika in Indian Philosophy"  by  Roshan Boodnah ,  Mahatma Gandhi Institute  is licensed under  CC BY-SA 4.0

2. Definition of āstika and nāstika Āstika The term 'āstika' refers to schools of Indian philosophy that accept the authority of the Vedas as a valid source of knowledge. Nāstika The term 'nāstika' refers to schools of Indian philosophy that reject the authority of the Vedas Differences The key difference between āstika and nāstika lies in their fundamental beliefs about the nature of reality and the role of religious scriptures.

3. Schools of Thought Considered Āstika 1 Sāṃkhya The six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, including Sāṃkhya , Yoga,Nyāya , Vaiśeṣika,Mīmāṃsā and Vedānta, are considered āstika as they accept the authority of the Vedas . 2 Yoga Samkhya, attributed to sage Kapila, is a dualistic school of thought that analyzes the fundamental components of existence. It posits the existence of two eternal principles: Purusha (consciousness) and Prakriti (matter). 3 Nyāya 4 Vaiśeṣika Founded by sage Kanada, Vaisheshika emphasizes atomism and metaphysics. It posits that the universe consists of discrete, eternal atoms ( paramanu ) that combine to form objects. Yoga, as expounded by sage Patanjali in the Yoga Sutras, provides a systematic path for spiritual development and self-realization. It encompasses ethical principles ( yamas and niyamas ), physical postures (asanas), breath control (pranayama), concentration (dharana), meditation (dhyana), and absorption (samadhi). Nyaya, attributed to sage Gautama, focuses on logic ( nyaya ) and epistemology. It presents a systematic method for acquiring knowledge through inference ( anumana ), analogy ( upamana ), and testimony ( sabda ). 5 6 Purva Mīmāṃsā Mīmāṃsā attributed to sage Jaimini, is primarily concerned with the interpretation of the Vedas and ritual practice (karma- kanda ). Vedānta , also known as Uttara Mimamsa, is the culmination of Vedic thought and is attributed to various sages, including Badarayana (Vyasa). Vedanta interprets the Vedas' philosophical teachings and focuses on the nature of reality (brahman), the individual self (atman), and the relationship between the two. Vedānta

4. Schools of Thought Considered Nāstika Cārvāka The materialistic and atheistic school of Indian philosophy that rejects the existence of God, the Vedas, and the afterlife. Buddhism The teachings of Buddha, which reject the authority of the Vedas and the existence of a permanent, eternal self or soul. Jainism The non-theistic Indian religion that advocates non-violence and rejects the Vedic scriptures as a source of ultimate truth. Ājīvika The ancient Indian fatalistic philosophy that denies the existence of free will and the possibility of spiritual liberation.

5. Similarities and Differences Between Āstika and Nāstika Philosophical Foundations Āstika schools accept the authority of the Vedas, while nāstika schools reject the Vedas and develop their own philosophical frameworks. Belief in God Āstika schools generally believe in the existence of a supreme divine being, whereas nāstika schools do not accept the idea of a creator god. Views on Karma and Rebirth Both āstika and nāstika schools generally accept the concepts of karma and rebirth, though they may interpret them differently.

6. Importance of Understanding āstika and nāstika Understanding the concepts of āstika and nāstika is crucial in Indian philosophy. These terms define the fundamental beliefs and worldviews that underpin various schools of thought. Grasping the distinctions between these two categories helps navigate the complex landscape of Indian philosophical traditions and their diverse perspectives on the nature of reality, the self, and the divine.

7. Debates and discussions surrounding āstika and nāstika Fundamental Differences The core philosophical differences between the āstika and nāstika schools have been debated extensively, with each side presenting compelling arguments for their respective worldviews. Scriptural Authority One key point of contention is the role and validity of the Vedas and other sacred texts, which the āstika schools revere, while the nāstika schools often reject their authority. Existence of God The existence or non-existence of a supreme divine being is another major area of debate, with the āstika schools generally affirming a belief in God, and the nāstika schools denying it.

8. Influence of āstika and nāstika on Indian Culture and Society The philosophical concepts of āstika and nāstika have had a profound impact on Indian culture and society over centuries. The āstika schools, which accept the authority of the Vedas, have shaped religious and social practices, while the nāstika schools, which reject the Vedas, have influenced art, literature and progressive social reforms. The debates between these two broad streams of Indian thought have enriched the intellectual discourse, leading to a pluralistic and tolerant society that respects diverse perspectives. The influence of āstika and nāstika can be seen in the architecture, festivals, cuisine, and even the political landscape of India.

9. Relevance of āstika and nāstika in modern times Philosophical Discourse The concepts of āstika and nāstika continue to be relevant in modern philosophical discourse, with debates and discussions around the nature of reality, belief systems, and the role of spirituality in society. Cultural Identity These terms help shape cultural identity and understanding in India, as they reflect the diversity of thought and the ongoing exploration of the fundamental questions of existence. Interfaith Dialogue The āstika-nāstika framework provides a useful lens for engaging in interfaith dialogue, fostering mutual understanding and respect among different belief systems. Personal Exploration For individuals, the study of āstika and nāstika can be a valuable tool for personal growth, spiritual development, and the exploration of one's own beliefs and values.

10. Conclusion and Key Takeaways Holistic Understanding To fully grasp the Indian philosophical landscape, it is crucial to comprehend the nuanced distinction between āstika and nāstika schools of thought and their profound influence on Indian culture and society. Ongoing Discourse The debate surrounding āstika and nāstika philosophies continues to shape intellectual discourse in India, highlighting the enduring relevance of these concepts in the modern era . Embracing Diversity The coexistence of āstika and nāstika schools reflects the richness and diversity of Indian philosophy, encouraging open-mindedness and a deeper appreciation for the plurality of perspectives.